沪江新概念语法

附录1.语法精粹第一章英语从句Subordination英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句〔主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句〕一．定语从句1．定语从句：由关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词when,where,why引导。〔下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！〕1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2．只能用that和who引导的定语从句A．all,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行词指物时B．先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which.C．先行词前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等词修饰时，引导词只能用that。D．领先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody时，后面要用who或whom；●Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的并非都是金子。3．as引导定语从句as引导的定语从句有两种形式：A．引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such,thesame或as联用构成，“such...as”，“thesame...as”和“as...as”句型，可代替先行词。例如：Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B．as引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。〔这是语法考试的一个考点。〕［注意区别］：as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如：Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。二．状语从句超级作文联接词及词组，全部拿下！①原因：because,since,nowthat〔既然〕as,for,thisreason....②结果：sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult....③时间：after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...④条件：if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.⑤让步：though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when→whatever/however/whenever....⑥目的：inorderthat,inorderto,to,⑦比拟：than,as...as,bycomparison〔相比拟〕，bycontrast〔相对照〕....三．名词性从句王牌要点：通常由that或疑问词导出。1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.〔主语从句〕2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.〔宾语从句〕3.Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.〔表语从句〕4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.〔同位语从句〕同位语〔Appositive〕:同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子：WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.〔当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。〕在这里，awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I．简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.〔that引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分〕Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.〔that引导的句子解释了fact的内容〕II．联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有：belief〔信仰〕，fact，idea，doubt，rumor〔谣言〕，evidence〔证据〕，conclusion〔结论〕，suggestion〔建议〕，problem，order，answer，discovery〔发现〕explanation〔解释〕，principle〔原那么〕，possibility〔可能性〕，truth，promise〔承诺〕，report〔报告〕，statement〔声明〕，knowledge〔知识〕，opinion〔观点〕，likelihood〔可能性〕［大声朗读三遍，背下即可。］III．王牌要点：●同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which,who,what和关系副词when,where,why,how或whether引导。Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.●一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。〔非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试！〕：ontheassumption〔在……前提下〕，ontheground〔由于……原因〕，ontheconditionthat〔在……条件下〕，withtheexception〔有……例外〕owingtothefact〔由于……事实〕；ontheunderstanding〔基于……理解〕；Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.那位年轻的女士容许嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。IV．分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，〔读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：〕Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词that或which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。例如：I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位语从句，that不做成分)I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.〔定语从句，that做定语从句的主语〕VI．王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。1〕名词短语。〔使句型更为简洁〕BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2〕动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。〔使句型更为流畅〕I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3〕不定式短语。〔陌生只是掌握的开始〕Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4〕形容词词组。〔有逗号隔开〕Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.VII.同位语的引导词。〔重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分〕引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：1．namely,thatitis,thatistosay〔也就是说〕,inotherwords〔换句话说〕,or,forshort表示等同关系。2．suchas,say,sotospeak〔譬如说〕,including〔包括〕,forinstance〔或forexample(e.g./eg〕，表示举例和列举关系。3．especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重点，〔在高难度阅读中表示后面的局部为更重要或更突出的局部，是出题的关键点。〕测试精编I.选择正确选项：1.________allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.A.NearlyB.ThatnearlyC.ItisnearlyD.Whennearly2.ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutJanetbecausenoonewasaware________shehadgone.A.wherethatB.ofwhereC.oftheplacewhereD.theplace3.—Susanhasn'twrittenusforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose________toher?A.thathappenedB.happenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened4.—MayIhavetheloan?________youoffergoodsecurity.A.ButB.UnlessC.ProvidedD.Butfor5.Gorillasarequietanimals,________theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.A.howB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.eventhough6.ThelittleWhiteHouseinwarmspringswastheGeorgiahomeofPresidentFranklin-D.Roosevelt________thereonApril12,1945.A.whodiedB.diedC.whilediedD.hedied7.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationof________reality.A.whatitisconceivedB.thatisconceivedC.whatisconceivedtobeD.thatisbeingconceivedof8.Seedsusuallygerminate________thetemperatureisfavorable.A.ifB.whereasC.asaresultD.inconsequences9.FrancisPrestonBlair.Jr,________borninKentucky,livedandpracticedinMissouri.A.wasB.hewasC.althoughD.whohewas10.________,worksongsoftenexhibitthesongcultureofapeopleinafundamentalform.A.TheyoccurwheretheyareB.OccurringwhereC.WheretheyoccurD.Wheredotheyoccur第二章虚拟语气THESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为根本的三种形式。1.与现在事实相反的虚拟：If+did/were+...,...wouldshouldcould+do〔动词原形〕mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)2.与过去事实相反的虚拟：If+haddone+...,...would(might)havedone...IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)3.与将来事实相反的虚拟：(1)If+should+v.,...would+v.〔可能性很小〕〔译作“万一”〕Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?(2)If+did/wereto+v...,would+v.〔完全不可能〕Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.4.金牌特殊重点：！！［简单联想记忆］：●以下动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should+动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略〔TOEFL语法考点〕。此类常见的动词有：order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest〔建议〕insist〔坚决要求〕，advise,etc.例句：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.●以下名词后的同位语从句中要用“should+动词原形”〔should可省去〕的虚拟。suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.●Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主语+should+v.Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.●wish后的宾语从句中，asif后的状语从句中，须用以下的虚拟形式：主+wish+(that)+主+did/were〔指现在〕haddone〔指过去〕would+v.〔指将来〕IwishthatImetmyunclenow.IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.●Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...Itistimethatyouwenttobed.●wouldratherthat...+did/were...Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.●wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.测试精编I.选择正确选项：1.I________hehadtaughtmetheword,buthedidn't.A.believeB.hopeC.wishD.think2.Themaninchargerecommendsthatthismatter________atthemeeting.A.wouldbediscussedB.willbediscussedC.bediscussedD.maybediscussed3.Itisrainingnow,otherwisewe________gooutplay.A.couldB.canC.mayD.will4.________hecomelate,givehimthemessage.A.HadB.ShouldC.WouldD.Did5.Hadn'tmycarbrokedown,I________thetrain.A.wouldhavecaughtB.mightcatchC.couldcatchD.wouldcatch6.IwouldhavehelpedhimifIhadtime,butI________.A.haven'tB.hadC.didn'tD.wouldn't7.Thedamwasbuiltintimetoprotecttheinhabitantsfromtheflood;________.A.otherwisethedamagewouldbebeyondmeasure.B.thedamage,otherwise,shouldbeverygreat.C.thedamagecouldhavebeenveryseriousotherwise.D.thedamagecaused,therefore,manyofthemhomeless.8.Itisnaturalthatanemployee________hisworkontime.A.finishesB.finishC.canfinishD.finishs9.IwouldgoabroadbutthatI________poor.A.amB.wasC.shallbeD.were10.Don'tactasifyou________theonlypebbleonthebeach.A.areB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbe第三章代替与省略SUBSTITUTIONANDOMISSION英语中，为了防止不必要的重复，经常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。如：HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替wroteit)—Doyouthinksheisclever?—Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)(1)从上两例中看出，do/does/did代替动词。(2)"so与not"代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc后作宾语。E.g.—Isitcorrect?—I'mafraidnot.(notcorrect)(3)"to"用作不定式，常跟随以下动词：want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)(4)"doso,dothat,doit"用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。Eg.—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.—Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)—Thedishtastesnice.—Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste属静态动词。〕(5)为使语言精炼，防止不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。E.g.—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?—Ishe?〔这里，“thinkingofbuyingacar”被省略了。〕—Willhecomebackintime?—Perhaps.〔省略了hewillcomebackintime.)测试精编I．选择正确答案：1.—ShallIwakeyouuptomorrow?—Yes,________.A.pleasedoB.youshallC.youwillD.youmay2.Ithinkrecordsareoften________anactualperformance.A.asgoodasorbetterthanB.asgoodorbetterthanC.likegoodorbetterthanD.asgoodasanyother3.—Ifhedoesn'tcometowork,hemaybefired.—Surelyheisn'tsofoolish________nottorealizethat.A.soB.andC.butD.as4.—Don'tyouthinkAlan'shealthhasbeenruinedbysmoking?—Yes,hetoldme________himself.A.thefactB.thisthingC.ItD.so5.—Willyougohometomorrowevening?—No,I'mgoingtoalecture,oratleast,I'mplanning________.A.onB.toC.soD.It6.—Islippedonthestairs,Ithinkmyarmisbroken.—Oh!I________.A.donothopesoB.donothopeC.hopenotsoD.hopenot7.Californiareliesmainlyonincomefromfruitcrops,and________.A.FloridaalsoB.FloridatooC.FloridaisaswellD.sodoesFlorida8.—Haveyoubeenherelong?—________.A.No,notveryB.NotmuchC.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday9.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.—Ilikemynewdressandmother________,too.A.doesB.likesC.isD.do10.—Soyouarelost,littleboy.Whydidn'tyouhangontoyourmother'sskirt?—________,butIcouldn'treachit.A.IhangedtoB.IdidtoC.Ididn'thangtoD.Itriedto第四章倒装INVERSION根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为局部倒装。1．副词如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒装。〔完全倒装，但主语不能是代词〕Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.IncameMissGreen.〔特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。〕Awayshewent!〔她走了！〕Hereyouare!〔你在这儿！〕2．only+副词〔介词短语〕位于句首，句子要倒装。Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.3．well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首，句子形成倒装。Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.4．否认词或具有否认意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，not，never，notonly，barely，atnotime，nowhere等。e.g.—Jackcouldnotswim.—NeithercouldTom.NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.5．as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。〔准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。〕Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.6．在表示祝愿的句子中。Mayyoumakegreaterprogress!〔愿你取得更大进步！〕7．在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were,had,should等词提到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.我要是你，就出国进修了。Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettletheproblem.他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。8．百分特例重点：Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant.〔NCEBookIIILesson26〕尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。测试精编I．选择正确选项：1.Notuntilthemid-nineteenth-centurydiscoveryofvastdepositsofborate'sintheMajaveDesert________relativelycommon.A.boraxbecameB.didboraxbecomeC.andboraxbecomeD.borax'sbecoming2.________receivedlawdegreesastoday.A.NeversomanywomenhaveB.NeverhavesomanywomenC.Thewomenaren'teverD.Womenwhohavenever3.________theBob'sbelongingsthathecarriedtheminabundleslungoverhisshoulders.A.WeresofewB.FewweresoC.SofewwereD.Theyweresofew4.Onlyafterababysealispushedintotheseabyitsmother________toswim.A.howwillitlearnB.willitlearnhowC.itwilllearnhowD.anditlearnshow5.Notonly________apromise,buthealsokeptit.A.didhemadeB.hemadeC.didhemakeD.hemakes6.Nowhereintheworld________.A.travelerscanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittleasinHawaii.B.noonecanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasHawaii.C.somuchbeautycanbeboughtforsolittlemoneyinHawaii.D.cantravelersbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasinHawaii.7.Nosooner________gonehomethanitbegantorainheavily.A.hadIB.haveIC.IhadD.Ihave8.Notforamoment________thetruthofyourstory.A.hehasdoubtedB.hedoubtsC.didhedoubtD.hediddoubt9.________succeedindoinganything.A.OnlybyworkinghardwecanB.ByonlyworkinghardwecanC.OnlybyworkinghardcanweD.Onlywecanworkhard10.Neverbeforeinsimilarcircumstances________.A.aBritishPrimeMinisterhadrefusedtostepdown.B.didaBritishPrimeMinisterhaverefusedtostepdown.C.aBritishPrimeMinisterdidhaverefusedtostepdown.D.hadaBritishPrimeMinisterrefusedtostepdown.11.Peoplemightavoidmanyaccidents________thesemethodsbeenadoptedbefore.A.thatB.wereC.haveD.had12.________arosetheproblemthattheboywillneverovercomethegreatdifficulties.A.ItB.ThisC.HereD.Those第五章形容词ADJECTIVES定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。●描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。●限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1．当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：alovelygirl,thenaughtyboy2．形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheritwassalty.3．形容词用作后置定语。〔简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面〕arivernavigable〔一条可通航的河〕sightvisible可见的景象personresponsible〔负责人〕注意：responsibleperson〔有责任心的人〕thebestwaypossible〔尽可能好的方法〕thenumbernecessary〔必要的数量〕thepeoplepresent〔在场的人〕4．只能作表语的形容词1．某些表示健康状况的形容词。well〔身体好的〕，ill〔病的〕，faint〔虚弱的〕，poorly〔身体不好的〕例如：Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。Heissickforacoupleofdays.〔他病两三天了〕Heisasickperson.〔他是个病人。〕2．某些以a-开头的形容词。如：afraid〔害怕的〕，alone〔单独的〕，alive〔活着的〕，asleep〔睡着的〕，awake〔醒着的〕，aware〔意识到的〕Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.〔老人一个人在家。〕Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.〔这位老师热情洋溢。〕Heisasleepinhismother'sarms.〔他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。〕Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.〔我已经意识到了困难。〕5．当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词。〔以下图看起来费力，看透了绝对实用〕Eg.abrokensmalloldgraystonebridge.suchagoodyellowpen.测试精编I．选择正确选项：1.TheChinesefoodservedinAmericanrestaurantisnotbadbutIprefer________.A.ChinesefoodauthenticallyB.ChineseauthenticfoodC.foodChineseauthenticallyD.authenticChinesefood2.________lessonswerenotdifficult.A.OurfirstfewshortEnglishB.OurfewfirstshortEnglishC.OurfewfirstEnglishshortD.FewourfirstEnglishshort3.—DoyouthinkthattheLaborbillwillbepassed?—Oh,yes,it's________thatitwill.A.almostsurelyB.verylikelyC.nearpositiveD.quitecertainly4.—Haveyoutraveledmuch?—No,Ihavedone________traveling.A.fewB.littleC.smallD.less5.—Iwasverybusy.—Didyoureallyworkhard________?A.alldayB.allthedayC.allthedaylongD.allofdaylong6.—Doyouneedanythingfromthestore?—________andsomecheddarcheese.A.OnlyaFrenchbreadloafB.AFrenchbreadloafonlyC.OnlyaloafofFrenchbreadD.AloafofFrenchbreadonly7.Accordingtotheinformation,thenewly-constructedhighwayissaidtobe________.A.lengthytwentymilesB.lengthabouttwentymilesC.abouttwentymileslongD.intwentymilesoflength8.Mr.Smithhasdone________businesshere.A.alotofB.anumberofC.muchD.lots9.—Areyouhelpingtoorganizethepoliticalconvention?—I'minchargeofwelcomingthe________.A.out-of-townvisitorsB.visitorsfromoutsideoftownC.visitorsout-of-townD.outsidetownvisitors10.—DoesJanehavebrownhair?—Yes,Infact,it'squitesimilarinshape________yours.A.asB.withC.likeD.to第六章副词ADVERBS定义：副词用来修饰动词〔系动词除外〕，形容词，其它副词或整个句子。功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。分类：●时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually等●地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等●方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等●程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only等●疑问副词：how，why，when，where等例：Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：1.enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.2.too：位于形容词或副词前。Sheistooeagertoseeme.3.very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.4.much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比拟级。Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.5.still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否认句中。Hestillremembersthedaystheyspenttogether.Istillcannotcatchhiswords.6.yet:位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否认句时意思是“还”。Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven'tdonethatyet.7.only:根据句意灵活运用。〔请翻译下面三个句子！〕Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身为否认意义副词，注意使用。Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道吗？几个易混淆的副词：1.easy:standeasy(=comfortably)easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.2.clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow(=directly)clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.(=obviously)3.high:Hecanjumpveryhigh.〔高地〕highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoodteacher.〔高度地〕4.just:Wehavejustknowthenews.〔刚刚〕justly:Hewasjustlypunished.〔公正地〕5.hard:Youmustthinkhard.〔努力地〕hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.〔几乎不〕6.pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.〔非常〕prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.〔漂亮地〕7.near:Helivesneartheschool.〔附近〕nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.〔几乎〕8.late:Don'tcomelatenexttime.〔迟到〕lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.〔最近〕9.formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.〔正式地〕formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.〔以前〕10.free〔免费地〕freely〔自由地〕11.most〔最〕mostly〔大局部〕12.sharp〔准时地〕sharply〔严厉地〕测试精编I．选择正确选项：1.Automobileproductionofthepresenttimehasbeenincreased________.A.greatlyB.highlyC.onalargescaleD.infinitely2.—Wastheclasslongenough?—No,________enough.A.itwasn'tmuchtoolongB.itwasn'ttoomuchlongC.itwasn'tquitelongD.itwasn'ttoolongmuch3.Afterthefuneral,theresidentsoftheapartmentbuilding________.A.sentfaithfullyflowersallweekstothecemeteryB.senttothecemeteryeachweekflowersfaithfullyC.sentflowersfaithfullytothecemeteryeachweekD.senteachweekfaithfullytothecemeteryflowers4.Airtravelhasprovidedpeoplewiththeopportunitytotravel________.A.alargeamountofmilesB.muchdistanceC.extensivelyD.widerangingly5.—Paulstillhasn'treturnedfromthemeeting.—Really?I'msureheexpectedtobeback________.A.beforelongnowB.longbeforenowC.nowbeforelongD.nowlongbefore6.—HasyourfatherarrivedinBombayyet？—Heprobablyarrivedtheresometime________.A.aweekpastB.thelastweekC.thispastweekD.theweekbeforenow7.—Whydoesn'tJessicastaywithrelativesinNewYork？—She________inBoston.A.hasonlyrelativesB.onlyhasrelativesC.hasrelativesonlyD.relativehasonly8.Thenectarineisafruit________likeapeach.A.asB.andC.tooD.somewhat9.一Isawyouattheracetracklastweek.一Igoquiteoften,butIonlybet________.A.scarcelyB.hardlyC.barelyD.occasionally10.Let'sstayathome,Ithinkit's________forwalking.A.muchtoohotB.verymuchhotC.toomuchheatD.verymuchheat第七章冠词ARTICLES不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman...I．定冠词用法如下：〔英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！〕1．用于双方都知道的名词前：Pleasecleantheclassroom．2．用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：Thehorseisausefulanimal.〔马是有用的动物〕Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.〔对于老师这是一项很难的工作。〕3．用于世界上独一无二的东西前：thesun,thespring.4．用于方位名词前：Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.5．用于乐器名词前：playtheviolin.6．用于计量单位前：Gasolineissoldbythegallon.7．形容词最高级和序数词前：Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.8．用于江河湖海山脉名称前：thePacific，theThames，theRockyMountains9．杂志、报刊名称前：theTimes，theOverseasDigest10．用于建筑物、和组织前：theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation11．用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”theSmiths，theGreens12．用于形容词前，表一类人/物：therich,theblind13．用于English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”theEnglish，theChineseII．以下情况不用冠词：1．三餐前breakfast，lunch，supper，...Haveyouhadlunch？2．体育运动工程前playchess，...Ihavenointerestintennis.3．在由by引出的交通工具前byair〔乘飞机〕，bycar4．在称呼或职位前Hehasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.5．习惯用语前atschool，daybyday，attable〔在吃饭〕，gotochurch〔做礼拜〕...测试精编I．单项选择：1.Thecatis________beautifulanimal,butitsintelligenceleavesmuchtobedesired.A.aB.anC.theD./2.________universityofChicagohasanexcellentlawschool.A.AB.AnC.TheD./3.—Tinalooksespeciallyprettytonight.—Yes,shealwayslooksherbestin________ofthatcolor.A.dressB.adressC.thatdressD.thedress4.—DidheflyacrosstheEnglishChannel？—No,hecrosseditby________.A.ashipB.theshipC.shipsD.ship5.Ifyouwanttogotothepostofficefromhere,take________.A.BroadwaybusB.theBroadwaybusC.someBroadwaybusD.aBroadway'sbus6.一Howdidyoupaytheworkers？一Asarule,theywerepaid________.A.byanhourB.bythehourC.byahourD.byhours7.________moretobepitiedthanblamed.A.UneducatedareB.UneducatedisC.TheuneducatedareD.Theneducatedis8.Astronomyis________ofstarsandplanets.A.ascienceB.scienceC.thescienceD.scientific9.－Afterthat,whathappenedtohim？—Thechancetoenter________cameandhetookit.A.tocollegeB.thecollegeC.forcollegeD.college10.Westernartofthe19thcenturyshowstheinfluenceof________FarEast.A.aB.anC.theD./第八章介词Prepositions金牌要点：“英语是介词和动词的语言”，由此可见，掌握介词的用法何其重要。学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系，请参考以下图：I．分类：1．常用简单介词：about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until等。2．合成介词：inside，outside，onto，outof，within等。3．短语介词：accordingto，aheadof，alongwith，asfor，becauseof，bemeansof，dueto，inspiteof，onbehalfof，owingto，withregardto等。II．介词与“……的”之关系：在英语学习中，一遇到“……的”，大家就会立刻想到’s所有格或者of，实际上，在很多情况下，“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。以下请学员重复记忆：●美国的冬天→thewinterinAmerica●停车场的入口→theentrancetotheparkinglot●穿过森林的小路→thepaththroughtheforest●鲁迅的著作→theworksbyLuXun●水中的月亮→themoonreflectedinwater●历史的见证→thewitnesstohistory●对爱的渴望→alongingforlove●对我们不利的证据→theevidenceagainstus●阳光下的漫步→awalkinthesunlight●追求名誉的女人→aladyafterfame●两人之间的争论→anargumentbetweenthetwopersons重要介词的重要用法：〔1〕from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。HecamefromLondon.HewenttoLondon.二词常搭配使用“from...to...”WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoonHe'llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.经典用法：●由于→Thegirlistremblingfromfear.●免除→Trampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。●分开→Thecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.●由……制成→Theredwineismadefromgrapes.红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的由from引导的惯用法：fromfar从远处fromnow/thenon从现在/那时起frombadtoworse每况愈下fromtimetotime〔occasionally时而〕习语：Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime〔2〕outof：表示与“into”相反的语意Hewillbeoutoftown.Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.outof+名词(=lack,tobewithout用完，用光〕Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.outofdate(=old-fashioned过时的〕Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.outofwork(=jobless失业的)Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.outofthequestion(=impossible不可能的)Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.outofquestion(=doubtless毫无疑问的〕Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.outoforder〔=notfunctioning失灵的〕Herradioisoutoforder,soshecan'tlistentoit.〔3〕by:表示从旁经过或在……附近。经典用法：●通过→Thisisthenearestroadbywhichtheycame.●在……时候→Theyoungmanworksbydayandstealsmoneybynight.●由……所生→Hehastwosonsbyhersecondwife.●抓住→Shecaughtherchild