《工程管理专业英语》课件 Unit 8 Engineer Project Evaluation

工程管理专业英语EnglishforProjectManagement讲授人：Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationPART08目录CONTENTSDialogueSectionAConstructionProjectEvaluationSectionBLead-inUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationLead-inIdentifythepicturesbelow.Matchthemwiththewordsinthebox.infrastructuretunnelconstructionSectionADialogue1GreenwayEngineeringFirmdecidestoundertaketheRiversideBridgeProject,amajorinfrastructureinitiative.ThedesignerMs.LiuisgoingtohaveadiscussionwiththeprojectmanagerMr.Chu.Theconversationisrelatedtoengineeringprojectevaluation,focusingonvariousaspectslikefeasibility,riskassessment,andcostanalysis.C=Mr.ChuL=Ms.LiuUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1C:Goodmorning,Ms.Liu.I’vejustreviewedtheinitialreportontheRiversideBridgeProject.Itseemswehaveseveralkeyareastodiscuss.L:Goodmorning,Mr.Chu.Yes,theprojectisquitecomplex.Thefeasibilitystudyraisedsomeinterestingpoints.Let’sstartthere.C:Absolutely.Thesite’sgeologicalsurveyindicatespotentialsoilinstability.Howdoyousuggestweaddressthisinourevaluation?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Irecommendadetailedgeotechnicalanalysis.Weneedtounderstandthesoilbehaviortomitigaterisksofsubsidenceorlandslides,especiallysinceit’snearawaterbody.C:Agreed.Movingontothecost-benefitanalysis,theestimatedcostsarehigherthananticipated.Canweoptimizeourresourceallocationtostaywithinbudget?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Wecanexplorealternativematerialsandconstructionmethods.Prefabricatedcomponents,forinstance,mightoffercostsavingsandfasterconstructiontimes.C:Interestingapproach.Weshouldalsoconsidertheenvironmentalimpactassessment.Arethereanysignificantconcerns?L:Theprojectwillimpactlocalfloraandfauna.Wemustdevelopacomprehensiveenvironmentalmanagementplan,perhapsevenincludeawildlifecorridortomitigatethis.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1C:Environmentalsustainabilityisindeedcrucial.Whatabouttheprojecttimeline?Anypotentialdelaysweshouldbeawareof?L:Giventhecomplexity,especiallywiththeenvironmentalsafeguards,wemightfacedelays.However,effectiveprojectmanagementandcontingencyplanningcanhelpusstayontrack.C:Right.Riskassessmentisanothercriticalcomponent.Whatarethemajorriskswearefacing?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Apartfromenvironmentalandgeologicalrisks,there’sthechallengeofensuringworkersafetyandmanagingpublicrelations,especiallysinceit’sahigh-visibilityproject.C:Absolutely.Maintainingourreputationandensuringcommunityengagementiskey.Speakingofcommunity,havewelookedintothesocialimpactassessment?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Yes,theprojectisexpectedtogreatlyimprovelocaltransportationefficiency,butitwillalsocausetemporarydisruptions.Weneedtokeepthecommunityinformedandinvolved.C:Goodpoint.Effectivecommunicationwillbeessential.Lastly,howarewehandlingqualityassurancethroughouttheproject?L:Regularauditsandcompliancechecksareplanned.We’realsousingadvancedmonitoringtechnologiestoensurethatconstructionstandardsaremetconsistently.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1C:Excellent.Soundslikewehaveasolidfoundationforourprojectevaluation.Let’sregroupnextweekwithdetailedplansbasedonthesediscussions.L:Sure.I’llcoordinatewiththerespectiveteamsandgathermoredataforournextmeeting.C:Perfect,Ms.Liu.Thanksforyourthoroughanalysis.Lookingforwardtoournextsteps.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsundertake[ˌʌndə(r)ˈteɪk]v.tomakeyourselfresponsibleforsth.andstartdoingit承担；从事；负责infrastructure[ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə(r)]n.thebasicsystemsandservicesthatarenecessaryforacountryoranorganizationtorunsmoothly,forexamplebuildings,transportandwaterandpowersupplies（国家或机构的）基础设施，基础建设feasibility[ˌfiːzəˈbɪləti]n.thechancesthatsth.hasofhappeningorbeingsuccessful可行性Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsassessment[əˈsesmənt]n.theprocessofmakingajudgmentorforminganopinion,afterconsideringsth.orsb.carefully;ajudgmentoropinionthatistheresultofthisprocess评估instability[.ɪnstəˈbɪləti]n.thequalityofasituationinwhichthingsarelikelytochangeorfailsuddenly不稳定；不稳固address[əˈdres]v.totrytodealwithaproblemorquestion,forexamplebythinkingcarefullyaboutit,orbydoingthingstoimproveasituation解决；处理Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsgeotechnical[dʒi:əuˈteknikəl]adj.relatingtothetypeofcivilengineering(=theuseofscientificmethodstoplanandbuildstructures)thatisconcernedwithrocksandsoil土地工程的；地工的mitigate[ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt]v.toreducetheharmfuleffectsofsth.减轻；缓解subsidence[ˈsʌbsɪd(ə)ns]n.theprocessbywhichlandsinkstoalowerlevel下陷；沉陷Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordslandslide[ˈlæn(d)ˌslaɪd]n.aheavyfallofearthandrocksdownthesideofamountainorsteepslope滑坡；塌方optimize[ˈɒptɪmaɪz]v.tomakesth.suchasamethodorprocessasgoodoraseffectiveaspossible使最优化allocation[.æləˈkeɪʃ(ə)n]n.anamountofmoney,space,etc.thatisgiventosb.foraparticularpurpose分配Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsalternative[ɔːlˈtɜː(r)nətɪv]adj.thatcanbeusedinsteadofsth.else可供替代的prefabricated[priːˈfæbrɪˌkeɪtɪd]adj.madeinsectionsthatcanbeputtogetherlater预制的；用预制构件组装的corridor[ˈkɒrɪdɔː(r)]n.alongnarrowstripoflandthatfollowsthecourseofanimportantroadorriver（沿着重要道路或河道的）狭长地带Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordssustainability[səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti]n.thequalityofcausinglittleornodamagetotheenvironmentandthereforeabletocontinueforalongtime可持续性；可持续发展safeguard[ˈseɪfˌɡɑː(r)d]n.sth.thatisdesignedtoprotectpeoplefromharm,riskordanger保护措施contingency[kənˈtɪndʒ(ə)nsi]n.aneventthatmayormaynothappen可能发生的事；偶发（或不测、意外）事件Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsengagement[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt]n.aformalarrangementtomeetsomeoneortodosth.,especiallyaspartofyourpublicduties参与audit[ˈɔːdɪt]n.anofficialexaminationofbusinessandfinancialrecordstoseethattheyaretrueandcorrect审计；稽核construction[kənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n]n.theprocessofbuildingsth.largeorcomplicated,suchasabridgeorroad;theworkorbusinessofbuildingthings,especiallyhousesandotherbuildings;thewaythatsth.hasbeenbuilt施工；建造Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsconstruction[kənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n]n.theprocessofbuildingsth.largeorcomplicated,suchasabridgeorroad;theworkorbusinessofbuildingthings,especiallyhousesandotherbuildings;thewaythatsth.hasbeenbuilt施工；建造coordinate[kəʊ'ɔ:(r)dinat]v.toorganizethedifferentpartsofanactivityandthepeopleinvolvedinitsothatitworkswell使协调;使相配合Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationgeotechnicalanalysis岩土力学分析soilinstability土壤不稳定性cost-benefitanalysis成本效益分析resourceallocation资源分配SectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationprefabricatedcomponents预制构件floraandfauna动植物environmentalsustainability环境可持续性stayontrack步入正轨SectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationriskassessment风险评估apartfrom除了……外publicrelations公共关系speakingof关于constructionstandards建筑标准SectionADialogue2Ms.Murphy,aprojectengineerspecializinginsustainableandsmarturbandevelopment,isgoingtohaveadiscussionaboutMetroLinkExpansionProjectwithMr.Brown,whoisresponsibleforoverseeingtheproject’sexecution,budgetmanagement,andteamcoordination.Hereisaconversationbetweenthem.M=Ms.MurphyB=Mr.BrownUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Goodmorning,Ms.Murphy.ThanksforjoiningmetodiscusstheMetroLinkExpansionProject.M:Morning,Mr.Brown.I’vebeenlookingovertheplans.It’sanambitiousproject.B:Indeed,itis.Thefirstitemonouragendaisthetunnelconstruction.We’refacingchallengeswiththeurbanlandscape.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Right.Urbantunnelingpresentsrisks,especiallywiththeexistingundergroundutilities.Iproposeusingadvancedground-penetratingradarformapping.B:That’sawiseapproach.It’llhelpusminimizedisruptions.Now,regardingthenewstations,wemustensuretheyintegrateseamlesslywiththeexistinginfrastructure.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Certainly!Weshouldfocusonsustainabledesignsandaccessibility.Also,integratingsmarttechnologyforpassengerconvenienceiscrucial.B:Absolutely.Intermsofsustainability,howareweaddressingtheenvironmentalimpact?M:We’replanningtouseeco-friendlymaterialsandenergy-efficientsystems.Plus,adetailedenvironmentalimpactassessmentisunderway.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Greattohear.Movingontothebudget,we’reabitoverourinitialestimate.Anythoughtsoncost-savingmeasures?M:Wecanexploremodularconstructiontechniques.They’renotonlycost-effectivebutalsoreduceconstructiontime.B:That’saninterestingidea.Weshouldalsoconsiderthecommunity’sresponsetothisexpansion.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Indeed.Communityengagementisvital.Weneedtoholdpublicconsultationstoaddressconcernsandkeepthelocalsinformed.B:Icouldn’tagreemore.Onadifferentnote,what’sourstrategyfortrafficmanagementduringconstruction?M:We’llimplementphasedconstructionandtemporarytrafficdiversions.Clearsignageandpublicadvisorieswillbeessentialtominimizedisruption.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Goodpoint.Lastly,weneedtodiscusstheprojecttimeline.Areweontrack?M:Weare,butweshouldfactorinpotentialdelaysduetounforeseencircumstances.Arobustcontingencyplanisnecessary.B:Definitely.Riskmanagementiscrucial.Howarewehandlingthesafetyaspect?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Safetyisapriority.Regularsafetytrainingforworkers,alongwithstrictadherencetosafetyprotocols,isplanned.B:Excellent.Soundslikewe’vecoveredthemajorpoints.Let’sreconvenenextweekwithupdatesfromtherespectiveteams.M:Soundsgood,Mr.Brown.I’llstartcoordinatingwiththeteamsforthenecessarydataandprogressreports.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Perfect,Ms.Murphy.Yourinsightsareinvaluable.Lookingforwardtoournextmeeting.M:Likewise,Mr.Brown.Let’smakethisprojectabenchmarkforsustainableurbandevelopment.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsspecialize[ˈspeʃəlaɪz]v.tobeanexpertinaparticularpartofasubjectorprofession;toconcentrateyourattentionandeffortonaparticularactivity,product,etc.专攻；专门从事oversee[ˌəʊvə(r)ˈsiː]v.towatchsth.inordertocheckthatitworksorhappensinthewaythatitshould监督；检查execution[ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃ(ə)n]n.theactofcompletingsth.thatyouhaveagreedorplannedtodo实施；执行Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsambitious[æmˈbɪʃəs]adj.anambitiousplan,aim,orattemptisdifficultandwillneedalotofefforttosucceed耗资的；费力的tunnel[ˈtʌn(ə)l]n.anundergroundpassagethroughwhichvehiclestravel隧道；地下通道underground[ˌʌndə(r)ˈɡraʊnd]adj.located,happening,oroperatingbeneaththesurfaceoftheearth地下的Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsminimize[ˈmɪnɪmaɪz]v.toreducesth.harmfulorunpleasanttothesmallestamountordegree降低；最小化seamlessly[ˈsiːm.ləsli]adv.withoutanysuddenchanges,interruptions,orproblemsw无缝地accessibility[əkˌsesəˈbɪlətɪ]n.thefactofbeingabletobereachedorobtainedeasily可及度；方便性Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsunderway[ˌʌndə(r)ˈweɪ]adj.alreadystartedorhappening进行中的consultation[ˌkɒns(ə)lˈteɪʃ(ə)n]n.discussionbetweenpeopleorgroupsbeforetheymakeadecision;ameetinginwhichpeopleorgroupshaveadiscussionbeforedecisionsaremade商讨；磋商signage['saɪnɪdʒ]n.signsthatusedtocommunicateinformation,typicallyusedfordirection,identification,ortogiveinstructions（统称）标志Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsunforeseen[ˌʌnfɔː(r)ˈsiːn]adj.anunforeseensituation,especiallyaproblem,isonethatyoudidnotexpect未想到的；始料不及的robust[rəʊˈbʌst]adj.firmanddetermined稳健的；坚固的adherence[ədˈhɪərəns]n.thefactofbehavingaccordingtoaparticularrule,etc.,oroffollowingaparticularsetofbeliefs,orafixedwayofdoingsth.坚持Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsprotocol[ˈprəʊtəkɒl]n.asetofrulesforthecorrectwaytobehaveonformaloccasions协议；协定likewise[ˈlaɪkwaɪz]adv.usedforexpressingthesamethingthatsomeonehasjustsaidtoyou同样地benchmark[ˈbentʃˌmɑː(r)k]n.sth.thatcanbemeasuredandusedasastandardthatotherthingscanbecomparedwith基准；标杆Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAPhrasesandExpressionsDialogue2specializein擅长；专攻urbandevelopment城市发展budgetmanagement预算管理Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationtunnelconstruction隧道建设SectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationeco-friendlymaterials环保材料energy-efficientsystems节能系统adherenceto遵守safetyprotocols安全协议safetytraining安全培训SectionAExercise1Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothedialogues.1.Ms.Liusuggestsadetailedgeotechnicalanalysistoaddresspotentialsoilinstabilityattheprojectsite.2.Mr.ChuandMs.Liudecidetodisregardtheenvironmentalimpactassessmentduetobudgetconstraints.3.RegularauditsandcompliancechecksareplannedaspartofthequalityassurancemeasuresfortheRiversideBridgeProject.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise1Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothedialogues.4.Ms.Murphysuggestsusingmodularconstructiontechniquesasacost-savingmeasurefortheMetroLinkExpansionProject.5.Ms.MurphyandMr.Browndecidetoforgotheenvironmentalimpactassessmentinfavorofspeedinguptheproject.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise2Oralpractice:Pairwork.Usethequestionsbelowtointerviewyourpartner.Thenchangeroles.1.Canyouexplainthekeyprinciplesofprojectmanagementinengineering?

。2.What’satypicaldaylikeforyouasanengineeringmanagementstudent?

。

Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise23.What’sthemostimportantskillyoubelieveeveryengineeringmanagershouldhave?

。

4.Howdoyoumanagestressduringdemandingprojectsorexams?

。5.What’sonerecenttechnologicaladvancementthatexcitesyouinthefieldofengineering?

。Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise3PracticalActivity:Workwithyourpartnerandmakeaconversation.SupposeyouareSerene,afreshmanintheengineeringmajor,whileyourpartner,Bob,isaseniorstudentinthesamemajor.Youaregoingtoaskhimforadviceaboutcollegelife.Makeaconversationwithyourneighbororpartner.Theresultofthediscussionwillbepresentedtothewholeclass.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBConstructionProjectEvaluationThecommencementofaprojectisnotmarkedbythegroundbreaking,thesigningofthecontract,ortheagreementonspecificplansbythoseinpositionsofpowerandresources.Instead,itbeginswithanidea,avisionofwhatisessential,whatneedstobeimproved,orwhatcanbeachieved.Thisprimaryconceptspawnsamultitudeofotherideasandpossibilities,leadingtotheemergenceofvariedalternatives.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteDuringtheinitialstagesofaproject,thereisoftengreatuncertaintyandpotentialforbothsuccessandfailure,aswellasthebestchancetoachieveeleganceinaproject.Itprovestobeaformidablechallengetoguidehowtoconductthisprocessastherearenoestablishedrulesorguidepoststofollow.It’stoolatetocreateguidebooksforplannersafterthedamageofpoorlyconceivedprojectsappears.Weneedtothinkbeforeweleap;Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteweneedtothinkseriouslyabouttheeffectsonthesurroundingsoftheproject;weneedtotakeintoconsiderationallfactorsthatmayaffectthesuccessoftheproject;andweneedtoavoidthehiddenperilthatcancatchthe

unwary.

Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteProjectevaluationisacrucialprocedureaimedatmethodicallyscrutinizingandassessingaproject’sprocessandoutcomesagainstpredeterminedcriteria.Theobjectiveistoproviderecommendationstopolicymakersandimprovetheproject’soverallperformance.Thisapproachisdeemedascientificresearchprocess,withsomeexpertsreferringtoitasevaluationresearchsinceeveryevaluationactivityisaresearchsubject.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteThemaingoalofprojectevaluationistoenhancetheproject’sdesign,identifyerrorsduringimplementation,andmeasuretheproject’simpactaftercompletion.Bydoingso,itisessentialtoensurethesuccessandsustainabilityoftheprojectandprograms.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete1.ScopeofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationConstructionprojectevaluationusuallyincludesthefollowingkeyaspects:(1)Feasibilityanalysis—toevaluatewhetheraprojectisfeasible,includingtechnicalfeasibility,marketfeasibility,economicfeasibilityandlegalfeasibility.Theultimategoalofthisstepistoascertainwhethertheprojecthasallthenecessaryprerequisitesforsuccessfulimplementation.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(2)Cost-BenefitAnalysis—toevaluatethetotalcostoftheproject(includingdirectandindirectcosts)againsttheexpectedbenefits.ACost-benefitanalysis(CBA)isusuallyperformedtoidentifythemosteffectiveandeconomicwaytoconductatransaction,engageinanactivity,carryoutaprojectorfulfillamissionwhenthereareseveralalternativesofsettingaboutit.Ithelpsdecision-makersdeterminethebestapproachthatwouldyieldthedesiredresultswhilekeepingthecostsaslowaspossible.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(3)RiskEvaluation—toidentifyandanalyzepotentialrisksthataprojectmayencounter.Suchrisksmayincludefinancial,market,technological,andenvironmentalfactors,andareevaluatedbasedontheirpossibleimpactontheproject’ssuccess.Thisevaluationisacrucialstepthataimstomitigateanysignificantrisks.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(4)EnvironmentalImpactEvaluation—toanalyzethepotentialimpactsontheenvironment,includingtheutilizationofnaturalresources,theeffectsonecosystems,andanypotentialthreatstothequalityoftheenvironment,whichhelpsidentifyandaddressthepotentialenvironmentalhazardsassociatedwiththeprojectanddevisingmeasurestomitigatethem.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(5)SocialandEconomicImpactEvaluation—toevaluatethepotentialramificationsofaprojectonthelocalcommunity,economy,andsocialstructure.Thisevaluationincludesananalysisofvariousfactorssuchasjobcreation,economicgrowth,andsocialwell-being,whichcanprovidevaluableinsightsintotheproject’ssustainability,feasibility,andlong-termsuccess.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(6)ProjectPerformanceandOutcomeEvaluation—todeterminewhetheraprojecthasaccomplisheditsintendedobjectivesandexpectedresults.Thisevaluationencompassesathoroughassessmentoftheproject’sperformancethroughoutimplementation,aswellasafinalevaluationofitsoutcome.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationConstructionprojectevaluationisacomplexandmultidisciplinaryprocessthatnecessitatesthecollaborationofseveralprofessionalslikeengineers,economists,andenvironmentalscientists.Effectiveprojectevaluationensuresthatprojectsareoptimizedintermsofresourceutilization,economicefficiencyandsocialresponsibility,andfurnishesvitalinformationandbasisfordecision-makers.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationFollowingspecificprojectneedsandobjectives,variousprojectevaluationcriteriaareavailableforconsideration,andoftenmorethanonecriterionisincorporatedinaproject.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(1)Benefit-CostRatio(BCR),istypicallyusedforcost-benefitanalyses,alongwithothermeasuressuchasthenetpresentvalue,returnoninvestment,internalrateofreturn,etc.Theconsiderationofabsoluteamountsofcostandbenefitssetsthisratioapartfrommanyotherindicators.TheBCR,definedastheratioofdiscountedbenefitstodiscountedcostsatthesamepointintime,isaprofitabilityindexbasedondiscountedbenefitsperunitofdiscountedcostsofaproject.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationTheBCRcomparesthepresentvalueofallbenefitswiththatofthecostandinvestmentsofaprojectorinvestment.TheBCRtranslatestheabsoluteamountsofbenefitsandcostsintoaratio.Iftheratioofthepresentvalueofbenefittothepresentvalueofcostexceedsone,theprojectisprofitableirrespectiveofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchbenefitsorcosts.Indeed,itfacilitatesthecomparisonofdifferentinvestmentorprojectalternatives.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(2)NetFutureValue(NFV)andNetPresentValue(NPV).Whenanorganizationmakesaninvestment,thedecisionmakerexpectsthegainoveraplanninghorizon,againstwhatmightbegainedifthemoneywereinvestedelsewhere.AMinimumAttractiveRateofreturn(MARR)isadoptedtoreflectthisopportunitycostofcapital.Itisareasonablerateofreturnestablishedfortheevaluationandselectionofalternatives.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationTheprofitabilityismeasuredbytheNetFutureValue(NFV)whichisthenetreturnattheendoftheplanninghorizonabovewhatmighthavebeengainedbyinvestingelsewhereattheMARR.ThenetNetFutureValue(NPV)isusedtoanalyzetheprofitabilityofaproject.NPVistheresultofcalculationsthatfindthecurrentvalueofafuturestreamofpaymentsusingtheproperdiscountrate.Ingeneral,projectswithapositiveNPVareworthundertaking,whilethosewithanegativeNPVarenot.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(3）InternalRateofReturn(IRR).TheInternalRateofReturn(IRR)istheannualrateofgrowththataninvestmentisexpectedtogenerate.TheIRRiscalculatedusingthesameconceptasNPV,exceptitsetstheNPVequaltozero.Itisidealforanalyzingcapitalbudgetingprojectstounderstandandcomparepotentialratesofannualreturnovertime.TheultimategoalofIRRistoidentifytherateofdiscount,whichmakesthepresentvalueofthesumofannualnominalcashinflowsequaltotheinitialnetcashoutlayfortheinvestment.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationHowever,theIRRdoesnottakeintoconsiderationthereinvestmentopportunitiesrelatedtothetimingandintensityoftheoutlaysandreturnsattheintermediatepointsovertheplanninghorizon.Forcashflowswithtwoormoresignreversalsofthecashflowsinanyperiod,theremayexistmultiplevaluesofIRR;insuchcases,themultiplevaluesaresubjecttovariousinterpretations.SectionBNewWordscommencement[kəˈmensmən