2024届北京市东城区高三年级下册综合练习（一）（一模）英语试题（解析版）

2024届北京市东城区高三下学期综合练习（一）（一模）

英语试题

学校:姓名：班级：考号：

一、完形填空

In2019,ThierryHenry,abusdriver,foundtherewasariseinbiketheftsinhiscity,

Reykjavik.Ratherthan]thatthebikewasgoneforever,hedecidedtotakematters

intohisownhandsandstartedtotrackdownthebikesandreturnthemtotheir2

owners.

The44-year-oldhashelpedreturnhundredsofstolenbikesinthepast4years.Hissocial

mediaaccounthasover14,500membersandhelpspeopletrackdownmorethanjustlost

bikes.Hispage3topeoplewhohavelosttools,carsandotheritemsofhighvalue.

Ontopofhisnobleact,Henryhashelpedthebike4toreformintheprocess.

5,Henrywoulddealwiththethieveswithanger.Hov/ever,overtime,he

realizedthatmostofthetheftsweredrivenoutofpovertyandotherissues.Hewentfrom

feeling6towardsthethieves,todevelopingempathy（同理心）fortheirsituations.It

wasverytoughatfirst.ButHenrydecidedtotryto7themandjusttalktothem.

Fromthismomentonward,hereachedouttothethieves,offeringhelpandguidance.

Afterthechangeinhis8.Henryfoundthatthebikethievesbegantooftenhandback

thebikestohim.Amazingly,someformerthievesthatHenryhelpednow9himin

lookingforthestolenbikes.

"It'slikea10thathasgotbiggerandbigger,MsaysHenry."It'snotonlyme.

Manylimes,someonespotsabikehiddeninabushandtakesapicture.Thensomeoneelse

comments,4hey,that'smybike'”.

ThankstoHenry,everyone'slookingout.

1.A.claimB.expectC.acceptD.realize

2.A.newB.honestC.carelessD.rightful

3.A.belongsB.extendsC.returnsD.refers

4.A.ownersB.makersC.thievesD.sellers

5.A.InitiallyB.UnknowinglyC.IncrediblyD.Unwillingly

6.A.regretfullyB.negativelyC.guiltilyD.helplessly

7.A.levelwithB.replytoC.sidewithD.apologizeto

8.A.planB.occupationC.habitD.approach

9.A.assistB.trustC.engageD.drag

10.A.,dreamB.snowballC.rainbowD.balloon

【答案】

1.C2.D3.B4.C5.A6.B7.A8.D9.A10.B

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是ThierryHenry在帮助寻找被偷的自行车的过

程中也使得那些小偷改过自新。

1.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他没有接受自行车永远消失的事实，而是决定自己动手，

开始追查这些自行车，并将它仅归还给它们的合法主人。A.claim声称，断言；B.expect

期待；C.accept接受；D.realize意识到。根据下文“hedecidedtotakemattersintohisown

handsandstartedtotrackdownthebikes”可知，他决定自己去找那些自行车，所以是他没

有接受自行车永远消失的事实。故选C。

2.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他没有接受自行车永远消失的事实，而是决定自己动

手，开始追查这些自行车，并将它们归还给它们的合法主人。A.new新的；B.honest

诚实的；C.careless粗心的；D.rightful合法的。根据下文“returnthemto”可知，是把自

行车还给它们合法的主人。故选D。

3.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的页面扩展到那些丢失了工具、汽车和其他高价值物

品的人。A.belongs属于;B.extends扩展:C.returns回来;D.refers提到。根据下文“to

peoplewhohavelosttools,carsandotheritemsofhighvalue”可知，他的页面从丢失自行车

的人扩展到那些丢失了工具、汽车和其他高价值物品的人。故选瓦

4.考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了他的高尚行为之外，亨利还在这个过程中帮助偷自

行车的人改过自新。A.owners所有人，物主：B.makers制造商；C.thieves小偷；D.sellers

卖家。根据下文“t。reform”可知，他是帮偷车的小偷改过自新。故选C。

5.考查副词词义辨析。句意：起初，亨利会愤怒地对付小偷。A.Initially起初；B.

Unknowingly不知不觉地；C.Incredibly难以置信地；D.Unwillingly不情愿地。根据下

文“Henrywoulddealwiththethieveswithanger.However,overtime,h?realizedthatmost

ofthetheftsweredrivenoutofpovertyandotherissues”可知，起初他会愤怒地对付小偷。

故选Ao

6.考查副词词义辨析。句意：他对小偷的态度从消极到对他们的史境感同身受。A.

试卷第2页，共20页

regretfully懊悔地，遗憾地；B.negatively消极地;C.guiltily内疚地；D.helplessly无助

地。根据上文“Henrywoulddealwiththethieveswithanger”可知，他刚开始对小偷的态度

很消极，后来变成对他们的处境感同身受。故选B。

7.考查动词短语辨析。句意：但亨利决定试着和他们说实话，和他们谈谈。A.levelwith

对...说实话；B.replyto回复;C.sidewith支持：D.apologizeto向道歉。根据下

文“themandjusttalktothem”可知，亨利决定试着和他们说实话。故选A。

8.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在改变了他的方法之后，亨利发现偷自行车的人开始经

常把自行车还给他。A.plan计划；B.occupation职业；C.habit习惯；D.approach方法。

根据上文“Hewentfromfeeling6towardsthethieves,todevelopingempathy(同理心)

fortheirsituations”可知，他改变了对待小偷的方法。故选D。

9.考查动词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，亨利帮助过的一些以前的小偷现在帮助

他寻找被盗的自行车。A.assist帮助；B.trust信任；C.engage参与；D.drag拖。根据

下文“lookingforthestolenb汰es”可知，亨利帮助过的一些以前的小偷现在帮助他寻找被

盗的自行车。故选A。

10.考查名词词义辨析。句意：就像雪球越滚越大。A.dream梦；B.snowball雪球；C.

rainbow彩虹；D.balloon气球。根据下文“gotbiggerandbigger”可知，这就像雪球一样，

越来越大。故选B。

二、语法填空

语法填空

WhenIlivedinBoston,ItaughtEnglishasasecondlanguagetoadultstudentsfrom

aroundtheworld.Onthelastday,theythrewaniceparty.Iwasamazedtheyhadlearned

enoughEnglish11(organize)suchaneventaltogether.Attheendoftheparty,they

proudlyhandedmeagiftbox.Afterthebox12(open),Igentlyliftedabeautiful

coatfromit."Wewentshoppingfbranewcoat^^^theyallshouted13wonderfully

perfectEnglish.

【答案】11.toorganize12,wasopened13.in

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。一位教师在波士顿教授来自世界各地的成人学生学习英语，

学生取得了很大的语言进步。

11.考查动词不定式。句意：我很惊讶他们学到了足够的英语足以组织这样一个活动。

由enough可知，此处使用动词不定式作结果状语，表示“……多到足以做某事“，故填

toorganizeo

12.考查时态和语态。句意：盒子打开后，我轻轻地从里面拿出一件漂亮的外套。根据

“Igentlyliftedabeautifulcoatfromit."以及box承受open的动作可知，从句的谓语动词

使用一般过去时的被动语态，box为单数，故填wasopened。

13.考查介词。句意：我们去买一件新外套！他们都用非常完美的英语喊道。使用某种

语言用介词in,故填in。

语法填空

InearlyNovemberin2023,adiver,swimmingoffthecoastofSardinia,14

(notice)piecesofmetalontheoceanfloor.Hecalledtheauthoritiesandmorediverswere

senttolook.ThepiecesturnedouttobeancientRomancoins.Thecoinsmostlylay15

(bury)insandandseagrassnotfarfromthecoast.Itissaidthatmorethan30,000coinshave

beenfound.16arecloseto2,000yearsold.Expertscallthisamajorhistorical

discovery.

【答案】14.noticed15.buried16.which

【导语】这是一则新闻报道。文章主要讲述了一名潜水员在撒丁岛海岸附近游泳时发现

了数量巨大的古代硬币。

14.考查时态。句意：2023年11月初，一名潜水员在撒丁岛海岸附近游泳时，注意到

海底有金属碎片。根据句中的“inearlyNovemberin2023”可知，谓语动词使用一般过去

时，故填noticed«,

15.考查形容词。句意：这些硬币大多埋在离海岸不远的沙子和海草里。句中lie是系

动词，需后接形容词作表语，需要的词义为“被掩埋的“，故填buried。

16.考查定语从句。句意：据说己经发现了3万多枚硬币，都有近2000年的历史。分

析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词coins指物并在从句中作主语，

用关系代词which引导定语从句，故填whicho

语法填空

ChatGPTisachatbot.Someschools17(ban)itsinceitsbirth.Theyneedtime

tomakerulesabout18it,stobeusedproperlyinclass.Someteachersseeitasa

19(cheat)tool.Butmanyprincipalsbelieveit'stoolatetokeepAIoutofclassrooms.A

growingnumberof20(educate)saythepanicaboutAIisalotlikethepaniccaused

试卷第4页，共20页

bytheInternetwhenitwasnew.Oneofthemsays,“ChatGPTistoEnglishandtowriting

whatthecalculatoristomath.”

【答案】17.havebanned18.how19.cheating20.educators

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一些学校禁止使用ChatGPT,但许多教育工

作者认为人工智能在教育中是很重要的。

17.考查时态和主谓一致。句意：一些学校自其诞生以来就禁止它。根据句中的“sinceits

birth”可知，谓语动词ban使用现在完成时，主语“someschools”为复数意义，谓语复数

形式，故填havebanned。

18.考查宾语从句。句意：他仅需要时间来制定规则，规定如何在课堂上正确使用。分

析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少状语，表示“如何”，因此使用连接

副词how引导宾语从句，故填howo

19.考查动名词。句意：一些老师认为这是一种作弊工具。动名词形式作定语修饰名词

tool,用来表示该名词的用途、目的或场合，cheating修饰tool,意为“用来作弊的工具”，

故填cheatingo

20.考查名词。句意：越来越多的教育工作者表示，对人工智能的恐慌很像互联网刚出

现时引起的恐慌。此处应填名词作宾语，需要的词义为“教育工作者”，即educator,它

是可数名词，前有“agrowingnumberof”修饰，则educatoi•需要变复数形式，故填

educators(>

三、阅读埋解

Areyoulookingforteenvolunteeropportunitiesfor2024thatprovidearewarding

experiencethatwillstaywithyouforlife?Everyyearthousandsofteenschoosetovolunteer

abroadwithInternationalVolunteerHQ(IVHQ)-thcworld'smosttrustedproviderofsafeand

affordablevolunteerprogramsforteens.

Servicetripsfbrteensareavailableinmorethan50destinationsandthereare17teen

volunteerprogramsfor16to18year-olds.Someofthebestprogramsin2024includeTurtle

ConservationinBali,AnimalCareinCostaRicaandChildcareinTanzania.Or,ifyou're

wantingtovolunteerwithagroupofstudentsfromyourhighschool,IVHQcantailora

programforyourgrouptoo!

Benefitsforvolunteers:

Thereisnodoubtthatvolunteeringasateenagerisameaningfulwaytobroadenyour

educationandaddexperiencesthatwillstandoutonyourcollegeapplication.

Crossingboundariestoworkwithpartnersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldfosters

globalunderstanding.

Livinginacountrydifferenttoyourownmeansthatyouwillbeinvolvedinanew

culture,cuisine,andwayofthinking.

Guaranteedsupport:

ChancesareyourparentswillalsowanttolearnmoreaboutIVHQ.whetherornotthey

willgoabroadwithyou.Havingplacedmorethan130,000volunteersabroad,we'realways

happytospeakwithparentstoensurealltheirquestionsarefielded.Throughouronline

safetytraining,comprehensiveinformationbrochures,on-goingsupportfromexperienced

programmanagersandround-the-clocksupportfromourlocalteams,IVHQvolunteersare

wellsupportedtomakethemostofthetimeabroad.

Ifyou'rereadytopackyourbagsandexperienceacompletelydifferentlifestyleand

widenyourglobalperspective,pleasecontactus.IVHQwillbemorethanhappytooffera

service.

21.WhatcanIVHQprovideforahighschoolgroup?

A.Rewardsforvolunteering.B.Afreeservicetrip.

C.Anopportunitytostudyabroad.D.Aspecializedprogram.

22.WhatdoesIVHQpromisetovolunteers?

A.Localteams'assistance.B.Partners*support.

C.Collegerecommendationletters.D.Parents'company

23.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.

A.advocatevolunteeringB.introducerequirements

C.advertiseaserviceD.suggestalifestyle

【答案】21.D22.A23.C

【导语】本文是一篇应用文，是InternationalVolunteerHQ为志愿者提供的服务的广告。

21.细节理解题。根据第二段“Or,ifyou'rewantingtovolunteerwithagroupofstudents

fromyourhighschool,IVHQcantailoraprogramforyourgrouptoo!（或者，如果你想和你

高中的一群学生一起做志愿者，IVHQ也可以为你的小组量身定制一个项目！户可知，

试卷第6页，共20页

IVHQ能为高中团体提供一个专门的项目。故选D。

22.细节理解题。根据Guaranteedsupport:部分的“Throughouronlinesafetytraining,

comprehensiveinformationbrochures,on-goingsupportfromexperiencedprogrammanagers

andround-the-clocksupportfromourlocalteams,IVHQvolunteersarewellsupportedto

makethemostofthetimeabroad.（通过我们的在线安全培训、全面的信息手册、经验丰富

的项目经理的持续支持以及当地团队的24小时支持，IVHQ志愿者可以充分利用国外

的时间。）“可知，IVHQ对志愿者的承诺是当地团队的协助。故选A。

23.推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Ifyou，rereadytopackyourbagsand

experienceacompletelydifferentlifestyleandwidenyourglobalperspective,pleasecontact

us.IVHQwillbemorethanhappytoofferaservice.（如果您准备好打包行李，体验完全不

同的生活方式，拓宽您的全球视野，请与我们联系。IVHQ将非常乐意为您提供服务。户

可知，本文是InternationalVolunteerHQ为志愿者提供的服务的广告，因此目的是为一

种服务做广告。故选C。

AnArtClass

WhenKellywastwelve,shestartedtakingclassesatMissGrace'sSchoolfbrArt.She

didn'tlikeitatfirst:the“noviceartists^^—thekidswhohadn'treallydoneartbefore-worked

mostlywithclay,andKellywasaterriblesculptor.

Itwasn'tuntilherthirdyearthatKellyfoundsomethingshewasreallygoodat-charcoal

drawing（素描）.Shelovedwatchingthelinesspreadunevenlyacrossthepageasshemoved

thebitsofcharcoalbackandforthoverthepaper.

Oneday,Sophia,thebestartistinherclass,satdownandsetuphereasel（画架）nextto

Kelly.Kellyfeltasinkingfeelinginherstomach.She'dactuallyfoundanartformthatshe

enjoyedandwasgoodat-andnowSophiawasgoingtooutshineheragain?Kellyfoughtback

tearswhenMissGraceenteredtheroom.

“Helloclass,MissGracesaid."Wc'Hcontinuetoworkontheprojecttoday.What

masterpiecewouldSophiahavecomeupwith?

KellylookedatSophia'seaselandshecouldn'tbelieveit-itwasamess!Forabrief

moment,Kellycouldn'tactuallybelieveherdrawingwasbetterthanSophia's.

ButthenshelookedatSophia,whowaswatchingKellywithananxiousexpression.

"I.…Icouldn'tdecidewhattode,“Sophiasaid.4tAndyou'resogood.SometimesIfeellike

mystuffisjustsobadincomparison.”

KellylookedtoseeifSophiawasjoking,butsheseemedcompletelyserious.NowKelly

wasshocked.'Tmnottalented...MissGraceseldompraisesme.You'rethebestoneinour

class!”

Sophiaraisedhereyebrows.UImightbeareallygoodcopierofthestuffybutIhaveno

ideawhattodowhenitcomestomakingupmyownimages.Ybuarescgreatatmakingnew

thingsoutoftheoldstuffI'velovedyourworks.”

"I'velovedyours,too,"Kellysaid.

“Well,definitelynotthisone,^^Sophiasaid.

Kellysmiled."Maybenotrightnow.Butifyoumovetheselinesup..."shesaid,pointing

herfingeronSophia'spaper.

Sophiawasquietforamoment."That'sagreatidea!”shesaidfinally.

Kellysmiledandturnedbacktoherdrawing,lookingeverysooftenatSophia'sworkto

seethatshewastakingheradvice,downtothelastline.

24.WhenKellystartedclassesattheartschool,she.

A.wasnotgoodatthecourseB.lackedconfidenceindrawing

C.wasoftenpushedbyMissGraceD.didnotgetalongu^iththeotherkids

25.HowdidKellyfeelwhenSophiasatbesideher?

A.Thrilled.B.Confused.C.Frustrated.D.Relieved.

26.WhatdidKellydointheartclass?

A.SheinspiredSophia.B.ShepraisedSophia'screativity.

C.ShedecidedtooutshineSophia.D.ShefinishedthedrawingforSophia.

27.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Interestisthebestteacher.B.Youarcwhatyoubelievetobe.

C.Everyonehastheirownstrengths.D.Hardworkwilleventuallypayoff.

【答案】24.A25.C26.A27.C

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Kelly在一节艺术课上所发生的事情。

24.细节理解题。根据第一段“Shedidn'tHkeitatfirst:the“noviceartists“一thekidswho

hadn'treallydoneartbefore-workedmostlywithclay,andKellywasaterriblesculptor.（她一

开始并不喜欢：那些“新手艺术家”一那些以前没有真正做过艺术的孩子一主要是用

粘土创作的，而凯利是个糟糕的雕塑家。厂可知，当Kelly开始在艺术学校上课时，她

不擅长这门课。故选A。

试卷第8页，共20页

25.推理判断题。根据第三段“Kellyfeltasinkingfeelinginherstomach.She'dactually

foundanartformthatsheenjoyedandwasgoodat-andnowSophiawasgoingtooutshine

heragain?（Kelly感到胃里有一种下沉的感觉。她真的找到了一种自己喜欢并擅长的艺术

形式，而现在索菲亚又要比她更耀眼了？户可知，当索菲亚坐在凯莉身边时，她感觉到

沮丧。故选C。

26.细节理解题。根据倒数第一:段“Kellysmiled.4tMaybenotrightnew.Butifyoumove

theselinesup...”shesaid,pointingherfingeronSophia'spapcr.（Kclly笑了。"也许不是现在。

但是如果你把这些线往上移动……她用手指着索菲亚的纸说。）”和倒数第二段“That，sa

greatidea!（好主意！）”可知，Kelly在美术课上启发了索菲亚。故选A。

27.推理判断题。根据倒数第六段“Youaresogreatatmakingnewthingsoutoftheold

stuff.（你很擅长从旧事物中创造出新事物。广可知，我们能从文章中了解到每个人都有自

己的长处。故选C。

Researchspanningseveraldecadesdemonstratesthatyouaremorelikelytothinkthe

informationthatisrepeatedtobetruethantheinformationyouhearonlyonce.Youusually

assumethatifpeopleputinefforttorepeatastatement,thisreflectsthetruthofthestatement.

Thistendency-alsocalledthetrutheffect-isabias（偏见）thatcanleadyoutodrawincorrect

conclusions.

Towhatdegreearcpeopleawareofthetrutheffect?Thisquestionwasaddressedina

paperinthejournalCognitioneanythisyear.

Inthecriticalstudyinthispaper,participantsdidtwosessions.Inonesession,theyread

aboutahypothetical（虚构的）studyinwhichtheywereexposedtosomestatementsandthen

wereaskedwhetherbothstatementstheyhadheardbeforeaswellasthesenewstatements

weretrue.Theywereaskedtopredicttheproportion（比例）ofeachstatementthatwouldbe

judgedastrue.Theydidthisbothasapredictionofotherpeople'sperformanceaswellasa

predictionofhowtheywoulddointhisstudy.

Atanothersessionafewdayslater,participantsactuallyperformedthisstudy,readinga

setof20statementsinthehypotheticalstudyagainandthenjudgingthetruthofaltogether40

statements,halfofwhichwerefromthehypotheticalstudyandtheotherhalfofwhichwere

new.

Thisstudydidreplicatethewellknowntrutheffect.Peopleweremorelikelytojudge

statementstheyhadseenbeforeastruethanstatementsthatwerenew.Twointeresting

findingsemergedfromtheprediction.First,participantstendedtounderestimatethesizeof

thetrutheffectforeveryone.Thatis,whiletheydidexpectsomedifferenceinjudgments

betweenthestatementsseenbeforeandthosethatwerenew,theythoughtthisdifference

wouldbesmallerthanitactuallywas.Second,participantsmoresignificantlyunderpredicted

thetrutheffectforthemselvescomparedtothatforotherpeople.

Thisstudyisparticularlyimportantinlightoftheamountofmisinformationpresentin

socialmedia.Manypeoplehavethepowertoinfluencepublicopinionaboutimportant

matters.Floodingsocialmediafeedswithmisinformationwillleadpeopletobelievethis

informationistruejustbecauseitisstated.Recognizingthatweareallsusceptibletothis

influenceofrepeatedinformationshouldleadustomistrustourintuition（直觉）aboutwhatis

trueandtolookupimportantinformationpriortousingittomakeimportantjudgmentsand

decisions.

28.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorintendsto.

A.clarifyamisconceptionB.presentaphenomenon

C.challengeastatementD.confirmatheory

29.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?

A.Impactsofthetrutheffectrequirefurtherstudies.

B.Makingpredictionsbeforejudgmentsissignificant.

C.Peoplehavehardlyanyawarenessofthetrutheffect.

D.Peopletendtobelievetheycanmakewiserjudgments.

30.Whatdocstheword"susceptible“underlinedinthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.Critical.B.Subject.C.Opposed.D.Adapted.

【答案】28.B29.D30.B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了一种被称作“真实效应”的心理偏见现象，即

人们更容易相信被重复表述的信息，而不是只听到一次的信息，呼吁人们应该更加警惕

重复信息的影响，以及在做出重要判断和决策之前查证重要信息的真实性。

28.推理判断题。根据第一段的"Researchspanningseveraldecadesdemonstratesthatyou

aremorelikelytothinktheinformationthatisrepeatedtobetruethantheinformationyou

hearonlyonce.Youusuallyassumethatifpeopleputinefforttorepeatastatement,this

reflectsthetruthofthestatement.Thistendency-alsocalledthetrutheffect-isabiasthatcan

leadyoutodrawincorrectconclusions4几十年的研究表明，与只听到一次的信息相比，你

试卷第10页，共20页

更有可能认为重复的信息是真实的。你通常认为，如果人们努力重复一句话，这就反映

了这句话的真实性。这种倾向——也被称为真实效应一是一种偏见，它会导致你得出

错误的结论。）”可知，作者的意图是阐明一个现象，即“真实效应”，这是一种偏见，可

能导致人们得出不正确的结论。故选B。

29.推理判断题。根据第五段的“Second,participantsmoresignificantlyunderpredictedthe

trutheffectforthemselvescomparedtothatforotherpeople.（第二，与他人相比，参与

者对自己真实效应的低估更为显著。”'可知，人们在对“真实效应”的认识上存在一些偏

差，尤其是对于他们自己而言。他们往往低估了这种效应的影响，认为自己能够做出更

明智的判断。故选D。

30.词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“Thisstudyisparticularlyimportantinlightoftheamount

ofmisinformationpresentinsocialmedia.Manypeoplehavethepowertoinfluencepublic

opinionaboutimportantmatters.Floodingsocialmediafeedswithmisinformationwilllead

peopletobelievethisinformationistruejustbecauseitisstated.（鉴于社交媒体上存在大量

错误信息，这项研究尤为重要。许多人有能力在重要问题上影响公众舆论。充斥在社交

媒体上的错误信息会让人们相信这些信息是真实的，仅仅因为它是陈述出来的。）”可知，

人们容易受到重复信息的影响，从而误导人们的判断，因此划线词意为“易受影响的”,

subject（易遭受……的，受……支配的，可能受……影响的）与其是同义词。故选B。

WhenIteachresearchmethods,amajorfocusispeerreview.Asaprocess,peerreview

evaluatesacademicpapersfbrtheirquality,integrityandimpactonafield,largelyshaping

whatscientistsacceptas“knowledge”-Byinstinct,anyacademicfollowsupanewideawith

thequestion,4tWasthatpeerreviewed?”

AlthoughIbelieveintheimportanceofpeerreviewandIhelpdopeerreviewsfor

severalacademicjournals-Iknowhowvulnerabletheprocesscanbe.

IhadmyfirstencounterwithpeerreviewduringmyfirstyearasaPh.Dstudent.One

day,myadviserhandedmeanessayandtoldmetohavemy-writtenreviewbacktohimina

week.Butatthetime,Icertainlywasnota“peer"」wastoonewinmyfield.Manipulated

data（不实的数据）orsubstandardmethodscouldeasilyhavegoneundetected.Knowledgeis

notself-evident.Onlyexpertswouldbeabletonoticethem,andeventhen,expertsdonot

alwaysagreeonwhattheynotice.

Let'ssayinmylifeIonlyseewhiteswans.MaybeIwriteanessay,concludingthatall

swansarcwhite.Anda“peer”says,“Waitaminute,Tveseenblackswans."Iwouldhaveto

refinemyknowledge.

Thepeerplaysakeyroleevaluatingobservationswiththeoverallgoalofadvancing

knowledge.Forexample,iftheabovestorywerereversed,andpeerreviewerswhoall

believedthatallswanswerewhitecameacrossthefirststudyobservingablackswan,the

studywouldreceivealotofattention.

Sowhywasafirst-yeargraduatestudentgettingtostandinfbranexpert?Whywould

myreviewcountthesameasanexpert'sreview?Oneanswer:Theprocessreliesalmost

entirelyonunpaidlabor.

Despitethefactthatpeersareprofessionals,peerreviewisnotaprofession.Asaresult,

thesameover-workedscholarsoftenreceivemassesofthepeerreviewrequests.Besidesthe

laborinequity,asmallpoolofexpertscanleadtoanarrowedprocessofwhatispublishable

orwhatcountsasknowledge,directlythreateningdiversityofperspectivesandscholars.

Withoutalargeenoughreviewerpool,theprocesscaneasilyfallvictimtobiases,arising

fromasmallcommunityrecognizingeachother'sworkandcompromisingconflictsof

interest.

Despitethesechallenges,Istilltellmystudentsthatpeerreviewoffersthebestmethod

fbrevaluatingstudiesairdadvancingknowledge.Asaprocess,peerreviewtheoretically

works.Thequestioniswhethertheissueswithpeerreviewcanbeaddressedby

professionalizingthefield.

31.Whatcanweieamaboutpeerreviewinthefirstparagraph?

A.Itgeneratesknowledge.B.Itiscommonlypracticed.

C.Itisamajorresearchmethod.D.Itisquestionedbysomescientists.

32.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheexampleofswans?

A.Complexityofpeerreviewensuresitsreliability.

B.Contradictionsbetweenscientistsmaybebalanced.

C.Individualscanbelimitedbypersonalexperiences.

D.Expertsshoulddetectunscientificobservationmethods.

33.Whatistheauthor'smajorconcernaboutpeerreview?

A.Workloadforscholars.B.Toughnessoftheprocess.

C.Diversificationofpublications.D.Financialsupporttoreviewers.

34.Thepassageismainlyabout______.

A.whatfuelspeerreviewB.whypeerreviewisimperfect

C.hownewhandsadvancepeerreviewD.whetherpeerreviewersareunderrated

试卷第12页，共20页

【答案】31.B32.C33.D34.B

【导语】本文是•篇说明文，主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析。

31.推理判断题。根据第一段“Byinstinct,anyacademicfollowsupanewideawiththe

question,uWasthatpeerreviewed?”（出于本能，任何学者在提出新想法后都会问：“这个

想法经过同行评议了吗？可知，从第一段中我们可以了解到同行评议是普遍的做法。

故选B。

32.推理判断题。根据第四段"Let'ssayinmylifeIonlyseewhiteswans.MaybeIwritean

essay,concludingthatallswansarewhite.Anda"peer"says,uWaitaminute,Tveseenblack

swans.”Iwouldhavetorefinemyknowledge.（比方说，在我的生活中，我只看到白天鹅。

也许我可以写一篇文章，总结说所有的天鹅都是白色的。一个“同伴”说，“等一下，我

见过黑天鹅。“我得完善我的知识。）“可知，从天鹅的例子可以推断出个人可能会受到

个人经历的限制。故选C。

33.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Theprocessreliesalmostentirelyonunpaidlabor.（这个

过程几乎完全依赖于无偿劳动力。）”和倒数第二段“Asaresult,thesameover-worked

scholarsoftenreceivemassesofthepeerreviewrequesis.（结果，同样是那些过度劳累的学

者经常收到大量的同行评审请求。）“可知，作者对同行评议的主要担忧是对评审的财政

支持。故选D。

34.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“AlthoughIbelieveintheimportanceofpeer

reviewandIhelpdopeerreviewsforseveralacademicjoumals-Iknowhowvulnerablethe

processcanbe.（虽然我相信同行评议的重要性，我也为几家学术期刊做同行评议，但我

知道这个过程有多脆弱。：T可知，本文主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分

析，因此B选项“whypeerreviewisimperfect（为什么同行评议是不完美的）”是本文的主

旨。故选B。

Today,whatwehave,isanalways-in-your-pocket,24/7newscycle.Whenyouopena

newsapp,you'llnoticeabriefmomentwhenthe“oldnews“isstillthere.Inaflash,the

ancienthistoryofafewhoursagoissweptawayfbrthenext“breakingnews”.35

It'sendless,butyouhadbetterkeepup.

Researchersintroducethisworldtothephrase,unoisebottleneck”.Anoisebottleneckis

whereweareoverwhelmedwithsomuchinformationornoisethatourcognitive（认知的）

abilitiescan'tkeepup.36Thus,whileourattentioncanwatchhoursofvideos,our

long-termlearningprocessescan't.

37WewatchTVholdingourphones,andwelistentomusicwhileshopping.

However,thehumanbrainmighthavestructurallimitationrootedinthecognitive

architecturewhichcausestheslowingdownthatoccurswhentwotasksareperformedatthe

sametime.

Inshort,yourbrainisnotasgoodasyouthinkitis.Youareahumanbeingwhocan

onlytakeinsomuchaday.Understandingthenoisebottleneckallowsustofixit.So,here

arethreetipstogetyougoing:

Clearyourcontent-setupanewaccountonsocialmediaandfollowonlyaccountsor

peoplethatyouthinkarereallyvaluable.

Single-task-youdon'tneedtoridthephone