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[外语类试卷]专业英语四级模拟试卷388
一、PARTIDICTATION(15MIN)
Directions:Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyou
fourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbereadatnormalspeed,listenandtryto
understandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillberead
sentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreading
willbereadatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.You
willthenbegiven2minute
SECTIONACONVERSATIONS
Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearseveralconversations.Listentothe
conversationscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
2Whatisthemandoing?
(A)Complainingtothemanager.
(B)Havingafightwiththemanager.
(C)Buyinganotherpairofjeans.
(D)Tryingtogethismoneyback.
3Whatmadethemansoangry?
(A)Thegirlrefusedtorefundthejeans.
(B)Hewasgiventhewrongsize.
(C)Thegirldeliberatelyputthejeansinabox.
(D)Thegirldidn'thandlehiscomplaintwell.
4Whichwordbestdescribestheman?
(A)Apologetic.
答案见麦多课文库
(B)Reasonable.
(C)Pathetic.
(D)Fault-finding.
5Whichcompanyismentionedasasponsorofthemovie?
(A)Sprite.
(B)Cocacola.
(C)Pepsi.
(D)Colgate.
6Whichofthefollowingistrue?
(A)Themanwillgotopickupthewomananhourearlierbeforethemoviestarts.
(B)Theticketsontheblackmarkethavebeensoldout.
(C)Themanputwirestoget2tickets.
(D)Themangottheticketsforfree.
7Whichstatementistrueaboutthemovie?
(A)Itiscatchingon.
(B)Itisontonight.
(C)It'salovestory.
(D)Ifsout-dated.
8Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?
答案见麦多课文库
(A)Achemistryassignment.
(B)Astudythattheirchemistryprofessordid.
(C)Aclassthatthewomanistaking.
(D)Ajobpossibility.
9WhyisthewomaninterestedinworkingwithProfessorSmith?
(A)Shewantstoquitherjobinthechemistrylab.
(B)Shewantstogetpracticalexperience.
(C)She'sinterestedinbecomingapsychologymajor.
(D)Shewantstoearnextramoney.
1()Whatwillthecollegestudentsdoforthehighschoolstudents?
(A)Employthemaslabassistants.
(B)Teachclassesattheirhighschool.
(C)Helpthemwiththeirstudies.
(D)Paythemforparticipatinginthestudy.
11Whatwillthespeakersprobablydonext?
(A)Writetheirlabreports.
(B)FindoutProfessorSmith'sschedule.
(C)Interviewsomehighschoolstudents.
答案见麦多课文库
(D)Finishtheirchemistryexperiment.
SECTIONBPASSAGES
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearseveralpassages.Listentothepassages
carefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
12Howlongcantheelephantlive?
(A)Twentytothirtyyears.
(B)Thirtytofortyyears.
(C)Fortytofiftyyears.
(D)Fiftysixtyyears.
13Accordingtothepassage,whichstatementisCORRECT?
(A)TheelephantisthebiggestanimalIntheworld.
(B)Femaleandmaleelephantsiivetogetheralllifelong.
(C)Theelephanthasagoodmemory.
(D)Themaleelephantoftenhaslotsofmalefriends.
14Whathappenstothefemaleelephantwhenitdies?
(A)Theotherstakeabitofitsdeadbodyaway.
(B)Theotherseatitsdeadbody.
(C)Theothersburyitneartheirhome.
(D)Theothersleaveitsoon.
15Thespeakerfeltwhenhisfatheraskedhimtohelpcutgrass.
答案见麦多课文库
(A)anxiousandworried
(B)proudandexcited
(C)nervousandconfused
(D)inspiredandconfident
16Whatdidhisfatherdowhenthespeakermissedcuttingsomeweeds?
(A)Hisfatherscoldedhimseverely.
(B)Hisfathertookbackthesixdollars.
(C)Hisfathermadehimdothecuttingagain.
(D)Hisfathercuttheweedshimself.
17Whatdidthespeakwanttotellusinthispassage?
(A)Onecanbenefitalotfromworkingwithhisfather.
(B)Manuallaborersshouldn'tbelookeddownupon.
(C)Oneshouldalwaysdohisjobearnestly.
(D)Teenagerstendedtobecareless.
18WhatischaracteristicoflearnersofspecialEnglish?
(A)TheywanttochangethewayEnglishistaught.
(B)TheylearnEnglishtofindwellpaidjobs.
(C)Theywanttohaveanup-to-dateknowledgeofEnglish.
(D)Theyknowclearlywhattheywanttolearn.
答案见麦多课文库
19WhoneedsESPcoursesmost?
(A)Workingpeople.
(B)Collegestudents.
(C)Beginners.
(D)Intermediatelearners.
20WhatarethemostpopularESPcoursesinBritain?
(A)Coursesfordoctors.
(B)Coursesfbrbusinessmen.
(C)Coursesforreporters.
(D)Coursesfbrlawyers.
21WhatistheSpeakermainlytalkingabout?
(A)Threegroupsoflearners.
(B)TheimportanceofbusinessEnglish.
(C)EnglishforSpecificPurposes.
(D)FeaturesofEnglishfbrdifferentpurposes.
SECTIONCNEWSBROADCAST
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearseveralnewsitems.Listentothemcarefully
andthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
22WhendidtheheadchefRajivPathakwasannouncedasoneofthefinalists?
(A)Itwasthreehoursago.
答案见麦多课文库
(B)Itwasinthelastweek.
(C)ItwasonSaturday.
(D)ItwasonFebruary25.
23WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
(A)Heavyrainsandstormscausedriverstooverflow.
(B)Floodingforcedevacuationinsevencounties.
(C)Floodingdamagedhomesandcutoffelectricity.
(D)Heavyrainsandfloodingkeptbanksclosed.
24HowmanypeoplespeakCantoneseinChina?
(A)70million.
(B)7million.
(C)17million.
(D)700million.
25WhendidresidentsinGuangdongbegintoprotecttheircultureanddialect?
(A)Sincelastyear.
(B)Sincethisweek.
(C)Sincethisyear.
(D)Sincethismonth.
答案见麦多课文库
26ThefollowingcountrieshavereachedanagreementonclimatechangeEXCEPT
(A)TheUS.
(B)TheUK.
(C)China.
(D)India.
27PresidentObama'sattitudetotheagreementwas
(A)optimistic.
(B)pessimistic.
(C)neutral.
(D)negative.
28HowwillUNICEFhelptheAfricanchildren?
(A)BuildmoreschoolsinAfrica.
(B)ReduceschoolfeesinAfrica.
(C)Returnthemtoschool.
(D)Providethemwithfoodandhousing.
29Extramoneyisneededtohelp.
(A)Africanchildren
(B)Sudanesechildren
(C)Africanrefugees
答案见麦多课文库
(D)Sudaneserefugees
30WhydoesPresidentBushrenewsanctionsontheTalebanforces?
(A)TalebanforceskilledsomeAmericans.
(B)Talebanforcesattackedothercountries.
(C)Talebanforcesareaterroristorganization.
(D)TalebanforcescontinuetoprovidesafehavenandabaseofoperationsforOsama
binLaden.
31WhoisOsmanbinLaden?
(A)TheleaderofTalebanforces
(B)PresidentofAfghanistan.
(C)Suspectedterroristleader
(D)AcriminalwhofledfromAmericayearsago.
二、PARTIIICLOZE(15MIN)
Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Decidewhichofthechoices
givenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.
31AftertheviolentearthquakethatshookLosAngelesin1994,earthquakescientists
hadgoodnewstoreport:thedamageanddeath[Cl]couldhavebeenmuch
worse.Morethan60peoplediedinthisearthquake.[C2]anearthquakeof
similar[C3]thatshookAmericain1988claimed25,000victims.Injuriesand
deathswererelatively[C4]inLosAngelesbecausethequake[C5]at
4:31a.m.onaholiday,whentrafficwaslightonthecity'shighways.[C6]
changesmadetotheconstruction[C7]inLosAngelesduringthelast20
yearshave[C8]thecity'sbuildingsandhighways,makingthemmoreresistant
[C9]quakes.
答案见麦多课文库
Despitethegoodnews,civilengineersaren't[CIO]theirsuccess.[Cl1]
totheirdrawingboardsareblueprintsforimprovedquake-resistantbuildings.The
newdesignsshouldoffer[C12]greater[C13]tocitieswhere
earthquakesoftentakeplace.
Inthepast,makingstructuresquakeproofmeantfirmyetflexiblematerials,suchas
steelandwood,[C14]bendwithoutbreaking.[C15]peopletriedto
liftabuildingoffitsfoundation,and[C16]rubberandsteelbetweenthe
buildinganditsfoundationtoreducetheimpactofground[C17]Calledsmart
buildings,thestructuresrespondlikelivingorganismstoanearthquake'svibration.When
thegroundshakesandthebuildingtipsforward,thecomputerwouldforcethebuildingto
shiftinthe[C18]direction.
Thenewsmartstructures[C19]veryexpensivetobuild.However,they
wouldsavemanylivesandwouldbeless[C20]tobedamagedduring
earthquakes.
32[Cl]
(A)price
(B)toll
(C)loss
(D)cost
33[C2]
(A)Bycomparison
(B)Onthecontrary
(C)Asaresult
(D)Likewise
34[C3]
答案见麦多课文库
(A)degree
(B)influence
(C)affection
(D)intensity
35[C4]
(A)less
(B)more
(C)light
(D)heavy
36[C5]
(A)wasoccurred
(B)wasoccured
(C)occurred
(D)occured
37[C6]
(A)Nevertheless
(B)Inaddition
(C)Undoubtedly
(D)Incontrast
答案见麦多课文库
38[C7]
(A)sites
(B)codes
(C)beliefs
(D)workers
39[C8]
(A)strengthened
(B)increased
(C)accumulated
(D)powered
40[C9]
(A)against
(B)by
(C)to
(D)with
41[CIO]
(A)conformingwith
(B)hopingfor
答案见麦多课文库
(C)objectingto
(D)restingon
42[CH]
(A)Pinning
(B)Pinned
(C)Topin
(D)Pin
43[C12]
(A)even
(B)never
(C)many
(D)lot
44[C13]
(A)insurance
(B)safe
(C)safety
(D)security
45[C14]
(A)which
答案见麦多课文库
(B)that
(C)what
(D)where
46[C15]
(A)Again
(B)Later
(C)Frequently
(D)Now
47[C16]
(A)insert
(B)infuse
(C)exert
(D)execute
48[C17]
(A)variations
(B)vacancies
(C)ibrations
(D)ventilations
答案见麦多课文库
49[C18]
(A)backward
(B)opposite
(C)other
(D)round
50[C19]
(A)couldbe
(B)mustbe
(C)shouldbe
(D)wouldbe
51[C20]
(A)able
(B)seem
(C)managed
(D)likely
三、PARTIVGRAMMAR&VOCABULARY(15MIN)
Directions:Therearethirtysentencesinthissection.Beneatheachsentencetherearefour
wordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletes
thesentence.
52It'stooearlyforthereanybodyshowinguptodomorningexercisesinthepark.
答案见麦多课文库
(A)being
(B)wouldbe
(C)be
(D)tobe
53Hesaiditwouldnotbeallthatdifficulttoreachapeacefulconclusiontothe
(A)conflict
(B)paradox
(C)dilemma
(D)prejudice
54ThepressurecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemundera
constantemotionalstrain.
(A)tocompete
(B)competing
(C)tobecompeted
(D)havingcompeted
55Thesceneofthewaterfallisaperfectdelighttotheeye.
(A)significant
(B)dominant
(C)magnificent
答案见麦多课文库
(D)prominent
56isaspellofwarmsunshine.
(A)Whatdoweallneed
(B)Whatallweneed
(C)Whatweneed
(D)Whatweallneed
57一Doyouthinkthatshe'llmeetthedeadline?一Sure.Solongasshetodoitin
herownway.
(A)isleaving
(B)leaves
(C)isleft
(D)hasleft
58WhentheCulturalRevolutionwaslaunchedinChina,hissisterprimary
school.
(A)attended
(B)wasattending
(C)hadbeenattending
(D)hasbeenattending
59Ibegyourniece*sbirthdayparty.
(A)tobeexcused
答案见麦多课文库
(B)tobeexcusedto
(C)toexcusefrom
(D)tobeexcusedfrom
60Pardonme,butSarahmightnotturnagainuntil,say,tonight.
(A)on
⑻in
(C)out
(D)up
61Advertisingcanbeaservicetothecustomer.Thisistruewhenadvertisementsgive
liableinformationaboutthegoods.
(A)advertised
(B)beingadvertised
(C)tobeadvertised
(D)havingbeenadvertised
62Nooneappreciatedhisworkduringhislifetime,butitisclearthathewasa
greatartist.
(A)inperson
(B)intheaftermath
(C)inretrospect
答案见麦多课文库
(D)inthefuture
63ThoughMr.Ian'sconditionlooksveryserious,Ibelievewithcarefulnursing,hewill
(A)pullback
(B)pullup
(C)pullthrough
(D)pulloff
64Itistoosoontosayhowmuch.Ihavefromthesecourses.
(A)benefited
(B)obtained
(C)improved
(D)recovered
65Weareconvincedtherighteousnessofourcause.
(A)of
(B)on
(C)over
(D)at
66Thepapercompanywishestoitsnewfactorybesidetheriver.
(A)place
(B)position
答案见麦多课文库
(c)lay
(D)locate
67Readingthemindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge;itisthinkingthatmakes
whatwereadours.
(A)rectifies
(B)prolongs
(C)minimizes
(D)furnishes
68Fdratheryouthoseimportantdocumentswithyou.
(A)don't
(B)didnfttake
(C)won'ttake
(D)nottake
69Thetextilemillhasover8,000workers,arewomen.
(A)eightypercentofthose
(B)eightypercentofwhich
(C)eightypercentofwhom
(D)eightypercentofthat
答案见麦多课文库
70Extensivereportingontelevisionhashelpedtointerestinawidevarietyof
sportsandactivities.
(A)gather
(B)generate
(C)assemble
(D)yield
71IwasstudyFrenchyesterday,butIchangedmymind.
(A)tobestarting
(B)tostart
(C)tohavestarted
(D)tohavebeenstarting
72Theresidents,hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRed
Cross.
(A)alltheirhomes
(B)allwhosehomes
(C)allofwhosehomes
(D)alloftheirhomes
73AlthoughOrientalideasofwoman'stomanprevailedinthosedays,shedid
daretomeetwithmanonequalbasis.
(A)contribution
答案见麦多课文库
(B)sacrifice
(C)subordination
(D)obedience
74Whenhetriedtomakea,hefoundthatthehotelthathewantedwas
completelyfilledbecauseofaconvention.
(A)complaint
(B)claim
(C)reservation
(D)decision
75NosoonerhadItoldhimthetruththatIshouldhaveremainedsilent.
(A)thanIhadrealized
(B)thandidIrealize
(C)whenIrealized
(D)thanIrealized
76Thisisanidealsiteforauniversityitisfarfromthedowntownarea.
(A)providedthat
(B)nowthat
(C)sothat
(D)inthat
答案见麦多课文库
77withthegreathitonthestockmarket,thesufferingsoftheinvestorsare
worthy.
(A)Compare
(B)Whencompared
(C)Whilecomparing
(D)Comparing
78Thepolicewomanwavedherhandandbrokethecrowds.
(A)up
(B)down
(C)in
(D)through
79Whereareyou?Iforyouhereforages!
(A)waited
(B)waswaiting
(C)hadwaited
(D)havebeenwaiting
80Let'sgoandgetsomewater,?
(A)can*twe
(B)won'twe
答案见麦多课文库
(C)shallwe
(D)shan'twe
81Lauraisgoodatsports.Sheisthanhersister.
(A)moreofasportsman
(B)moreasportsman
(C)moreofsportsman
(D)muchmoresportsman
81Naturallytheaudiencesthatsupportvariouskindsofmusicarenotidentical.
Thereareseparateaudiences,ofwidelydifferingtastesandmusicalreceptivity,foropera,
symphonyandchambermusic.Theoratorioaudienceisaveryspecialgroupmadeupof
themostconservativetastesandopinions.Onesuspectsthatitisrecruitedlargelyfrom
friendsandfamiliesofthesingers.Nowastagefullofhappyandearnestoratoriosingers
mustrepresentconsiderablepotentialticketsales,and,ifthisistrue,itdoesnotmalt
muchdifferencewhatworkthesingersselecttoperform.Anyonewhohaseversungina
chorusknowswhatfunitistosingHandel.Themusiciseasytograsp,fitsthevoicewell,
andfineeffectsareachievedwithaminimumofprofessionalskill.Theplanofthe
Handeloratorioisidealfortheordinaryamateursinginggroup.Allthehardpartsare
takenbyprofessionalsoloists,whocanbeimportedfbrtheoccasion.Thereforethe
choruscanmakeapublicappearanceafterlong,leisurelypreparationandaddonatthe
lastmomentthefinalprofessionaltouches.Thusthenever-endingvogueoftheoratorio
anditsunchangingaspectmustbeattributed,atleastpartially,totheamateurchoral
societiesthataretobefoundinalmosteverycommunity.
82Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Oratorioperformersandtheiraudience.
(B)Differencesinmusicaudiences.
(C)Theriseofamateurchoralsocieties.
答案见麦多课文库
(D)Communityreceptivitytomusic.
83Theauthorindicatesthattheoratorioaudienceisprobablycomposedof.
(A)musiccomposers
(B)travelingmusicians
(C)amateurtheatergroups
(D)performersrelativesandfriends
84Theauthorimpliesthattheprofessionalsoloistsmentionedinthepassagedowhich
ofthefollowing?
(A)MemorizeallofHandel'ssolooratorios.
(B)Practicewithamateurchorusesateveryrehearsal.
(C)Engagesingersforchoralsocieties.
(D)Giveprofessionalsupporttoamateurgroups.
85Whatcanbeconcludedformthepassageaboutthecharacteristicsoforatorios?
(A)Theyareprimarilyperformedbyprofessionals.
(B)Theyvarylittlefromoneperformancetoanother.
(C)Theyarecomposedentirelyofsolos.
(D)Theyarecarelesslyscheduled.
85Therenewableenergyindustryhasdismissedas"trumped-upnonsense"anattack
byDonaldTrumponScottishwindenergyprojects.ButtheScottishgovernmenthas
declinedtoresponddirectlytothebillionaire^stingingcriticismofAlexSalmond'splans
forrenewableenergy.
答案见麦多课文库
WhenaskedinaninterviewonThursdaynightaboutTrump'scomments,Salmond
repliedonlywithapredictionthatoncerenewableenergycreatedalargenumberofjobs
inScotland,"justabouteverybodywillgetonboard,evenDonaldTrump".
Trumpisopposedtoplansforanoffshorewindfarmnearthesiteofhisluxurygolf
resortinAberdeenshire.Inalettersenttothefirstminister,AlexSalmond,Trump
accusedhimofbeing"hell-bentondestroyingScotland'scoastline",andsaidhewould
haltworkonhisprojectuntiladecisiononthewindfarmwasmadebyministers.
"Withtherecklessinstallationofthesemonsters,youwillsingle-handedlyhavedone
moredamagetoScotlandthanvirtuallyanyeventinScottishhistory,"Trumpwrote.He
saidhewouldbelaunchinganinternationalcampaignagainstScotland*swindenergy
plans.
NiallStuart,chiefexecutiveofScottishRenewables,whichrepresentstherenewable
energyindustryinScotland,criticisedTrump'sintervention,andsaidtherewasnoreason
whythetwodevelopmentscouldnotexistsidebyside.
"WhoisDonaldTrumptotellScotlandwhatisgoodforoureconomyandour
environment?"hesaid."Offshorewindisalreadyattractingbillionsofpoundsof
investmentandsupportinghundredsofjobsacrossScotland,includinginhismother's
hometownofStornoway."
"Hecompletelyoverblowstheimpactoftheproposedwindfarmandtobehonest
therearesomanymistakesinthe'trumped-up'nonsensethatit'sdifficulttoknowwhere
tobegin."
InaninterviewwithSTV,SalmondsaidhebelievedeventheAmericanbusinessman
couldbepersuadedofthebenefitsofwindenergy.
"Peoplewillbeopposedforawholevarietyofreasonsbutaswemobilisethisindustry,
asweareestablishedasworldleaders,tensofthousandsofjobscometothiscountryand
aswere-industrialisethisnationthen,eventually,justabouteverybodywillgetonboard,
evenDonaldTrump."
TheScottishgovernmentdeclinedtoresponddirectlytoTrump*scriticism,sayingit
wascurrentlyconsideringtheviewsofinterestedpartiesintheprojectfor11turbinesin
AberdeenBay,whichhasbecomethefocusofTrump'sire.
"ScottishwatersareestimatedtohaveasmuchasaquarterofEurope*spotential
offshorewindenergy,"aspokesmansaid.nArecentstudysuggeststhatharnessingjusta
thirdofthepracticalresourceoffourcoastby2050wouldenableustogenerateenough
electricitytopowerScotlandseventimesover.AnindependentScotlandwillbeableto
takefullresponsibilityforthisrenewablesrevolution,alongwiththeinvestmentand
thousandsofjobsitbrings."
RenewableUKsaidstudieshadshownthatwindfarmshadnoeffectontourism.
nWethinkhisconcernsareprobablynotmerited,Hitsaid."Unlesshe'sgoingtoputhis
golfcourseonthewater,whichseemsunlikely."
答案见麦多课文库
Trump'sinterventionfollowstheScottishgovernment'sblueprinttohelpstreamlinethe
scope,planningandconsentingforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments.Theyplanto
createanationaldatabaseofsurveydataandwillprioritiseearlyworktoidentify
potentialsitesfornewtestfacilities,includingdeep-wateroffshorewindtechnologies.
WillieRennie,theScottishLiberalDemocratleader,saidScotlandwouldnotbe
bulliedovertheissue."FirstMrTrumpaccusesScotlandofbeingthelaughingstockof
theworld,"Renniesaid.HNowhethreatenstolaunchaninternationalcampaign.What
MrTrumpneedstounderstandisthatScotlandwillliveuptoourresponsibilitiesto
tackleclimatechange."
“Thisletterisaratherdesperateattemptbyarichmanwhoisusedtogettinghisown
way.Buthislatesttizzyisembarrassing.InsteadoftheworldlaughingatScotland,
ScotlandislaughingatMrTrump."
FromTheGuardian,February10,2012
86WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?
(A)TheScottishrenewableenergyindustryhasdismissedDonaldTrump'sattack.
(B)AlexSalmondpredictsthateverybodywillgetonboardincludingDonaldTrump.
(C)TheScottishgovernmenthasdeclinedtoresponddirectlytoSalmond'scriticism.
(D)DonaldTrumpclaimedthatwindenergyplanswilldestroyScotland'scoastline.
87Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningof"halt"inthethirdparagraph?
(A)start
(B)stop
(C)continue
(D)accelerate
88ThewindenergyplanswillhaveeffectonthefollowingpartiesEXCEPT.
(A)Scottisheconomy
答案见麦多课文库
(B)Scottishpeople
(C)Scottishtourism
(D)renewableenergyindustry
89Accordingtothepassage,theScottishgovernmenthasgottheblueprinttohelpmake
thefollowingsmoreefficientEXCEPT.
(A)scopefbroffshorerenewablesdevelopments
(B)planningforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments
(C)consentingforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments
(D)surveyforoffshorerenewablesdevelopments
90WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaccordingtothepassage?
(A)Scottishwatersareestimatedtohaveaquarteroftheworld'soffshorewindenergy.
(B)TheScottishgovernmentwascurrentlyconsideringtheviewsofinterestedparties.
(C)DonaldTrumpistolaunchaninternationalcampaignagainstthewindenergy
plans.
(D)TheScottishgovernmentplannedtocreateanationaldatabaseofthesurveydata.
90Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforce,skills,Americanfirms
haveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothe
competitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredasan
individualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—
rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.
Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthe
corporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalways
secondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallya
specializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitis
neverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChief
答案见麦多课文库
ExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resource
managementiscentral一usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,in
thefirm'shierarchy.
WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork
forces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseor
Germanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedon
professionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadein
trainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessaryto
dothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorb
newtechnologies.
Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmerican
workers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexible
manufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthose
stationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbefore
equipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggenerates
costsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbe
employed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskills
ofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalf
can'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementand
professionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.
91WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmerican
companies?
(A)Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.
(B)Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees*ownbusiness.
(C)Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.
(D)Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.
92Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?
(A)Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.
(B)Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.
(C)Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.
答案见麦多课文库
(D)Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.
93ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto
(A
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