中国文化读写专项：中国旗袍+十二生肖- 高考英语常考中国文化读写专练+素材积累

Lesson2ChineseCheongsam中国旗袍 Thecheongsam,orQipaoinChinese,isdevelopedfromakindofancientclothingofManchuethnicminority.Inancienttimes,itgenerallyreferredtolonggownswornbythepeopleofManchuria,MongoliaandtheEight-Banner. IntheearlyyearsoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911),longgownsfeaturedcollarless,narrowcuffintheshapeofahorse'shoof,buttonsdowntheleftfront,fourslitsandafittingwaist.Wearersusuallycoileduptheircuff,andputitdownwhenhuntingorbattlingtocoverthebackofhand.Inwinter,thecuffcouldservetopreventcold.Thegownhadfourslits,withoneontheleft,right,frontandback,whichreachedtheknees.Itwasfittedtothebodyandratherwarm.Fastenedwithawaistband,thelonggowncouldholdsolidfoodandutensilswhenpeoplewentouthunting.Men'slonggownsweremostlyblue,grayorgreen;andwomen's,white. AnotherfeatureofManchucheongsamwasthatpeoplegenerallyworeitplusawaistcoatthatwaseitherwithbuttonsdownthefront,atwistedfront,orafrontintheshapeoflute,etc. WhentheearlyManchurulerscametoChina,theymovedtheircapitaltoBeijingandcheongsambegantospreadintheCentralPlains.TheQingDynastyunifiedChina,andunifiedthenationwidecostumeaswell.Atthattime,menworealonggownandamandarinjacketoverthegown,whilewomenworecheongsam.Althoughthe1911RevolutionturnedovertheruleoftheQing(Manchu)Dynasty,thefemaledresssurvivedthepoliticalchangeand,withsucceedingimprovements,hasbecomethetraditionaldressforChinesewomen. Tillthe1930s,Manchupeople,nomattermaleorfemale,allworeloose-fittingandstraight-bottomedbroad-sleevedlonggownswithawidefront.Thelowerhemofwomen'scheongsamreachedthecalveswithembroideredflowerpatternsonit,whilethatofmen'scheongsamreachedtheanklesandhadnodecorativepatterns. Fromthe1930s,cheongsamalmostbecametheuniformforwomen.Folkwomen,students,workersandhighest-tonewomenalldressedthemselvesincheongsam,whichevenbecameaformalsuitforoccasionsofsocialintercoursesordiplomaticactivities.Later,cheongsamevenspreadtoforeigncountriesandbecamethefavoriteofforeignfemales. Afterthe1940s,influencedbynewfashionhomeandabroad,Manchumen'scheongsamwasdyingout,whilewomen'scheongsambecamenarrow-sleevedandfittedtothewaistandhadarelativelyloosehippart,anditslowerhemreachedtheankles.Thenthereappearvariousformsofcheongsamsweseetodaythatemphasizecolordecorationandsetoffthebeautyofthefemaleshape. WhydoHanpeopleliketowearthecheongsam?ThemainreasonisthatitfitswellthefemaleChinesefigure,hassimplelinesandlookselegant.What'smore,itissuitableforwearinginallseasonsbyoldandyoung. Thecheongsamcaneitherbelongorshort,unlinedorinterlined,woolenormadeofsilkfloss.Besides,withdifferentmaterials,thecheongsampresentsdifferentstyles.Cheongsamsmadeofsilkwithpatternsofsmallflowers,plainlatticesorthinlinesdemonstratecharmoffemininityandstaidness;thosemadeofbrocadeareeye-catchingandmagnificentandsuitableforoccasionsofgreetingguestsandattendingbanquets. WhenChinesecheongsamswereexhibitedforsalesincountrieslikeJapanandFrance,theyreceivedwarmwelcomefromlocalwomen,whodidnothesitatetobuyChinesecheongsams.CheongsamfeaturesstrongnationalflavorandembodiesbeautyofChinesetraditionalcostume.ItnotonlyrepresentsChinesefemalecostumebutalsobecomesasymboloftheorientaltraditionalcostume.（615words）◆Helper:cheongsam['tʃi:ɑ:ŋ'sɑ:m]旗袍Manchuria[mænˈtʃuəriə]\o"真人发音"满洲（我国东北的旧称）Eight-Banner[ˈbænə]八旗cuff[kʌf]袖口hoof[hu:f]（兽的）蹄，马蹄slit[slit]狭长切口coil[kɔil]盘绕，卷成一圈utensil[ju:ˈtensl]器具，用具lute[lu:t]古琵琶mandarin['mændərɪn]中国式服装的hem[hem]（布等的）褶边calf[kɑ:f]腿肚子embroider[ɪm'brɔɪdə(r)]刺绣；在…上绣花phaseout[feizaut]逐步淘汰，逐步结束floss[silkflɔs]丝棉lattice[ˈlætɪs]格子框架femininity[ˌfeməˈnɪnəti]女性气质staidness['steɪdnɪs]一本正经，沉着brocade[brəˈkeɪd]锦缎oriental[ˌɔ:riˈentəl]东方的◆ChineseBriefIntroduction: 旗袍是从满族古老的服装演变而来的。旗袍，满语称"衣介"。古时泛指满洲、蒙古、汉军八旗男女穿的衣袍。清世祖入关，迁都北京，旗袍开始在中原流行。清统一中国，也统一全国服饰，男人穿长袍马褂，女人穿旗袍。以后，随着满汉生活的融合，统一，旗袍不仅被汉族妇女吸收，并不断进行革新。特别随着辛亥革命的风云，旗袍迅速在全国普及。20世纪40年代后，受国内外新式服饰新潮的冲击，满族男性旗袍已废弃，女性旗袍由宽袖变窄袖，直筒变紧身贴腰，臀部略大，下摆回收，长及踝，逐渐形成今日各色各样讲究色彩装饰和人体线条美的旗袍样式。旗袍的造型与妇女的体态相适合，线条简便，优美大方，所以，有人认为旗袍是中国女人独有的福音，可起到彩云托月的作用。旗袍正以浓郁的民族风格，体现了中华民族传统的服饰美。它不仅成为中国女装的代表，同时也公认为东方传统女装的象征。◆Exercise:I.Questions:1.WhatisthecuffusedforifyouwearQipao?2.Whendidcheongsamalmostbecometheuniformforwomen?3.WhywasManchumen'scheongsamoutoffashionafterthe1940s?4.WhydoHanpeopleliketowearthecheongsam?II.Writtenwork上海怡芳旗袍(cheongsam)公司是上海专做旗袍的老字号点，已有七十多年的历史，生产的旗袍最大的特点是轻巧(handiness)、优雅(elegance)、美观，每一件旗袍都是精工细作(tremendouseffortsandwork)，都是一件艺术品。已与欧洲、东南亚的许多公司建立了业务关系，产品畅销许多国家，深受顾客的欢迎。2013年9月9日，上海怡芳旗袍公司从《中国日报》上了解到美国Dick服装公司是美国最大的服装进出口公司之一，于是去函，请你以市场经理的名义介绍自己的公司状况并推销自己的产品。Lesson3.ChineseZodiacSigns中国十二生肖Chinesezodiacsignsrepresenttwelvedifferenttypesofpersonalities.ThezodiactraditionallybeginswiththesignoftheRat,andtherearemanystoriesabouttheoriginsoftheChineseZodiacwhichexplainwhythisisso.TheChineseanimalzodiac,orshengxiaoinpinyin(literallytranslatedas"bornresembling"),isarotatingcycleof12years,witheachyearbeingrepresentedbyananimalanditscharacterorfeatures.Traditionallytheserecurringanimalswereusedtodatetheyears,adifferentanimalforeachyear,witheachanimalyearrepeatedevery12years.Therearealtogether12animals,whichare,inorder:rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,ram,monkey,rooster,dogandpig.ActuallytheChineseanimalzodiachascertainsimilaritieswiththeWesternzodiac.Bothhaverotatingcyclesdividedinto12parts,andbothimplytheinfluenceofeachsignonaperson’spersonality.However,thedifferencesaremajor.TheChineseanimalzodiacisdividedintoyears,whiletheWesternzodiacisdividedintomonths,andtheanimalsarenotassociatedwithconstellations.ThereisnoconnectionbetweenthetwelveanimalsoftheChineseZodiacandthetwelvesignsoftheWesternZodiac.Westernastrologyisbaseduponasystemwhichusesthepathofthesun(andthemoonandplanets)throughtheheavensandlooktotheconstellations(e.g.Aries,Taurus,Geminietc)whichliealongthispath.TheChinesesystem,ontheotherhand,focusesonZiWeiorthePoleStarandtheconstellationswhichrelatetoit.TheChinesesystemoftimekeepingisbasedontheHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchesforminga60yearcycle.Thereare10setsofHeavenlyStemsand12setsofEarthlyBranches.The10HeavenlyStemshavetoberepeated6timesinordertomatchthe12EarthlyBrancheswhicharerepeated5timestogiveyousixtypairsofstemsandbranches.ThenamesoftheyeararetakenfromthepairsofStemsandBranchinthesixtyyearcycle.Forexample1924marksthestartofthesixtyyearcycleandhasthenameofJiaZi(JiaistheStemandZitheBranch).Thiscycleisrepeatedeverysixtyyear.Rat-CharmingYearofBirth:1912,1924,1936,1948,1960,1972,1984,1996,2008,2020Personality:Quick-witted,clever,clairvoyant,short-tempered,ambitiousandmanipulative.Theyarecharmingandattractivetotheoppositesex,loyalandgeneroustopeoplethattheyconsiderspartoftheirpack.Theyareresourcefulandeagertoseekknowledge.Ox-PatientYearofBirth:1913,1925,1937,1949,1961,1973,1985,1997,2009,2021Personality:Calm,diligent,modest,honest,straight-forward,easy-goingbutsometimescanbestubborn.Abornleader,theoxhasatendencytoinspireconfidenceinothers.Theyhatefailureanddon'tliketobechallenged.Tiger-SensitiveYearofBirth:1914,1926,1938,1950,1962,1974,1986,1998,2010,2022Personality:Thoughtful,rebellious,sensitive,success-oriented,humanitarian,impatientandaggressive.Tigersareembodimentoflordlinessandpower.Theyarerespectedbyotherpeople,thoughtheysometimesactantiauthoritarianandgetintoconflictwithauthorityorelderpeople.Rabbit-ArticulateYearofBirth:1915,1927,1939,1951,1963,1975,1987,1999,2011,2023Personality:Popular,amiable,affectionate,sincere,andopportunistic.Rabbitsenjoybeingsurroundedbyfamilyandfriends.Sometimestheytendtogetsentimental,butrarelylosetemper.Beingcautiousandconservative,theyaresaidtobefinanciallyluckyandwillbesuccessfulinbusiness.Dragon-HealthyYearofBirth:1916,1928,1940,1952,1964,1976,1988,2000,2012,2024Personality:Energetic,intelligent,gifted,healthy,charismatic,nobleandbrave.Thedragonisapopularandrespectedindividual.Anaturalbornleader,thedragontendstoinspiretrustandconfidence,andisgoodatgivingorders,thoughsometimestheycanbetactlessandbrash.Snake-LonelyYearofBirth:1917,1929,1941,1953,1965,1977,1989,2001,2013,2025Personality:Smart,intuitive,sympathetic,analytical,cautious,introvertedandinsecure.Snakesprefertobeloners,relyingstronglyontheirownintuitionandjudgment,andhavelittlefaithinother’sjudgment.Theyholdamineattitudetowardsmoney.Beingfinanciallylucky,theyseldomworryaboutmoney.Horse-PopularYearofBirth:1918,1930,1942,1954,1966,1978,1990,2002,2014,2026Personality:Sharp-witted,cheerful,smart,open-minded,talkativeandtalented.Horsesenjoytraveling,entertainmentandlargecrowds.Anindependentthinker,thehorsedoesnotliketohearotherpeoples’suggestions.TheysometimestendtotalktoomuchandbecomeimpatientGoat-ElegantYearofBirth:1919,1931,1943,1955,1967,1979,1991,2003,2015,2027Personality:Gentle,calm,shy,creative,understanding,insecureandpessimistic.Theyworryalotandliketocomplain.Appearanceandmaterialcomfortareveryimportanttothem.Theyneedlotsofsupport,love,care,andreassurance.Monkey-CleverYearofBirth:1920,1932,1944,1956,1968,1980,1992,2004,2016,2028Personality:Upbeat,clever,inquisitive,sociableandflexible.Theyaregoodatsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisions.Monkeyscanbeloosecannonsbecausetheylackself-controlandgiveupeasily.Rooster-GoodThinkersYearofBirth:1921,1933,1945,1957,1969,1981,1993,2005,2017,2029Personality:practical,cautious,conservative,alert,shrewdandsturborn.Roostersdonotgetalongverywellwithothersbecausetheyseemboastfulandemotionallycold.Theylikedreamingandbravado.Firminstickingtotheirowndecisions,theyoftenspeaktheirmind.Dog-LoyalYearofBirth:1922,1934,1946,1958,1970,1982,1994,2006,2018,2030Personality:Loyal,trustworthy,faithful,friendlyandmodest.Theydowellinbusiness,buthavetroublefindingmates.Dogshaveasharptongueandtendtofindfaultswithmanythings.Dogsoftenfeelguiltyoftellingwhitelies,andsometimesaretoosensitiveandmoodyPig-ChivalrousYearofBirth:1923,1935,1947,1959,1971,1983,1995,2007,2019,2031Personality:Polite,obliging,tolerant,sociable,naiveandperfectionist.Pigsmakeawonderfulcompanion.Thoughtheytendnottomakelotsoffriends,theykeepafewrealandloyalfriends.Theylikehelpingothers,butalsoexpectthesamefromothers.Pigshavegoodtasteandenjoyfinethings.Whentheyfaceaproblem,theysolveitwithfortitudeandhonesty.（983words）◆Helper:recurr[rɪ'kɜ:(r)]再发生,重现constellation[ˌkɒnstə'leɪʃən]星座astrology[əˈstrɒlədʒi]占星术Aries['eəri:z][天]白羊（星）座Taurus[ˈtɔ:rəs]金牛座Gemini['dʒemɪnaɪ][天]双子座（星座）thePoleStar北极星theHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranches天干地支clairvoyant[kleə'vɔɪənt]有洞察力的short-tempered[ʃɔ:tˈtempəd]脾气坏的，易怒的，毛躁manipulative[mə'nɪpjələtɪv]巧妙处理的humanitarian[hju:ˌmænɪˈteəri:ən]博爱的aggressive[əˈɡresiv]进取心的embodiment[ɪmˈbɒdimənt]化身lordliness['lɔ:dlɪnɪs]皇室气派，权势antiauthoritarian[ænʃi:ʌθɒrɪ'teərɪən]反独裁主义者的articulate[ɑ:'tɪkjʊleɪt]善于表达的charismatic[ˌkærɪzˈmætɪk]有魅力的tactless['tæktləs]不圆通的,不替别人着想的brash[bræʃ]傲慢的,轻率的intuitive[ɪnˈtju:ɪtɪv]直觉的introverted[ˈɪntrəvɜ:tɪd]含蓄的sharp-witted机敏的upbeat积极乐观的inquisitive[ɪnˈkwɪzətɪv]好奇的,爱打听的boastful[ˈbəʊstfʊl]好自夸的ravado[brə'vɑ:dəʊ]虚张声势moody['mu:dɪ]喜怒无常的chivalrous[ˈʃɪvlrəs]（尤指对女人）有骑士风度的，彬彬有礼的obliging[əˈblaɪdʒɪŋ]乐于助人的；有礼貌的naive[naɪˈi:v]幼稚的,天真的,单纯的fortitude[ˈfɔ:tɪˌtu:d,-ˌtju:d]坚韧◆ChineseBriefIntroduction: 英语中，当谈个人出生的属相时，表达为“Whatanimalsignwereyoubornunder?你属什么？IwasbornintheyearoftheRat./MineistheRat.我属鼠。”十二生肖，是中国传统文化的重要部分，源于自然界的11种动物和一个民族图腾即鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗、猪组成，用于记年，顺序排列为子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。如寅年出生的人属虎，卯年出生的人属兔。“生肖”也就是俗话说的“属相”，是中国人特有的一种表示出生时间的方式，相当于西方的黄道十二星座。生肖动物原是表示时辰的状态，古时把一天划分为十二个时辰，每个时辰相等于两小时，相传古人根据中国十二生肖中的动物的出没时间来命名各个时辰。古人还根据出生的年份推算出人运气、性格等，实际上属与人的性格无关，年属不能代表同年出生的许多的性格，更不能代表不同年出生相同属的更多人。◆Exercise:I.Questions:1.What’sthedifferencebetweentheChineseanimalzodiacandtheWesternzodiac?2.What’stheyearwhenyouwereborn?Accordingtothetexttellyourpartneryourcharacter.3.Peterwasbornin1997.PleasetellhimwhatkindpersonhemaybeaccordingtoChinesezodiacsigns.4.Pleaselist12animalsincorrecttimeorder.II.Writtenwork法国一家拍卖公司于2009年2月25日在巴黎公开拍卖从中国掠夺的鼠首和兔首铜像,此举激起中国人民的强烈愤慨.请你根据下表提示,用英语写一篇短文。文物背景：1.鼠首和兔首铜像制作于清代,是圆明园诸多装饰品之一;2.1860年,英法联军火烧圆明园,抢走包括鼠首和兔首铜像等在内的大量文物.3.今年二月在巴黎公开拍卖;4.中国政府坚决反对,要求按国际法无偿归还;文物事件；5.法国公司一意孤行;6.中国人民积极行动,采取措施阻止拍卖.你的感想(请考生谈谈对此事的看法,列举两至三条)注意:1.对所给要点,逐一陈述,可适当增加细节,使其连贯,不简单翻译.2.词数:150左右.开头已给出,不计入总词数.3.参考词汇.auctionn.&vt.拍卖relic[C]n.文物,遗物SuggestedAnswers2.ChineseCheongsamII.WrittenworkSeptember9th,2013DearSirs,WelearnfromC