如何做定性研究Qualitativeresearch

如何做定性研究QualitativeresearchQualitativeResearch

13thofMarchQualitativeResearch“Youcanlearnalotjustbywatching”MAKINGSENSEOFOTHERS’REALITYTHEINTERPRETIVEPARADIGMTheinterpretiveapproacharguesthatresearchshouldexplore“…sociallymeaningfulactionthroughthedirectdetailedobservationofpeopleinnaturalsettingsinordertoarriveatunderstandingsandinterpretationsofhowpeoplecreateandmaintaintheirsocialworlds”(Neuman,1997:68).Weuse“…methodsthattrytodescribeandinterpretpeople’sfeelingsandexperiencesinhumantermsratherthanthroughquantificationandmeasurement”(TerreBlanche&Kelly,1999:123).WhattoObserveorStudyBehaviorsorpracticesEpisodes,commonevents(death,birth,etc.)Encounters–whengroupsorpeopleinteractRolesRelationshiproles–mother/daughter;wife/husband,Therapist/disabled,…etc.QualitativeResearchGoalsMeaning:howpeopleseetheworldContext:theworldinwhichpeopleactProcess:whatactionsandactivitiespeopledoReasoning:whypeopleactandbehavethewaytheydoMaxwell,2005PhasesinQualitativeResearch

Conceptualizeandplanstudy

Useliterature,formulatestudypurposeorquestion,identifystudysite,settingswhere/howdatacollectionwilloccur,participantsandentréetosettingStartstudywithconcurrentdatacollectionandanalysis.Analysisfocusedonidentifyingthemesandcategories--similaritiesindata.Questionorpurposemayemergeandberefined.DatacollectionstrategiesmaychangeSlinganddatacollectiondeterminedbytheoreticalsaturation.AnalysisbasedonnarrativedescriptionGoal:Accesstheparticipantsworld&meanings.ResearcheristheinstrumentSelectingparticipants...ThegoalistogetthedeepestpossibleunderstandingofthesettingbeingstudiedRequiresidentifyingparticipantswhocanprovideinformationabouttheparticulartopicandsettingbeingstudiedSelectingparticipants...ItisfraughtwithdifficultiesinidentifyingandselectinganappropriatenumberofparticipantswhocanprovideusefulinformationabouttheparticulartopicandsettingbeingstudiedUtilizespurposiveslingRandom“Quantitative”SlingSelectRepresentativeindividuals Togeneralizefromsletopopulation Tomakeclaimsaboutthepopulation Tobuild/test“theories”thatexplainthepop’nPurposeful“Qualitative”Sling

Selectpeople/siteswhocanbesthelpus understandourphenomenon

Todevelopdetailedunderstanding

Thatmightbe“useful:information Thatmighthelppeople“learn”aboutthephenomenon Thatmightgivevoiceto“silenced”peopleDifferencesBetweenRandom&PurposefulSlingSlesizeisalwaysdeterminedbytheanalysis.Itispartofthedesignandsoisinfluencedbythenatureoftheinquiry,qualityoftheinformants,thequalityofthedata.

Theresearcherislookingforsaturation—thepointatwhichthereisnonewcasescomingfromeachnewparticipantandredundantinformationkeepscomingup.

Thismustbedifferentiatedfromparticipantsaturationwheretheresearchercannotdraganythingnewoutoftheumpteenthinterviewwiththatparticularperson.

SlinginQualitativeStudiesPurposiveslingPurposiveslinggroupsparticipantsaccordingtopre-selectedcriteriarelevanttoaparticularresearchquestion.ex.VietnamesebusinessmenintheUSASlesizesdependon:ResourcesandtimeavailableThestudy’sobjectivesIftheresearcherneedsaspecificnumberofparticipants,quotaslingisbetter.13QuotaslingQuotaslingbeginswithtwodecisions:Whatcharacteristics?Howmanypeople?Characteristicsareselectedinordertofindparticipantswhohaveexperiencewithorknowledgeoftheresearchtopic.Theresearchergoesintothecommunityandselectsthepredeterminednumberofpeopledemonstratingthepre-selectedcharacteristics.14SnowballslingSnowballslingisaformofpurposivesling.Participantsrefertheresearchertootherpotentialparticipants.Snowballslingisoftenusedtofindandrecruit“hiddenpopulations”–groupsnoteasilyaccessibletoresearchers.15TypesofDataCollection

(or“fieldwork”)ObservationInterviewingFocusGroupsDocumentAnalysisDoingtheInterviewIntroductionandBuildingRapport

explainpurposeagainverbalconfidentialityassurance(andgooverform)norightorwronganswers…o.k.toaskquestionsandclarifyaskpermissiontorecordYourQuestions

Ifflexibleformat…listofthingstobesuretotalkaboutTogetrichdata:PROBEANDFOLLOW

YouandtheInterview:attending,listening,thinking,takingnotes,taping

notetaking–clarifysomething;tokeepyoufocusedsilenceandpatience–balancedwithkeepingtheinterviewgoingredirectlong-windedtangentsbacktoyourlineoffocusAftertheInterview:WritinguptheInterviewand…SummaryandnotesofmainpointsVerbatimtranscripts(don’tletthempileup)Ideas–tentativepiecesofanalysisMethodologicaldifficultiesPersonalemotionalexperienceRespondingtointervieweerequests;emotionalissues?TheThree-InterviewSeries

(Seidman,1998)InterviewOne:LifeHistoryInterviewTwo:DetailsoftheExperienceInterviewThree:ReflectionontheMeaningDataCollectionMethods:

In-depthInterviewsSomestudiescannotemploytheparticipantobservationmethodE.g.,Desroches’sstudyofbankrobbersIn-depthinterviewsallowparticipantstodescribetheirexperiencesandthemeaningofeventstakingplaceintheirlivesVerbatimquotescapturethelanguageandmeaningexpressedbyparticipantsInterviewsareflexibleandallowforprobingInterviewmethodisquitediverse,adaptiveIn-depthInterviews(cont’d)Spradley–threekeyelementsfortheinterviewmethodtobesuccessfulExplicitpurpose–researcherandinformantareawarethatthediscussionhasapurposeEthnographicexplanations–researchertriesoutexplanationsontheparticipantstoseeiftheymakesenseEncouragetheinformantstousecolloquiallanguage,andteachtheresearcheritsmeaningIn-depthInterviews(cont’d)Ethnographicquestionsinclude:Descriptivequestions–askparticipantstodescribetheirexperiences(e.g.,theirideas,circumstances,viewpoints,dilemmas,etc)Structuralquestions–askparticipantshowtheyorganizetheirworld(e.g.,activities)Contrastquestions–askparticipantswhatismeantbyspecificterminologyPrus&Grillsstressthevalueoftheinterviewmethodinamulti-methodapproachDataCollectionMethods:

FocusGroupInterviewsInterviewformat,butinagroupsetting6-12participantswithcommonexperienceDatesbacktothe1940s–usedtoassesseffectivenessofmorale-boostingradioshows1970sonward–usedbymarketresearchers1980sonward–usedbyacademicsTranscriptofdiscussionisthedataPlusaccompanyingnotesUsecontentanalysisorgroundedtheoryapproachtoanalyzethedataFocusGroupInterviews(cont’d)Strengths:Open-endedquestionSpontaneouslydealwithissuesastheyariseCost-effectivemethodofcollectingdataLesstime-consumingWeaknesses:OneortwoparticipantsmaydominateNotdoneinanaturalsetting,solittle“observation”tohelpunderstandtheexperienceoftheparticipantsTelephoneInterviewsAdvantages:Comboofface-to-facepersonalqualitywithimpersonalself-administeredquestionnairesInexpensiveandconvenient(maybe)SafeforinterviewersTelephoneInterviews,cont.Disadvantages:Changingdemographics–morecellphones?MaymisscertainpopulationsegmentsSurveymustbeshortorpeoplewillhangup“NoCallLists”presentingincreasingchallengeMethodtoenhancethevalidity&reliabilityofqualitativeresearchEnhancesaccuracyofinterpretationConfirmsthatthedatacollectedisnotduetochanceorcircum-stancesQualitativeResearchMethods:

TriangulationCollectdatafrommultiplesourcesCollectdatainmultiplewaysfromsubjectsCollectdifferentkindsofdatainmultiplewaysfrommultiplesubjectsForexle:Mayinterviewteachers,principals&parentsMayinterview&observestudentsMayreviewstudentrecords,interviewteachers,observestudentsQualitativeResearchMethods:

TriangulationMultipledatasourcesMultiplekindsofdataMultipledatacollectionstrategiesSubjects(datasources)DatacollectionstrategiesKindsofdataQualitativeResearchMethods:

TriangulationMixingMethods/Qual-quantThreepurposes(Sandelowski):Triangulation–convergentvalidationComplementarity–clarify,explain,elaborateDevelopment–guideadditionaldatacollectionResources

(Kuh&Andreas,1991)

RecordingdevicesTranscribingequipmentSof