古村落乡村文化旅游古镇旅游外文文献翻译2014年

古村落乡村文化旅游古镇旅游外文文献翻译2014年文献出处：RobertaM,JolliffeL.Culturalruraltourism:EvidencefromCanada[J].AnnalsofTourismResearch,2014,30(2):307-322.原文Culturalruraltourism:EvidencefromCanadaRoberta;JolliffeAbstractTourismhasbecomeadevelopmenttoolformanyruralandmoreisolatedareastosupplementtraditionalindustriesthatareoftenindecline.Inthispaper,developmentofculturalruraltourismisexaminedinacasestudyofaFrenchAcadianregiononanislandineasternCanada.Therolesofcultureandcommunity-basedpartnershipsareconsideredinaproposedframeworkwithfourevolvingdevelopmentstages.Thefindingssuggestthattheframeworkisusefulforruraltourismdevelopment;thatculture,whichisoftenwellpreservedinruralareas,isavaluableresourcetoinclude;andthatcommunity-basedpartnershipssuchascooperativesmaybeveryeffective.Keywords:culturaltourism;

ruraldevelopment;

community-basedpartnershipIntroductionRuralcommunitiesandperipheralareassuchasislandsfacethechallengeofcontinuouseconomicdevelopment.Whereprimarytraditionalindustriessuchasfishingandfarmingareindecline,tourismoftenbecomesanothertooltohelpcreatejobsandtoraisethestandardsofliving.Theseareasrealizethispotentialthroughdevelopmentoflocalresources,culture,andheritage.Theintegrationofsuchalternativesourcesmayhelptosustainlocaleconomiesandtoencouragelocaldevelopment.Actuallymanytouristsseekruraldestinationswhichofferpleasantexperiencesrelatedtothenaturalenvironment,historicheritage,andculturalpatterns.Itisthiscultureandheritagethatareoftenwellpreservedbetweengenerationsinruralareasanditisinperiodsofeconomicdeclinethattheirresidentsseemtoclingmoretoadistinctheritage.Cultureandtourismthenbecomeresourcesforsocioeconomicdevelopmentinruralandperipheralcommunities.ThishasbeenobservedinstudyingculturaltourisminmanyofthesmallislandsoftheNorthAtlantic.Theruraltourismconcepthasmanyinterpretations(PageandGetz,1997

and

Sharpleyetal.,1997).BramwellandLane(1994)

proposethatruraltourismcanincludeactivitiesandinterestsinfarms,nature,adventure,sport,health,education,arts,andheritage.In1996,Pedfordexpandstheconceptintolivinghistorysuchasruralcustomsandfolklore,localandfamilytraditions,values,beliefs,andcommonheritage.Turnock(1999)

furtherbroadenstheviewofruraltourismtoembraceallaspectsofleisureappropriateinthecountryside.Giventhesevariousfindings,theconceptsforthisparticularstudyareintegratedasculturalruraltourism.Thisisdefinedasreferringtoadistinctruralcommunitywithitsowntraditions,heritage,arts,lifestyles,places,andvaluesaspreservedbetweengenerations.Touristsvisittheseareastobeinformedaboutthecultureandtoexperiencefolklore,customs,naturallandscapes,andhistoricallandmarks.Theymightalsoenjoyotheractivitiesinaruralsettingsuchasnature,adventure,sports,festivals,crafts,andgeneralsightseeing.Thisconceptfitsthe

WTO(1994)

findingthatenvironmentalandculturalheritagearemajorthemesthatcanbeconservedforfutureusewhilebenefitingthepresent.CulturalruraltourismdevelopmentTohelpunderstandtheculturalruraltourismprocess,aframeworkisproposedforanalysisofthedevelopmentactivitiesthatoccurinthecasestudy.Theframeworkisbasedonavarietyofsourcesthatindicateanicheforprovidingtouristsaneducational,adventuresome,andenrichingexperience.Thesourcesincludethemodelby

Lewis(1998),thetourismproductlifecyclefindingsof

Butler(1980)

and

Hill(1993),andthefindingsby

Prohaska(1995)

forthedevelopmentofculturaltourisminislanddestinations,whichareoftenruralareas.AlsoconsideredarePedford’sfindings

(1996)

thatlocalresidentsneedtobecomeinvolvedaspartofanarea’slivinghistorytoaidelocalculturaltourism.Thehostprovidestheknowledgeoftraditionsandfolklorewhichcontributetotourists’authenticexperienceswithoutendangeringtheresourceconcerned.ThisfitswiththeUSNationalTrustHeritageTourismprogramthatpromotesheritagedevelopmentbybalancingshort-termgainandlong-termpreservation.TheframeworkasshowninTable2

incorporatesthefindingsofthesestudies.Stageoneistheinitialevolutionwhenaruralregionemploysthetourismconceptinitseconomicdevelopmentprocess.Thisinvolvestheintegrationofculturalandruralresourcesintothesocioeconomicplanningforacommunity.Theprocessseemstobeginslowlywhenafewtouristsarriveinthecommunityandsomeresidentsseeanopportunity.Thisstageincludesmoreofindividualofferings.Thesecondstageevolvesfromthissimplestart.Itisthestagetoplanandtoimplementstrategiesthatstarttobenefitthewholeregion.Thiswilldevelopintomoreformalplansbasedoncooperationamongthecommunity’sresidents,organizations,andbusinesses.Inruralareas,thismightinvolvepartnershipsbetweenlocalandregionalgroupsaswellasnationalorganizationsandvariouslevelsofgovernment.

PageandGetz(1997)discusstheimportanceofcommunitycooperationandpartnershipsinruraltourism.

Prohaska(1995)

alsonotesthatlocalhoststendtoseekgovernmentassistanceforheritageareaswithuniqueordistinctidentitiesthathavebeendevelopedovergenerations.Atthisstage,examplesmayincludefestivalsandspecialculturaleventstoattractmoretouristsintoanarea.Thethirdstageisdevelopingtheplansintomoreadvancedandformalculturalruraltourismofferingsthatbenefitthecommunityintheshort-termandconservetheresourcesforthelong-term.Atthisstage,thereareincreasedefficiencyandeffectivedevelopmentofmorepermanentattractions,activities,andeducationalprogramsofthenaturalenvironment,historicalsites,andculturalexperiences.Atourismorganizationfortheregionalsotakescontroloftheprocesstoensuremorecoherentandintegratedmarketingofthearea.Thefinalstageisthefullycentralizedplanningandimplementingoftourismintheruralregion.Atthispoint,theplanningshouldberesponsible,appropriate,andenduringforshortandlong-termcommunitybenefitswhilealsopreservingitsresources.ItisatthisfourthstagethatfiveprinciplesproposedbytheUSNationalTrustplayaroletohelpguidethepreservationoflong-termculturalruraltourism.Theseprinciplesincludeauthenticityandquality,educationandinterpretation,preservationandprotection,localprioritiesandcapacity,andpartnerships(Prohaska1995).Ingeneral,thisframeworkislikeapyramidwithafewpeopleatthetopinstageonestartingtheprocessslowly.Bystagefour,thebaseisbroadandincludesmanypeopleandorganizationsworkinginteameffortsintheprocessforthebenefitofthewholeregion.译文古村落和乡村文化旅游:来自加拿大的案例研究作者：罗伯塔;乔利夫摘要旅游业已经成为许多农村和偏远地区的重点开发产业，用以补充当地的传统产业。在本文中，乡村文化旅游的发展研究，主要选取的是加拿大东部的一个说法语的地区，即阿卡迪亚地区作为案例研究。文化和农村地区发展的伙伴关系的角色会分为四个阶段进行分析研究。研究结果表明，该分析框架有助于乡村文化旅游发展；,通常来说，文化在农村地一般是保存的比较完好，它是一种宝贵的资源，以及农村地区的合作社等可能对当地的旅游业都是非常有益的。关键词：文化旅游；农村发展；合作社引言农村社区和周边地区的经济发展面临着持续的挑战。在主要的渔业和农业等传统产业都在减少的背景下，旅游业往往成为另一个工具来帮助创造就业机会和提高当地的生活水平。而这些都要通过充分利用好潜在的本地资源来实现，通过发展本地文化和遗产旅游。这种替代性产业发展资源有助于维持当地的经济发展。实际上，许多游客寻求农村目的地旅游，主要就是想享受愉快的体验与感受农村地区的自然环境、历史传统和文化模式。文化、农村和旅游的概念是多维的并且是相互关联的。弗雷德里克斯(1993)讨论了农村地区旅游的内容，包括基于感知和现有的本地设施的历史古迹、自然美景、和清洁空气等。哈代(1988年)和米勒(1989)认为，农村旅游是指当地保存完好的遗产旅游文化传统。同样，麦克纳提（1991)和维勒和霍尔(1992)认为文化包括家庭模式、民俗、社会习俗、博物馆、纪念碑、历史建筑和地标等。其他也包括一些荒野地区，（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库）有价值的景观、自然历史、建筑等也可以作为文化旅游的一部分(普伦蒂斯，1993；塔塞利，1990)。对乡村旅游的概念，有许多的解释。布拉姆韦尔和莱恩(1994)提出，乡村旅游可以包括农场活动、自然、冒险、体育、卫生、教育、艺术和遗产等。贝德福德则将这一概念扩大到了历史文化，如农村习俗和民间传说，地方和家族传统，价值观，信仰和共同遗产等方面。特诺克(1999)进一步拓宽了乡村旅游的概念，他认为，乡村旅游指农村的各个方面的休闲活动。鉴于这些不同的研究，乡村文化旅游这个特殊的概念，本文中指的是在一个独特的农村社区，在该地区，有自己的传统文化，传统艺术，生活方式和价值观，一代又一代的保留并继续传承下去。游客参观这些农村地区，可以了解当地的文化和体验当地的民俗、自然景观和历史地标等。他们也喜欢农村的其他活动，比如：自然、冒险、体育、节日、工艺品和风景观光等。这个概念符合世贸组织(1994)的观点，环境和文化遗产是重要的主题，可以保存下来以供将来使用并且使当下受益。乡村文化旅游的发展为了帮助更好地理解乡村文化旅游的发展过程，本文提出了一个分析框架用以阐述案例研究中当地农村地区的旅游开发活动。该分析框架是基于各种各样的活动项目，提供给游客，以供他们体验。贝德福德(1996)的研究中还认为，当地居民需要参与到该地区的文