高中一轮复习英语话题阅读集训（四）自然与环境

话题阅读集训（四）自然与环境Ⅰ.阅读理解ALookingforaperfectdestinationforyourupingtrip?Whetheryouarelookingforarelaxingwalkingexperienceoranin­depthcitydiscovery,Austriacouldbeagoodchoice.ClimateAustriaislocatedinatemperateclimaticzonewithaCentralEuropeanclimateinfluencedbytheAtlanticclimate.Thefourseasons(spring,summer,fallandwinter)eachhavetypicaltemperatureandclimaticcharacters.Duetotheposition'sdiversityandtherelativelylargewest­eastexpanse,therearetwoquitedifferentclimaticregions：EastInthePannonianPlainandalongtheDanubevalley,theclimateshowscontinentalfeatures—lowrainfall,hotsummersbutonlymoderately(适中)coldwinters.AlpineRegion(高山区)Alpineclimate—highrainfall(exceptinnerAlpinevalleyregionssuchastheupperInntal),shortsummers,longwinters.TemperaturesSummer—upto95degreesFahrenheit/average:68degreesFahrenheitWinter—upto14degreesFahrenheit/average:32degreesFahrenheitRemindersofthecountryTransientclimateinfluencedbytheAtlantic(intheWest)andacontinentalinfluenceintheSoutheast.Beforestartingyourwalkorhikeinthemountainspleaseinformyourselfaboutthepresentweatherconditions,dangerofavalanches(雪崩)orrouteconditions.Warningsoflocalsshouldnotbeignored.TraveltimesThebesttimeforhikingandwalkingtoursortovisitacityisfromApriltoOctober.ThepeakseasonforsummervacationisJulyandAugust.ThebesttimetoenjoyyourwintervacationisfromDecembertoMarch.语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了奥地利的气候、温度、最佳旅游时间等。1．WhichisthecharacteristicoftheeasternregionofAustria?A．Ithaslongandcoldwinters.B．Itrarelyrainsallyearround.C．Itsweatherisquitechangeable.D．Itswintertemperaturecanreach14°F.解析：选B细节理解题。根据Climate部分的内容，尤其是“lowrainfall”可知，奥地利东部地区的降雨量较少；由此可知，奥地利东部地区一年到头都很少下雨。故选B。2．Whatdoestheauthoradvisepeopletodobeforetheyhikeinthemountains?A．Talkwiththelocals.B．Plantherouteindetail.C．Getsuitablehikingequipment.D．Confirmreal­timeinformationneeded.解析：选D细节理解题。根据“Remindersofthecountry”部分中的“Beforestartingyourwalk...orrouteconditions.”可知，在开始徒步旅行和远足之前，要知道天气情况，雪崩的危险和路况；也就是说，在徒步旅行之前，要确认需要的实时信息。故选D。3．WhenisthebesttimetovisitanAustriancity?A．January. B．March.C．August. D．December.解析：选C细节理解题。根据“Traveltimes”部分中的“ThebesttimeforhikingandwalkingtoursortovisitacityisfromApriltoOctober.”可知，参观奥地利城市的最佳时间是4月至10月；再结合四个选项可知答案为C。BMadagascar,anislandnationoffthesoutheasterncoastofAfrica,ishometosomeofthemostunusualanimalsintheworld.Butmanyofthesespeciesmaybeindanger.Bushesandlow­lyingplantshavestartedtotakeuptoomuchspaceontheforestfloor,providingfuelforwildfires.SoscientistsareconsideringusinggianttortoisestohelppreventtheforestfiresandtherebyhelpthenativewildlifeinMadagascar.Why?Longago,gianttortoiseslivedalloverMadagascar.Theyateupmanyplantsthatgrewontheforestfloor.Theyalsospreadtheseedsofnativetrees—keepingtheecosystemincheck.Butwhenhumanssettledontheislandover2,000yearsago,huntingcausedthegianttortoisesnativetotheislandtobeeextinct.Now,scientistsplantoship300closerelativesoftheextinctMadagascarantortoisestotheisland.Theyhopethatthesetortoiseswillspreadtheseedsofnativeplantsandchow_down_ontheextrabushes—justliketheirrelativesdidlongago.Tofindtherelatives,scientistsstudiedthefossils(化石)ofMadagascar'sextinctgianttortoises.TheydiscoveredthattheywereactuallyverysimilartoanothergroupofgianttortoisesthatliveontheAldabraAtoll,agroupofislandsintheIndianOcean.WhenthetortoisesfirstarriveinMadagascar,theywillliveinanareaclosedofffromtherestofthewildlife.There,researcherswillwatchthetortoises'everymovetoseehowtheywillreacttothenativeplants.Ifallgoeswell,thetortoiseswillbereleased(放出)intothewild.Similarpracticehasbeensuccessfulinotherplaces.TaketheislandofRodrigues,locatedeastofMadagascar,forexample.Sevenyearsago,tortoiseswerebroughtthere.Nowtheyarespreadingseedsandkeepingthebushesfromtakingover.IfthesamethingworksinMadagascar,thegianttortoisesmaybeusedtohelpoutotherforestsaroundtheworld.语篇解读：非洲岛国马达加斯加为防止森林火灾和保持生态平衡，考虑引进一种巨型龟。4．Theunderlinedphrase“chowdownon”istheclosestinmeaningto“________”．A．walkaround B．eatupC．gothrough D．livewith解析：选B词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句中“justliketheirrelativesdidlongago”和第二段中的“Theyateupmanyplantsthatgrewontheforestfloor.”可推知，“chowdownon”在句中意为“吃掉”。5．HowwillresearchersdealwiththetortoisestobeintroducedtoMadagascar?A．Theywilldoanexperimentwiththem.B．Theywillalwayskeepthemoffthewildlife.C．Theywillmakethemadapttonativeplantsgradually.D．TheywillparethemwiththeextincttortoisesinMadagascar.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，在引进新的乌龟品种时，科学家们先要将它们关在一个特定的区域，观察它们是否适应当地的植物，如果一切顺利的话，再考虑将它们放到自然界中。也就是说，要先做一个实验，观察它们的反应。6．BymentioningtheislandofRodrigues,theauthortriestoshow________.A．theimportanceoftheforestsB．tortoisesarewidelyspreadallovertheworldC．itusedtohavethesameproblemasMadagascarD．thegianttortoisescanbringhopetoMadagascar解析：选D写作意图题。结合最后一段信息可推断出，作者介绍在罗得里格斯岛上成功引进乌龟的例子，是想说明乌龟有望改善马达加斯加的环境。7．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Tortoisesetotherescue!B．Madagascar'snativetortoisesbroughttolife!C．TroublescausedbytoomanybushesD．Therelationshipbetweentortoisesandforests解析：选A标题归纳题。第一段最后一句为本文主旨句。全文主要介绍岛国马达加斯加为防止森林火灾和保持生态平衡，考虑引进一种巨型龟。etotherescue前来营救。CForenvironmentalreasons,Britainwillbanallnewpetrol­anddiesel­poweredvehiclesfromitsroadsbeginningin23years,agovernmentreportsays.Theplan,expectedWednesday,aimstostartremovingpetrolanddieselenginesin2040.ItfollowsasimilarofficialstatementinFranceandesaftertheBritishgovernmentwasorderedbytheHighCourttodevelopnewplanstoreduceNO2intheair.Judgesruledthatpreviousclean­airplanswerenotenoughtomeetEuropeanUnionpollutionlimitsintheingyears.Britain'sgovernmenthassaidthepoorairqualityhasanunnecessaryandavoidablenegativeeffectoncitizens'health,andcostsuptoD|S3.5billioninannuallostproductivity.PartofthenewplaninvolvesanofferofD|S260milliontolocalgovernmentstochangeruleswherevehicleemissions(排放物)areoverEUstandards.Ideassofarincludechangingroadlayouts,reprogrammingtrafficlightsandchargingafeefortheoldestandmostpollutingcarsontheroad.TheplanalsoincludesDS|1.3billionforgovernmentpurchaseofextreme­low­emissionvehicles,nearlyD|S130milliontoimproveinfrastructureforelectricvehiclechargingstationsandD|S378millionforremodelingexistingvehicles.Climatechangeisalsoareasonfortheplantogetthesevehiclesofftheroad.“Wecan'tcarryonwithpetrolanddieselcars，”EnvironmentSecretaryMichaelGovesaid.“It'simportantweallprepareforasignificantchangewhichdealsnotjustwiththeproblemsofhealthcausedbyemissions,butthebroaderproblemscausedintermsofacceleratingclimatechange.”Goveaddedthatlocalmunitiesarepartlyresponsibleforingupwithwaystolimitemissions,includingpossiblelimitationsonmuters(上下班往返的人)andtheadditionofcleanermasstransportationoptions.Localleadersarecalledontodrawup“appropriateplans”todealwithclimatechallengesrelatedtoemissions,hesaid.语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。由于环境因素的考虑，英国政府制定逐步禁止以汽油和柴油为动力的车辆上路的新计划。8．WhydoestheBritishgovernmentdecideonthisban?A．Tofocusonitscitizens'health.B．TofollowinFrance'sfootsteps.C．Torespondtothecourt'srequest.D．Topromotesolarenergyintransport.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第一段的内容以及第二段中的“Itfollows...wasorderedbytheHighCourttodevelopnewplanstoreduceNO2intheair.”可知，英国政府之所以下达这样的禁令是因为这是英国最高法院的要求，也就是对法院要求的回应。故选C。9．WhichmeasuremaytheBritishgovernmenttaketoachieveitsplan?A．Limitingthenumberoftrafficlights.B．Changingthewayroadsarearranged.C．Removingoldandhigh­emissionvehicles.D．Investinginpanieswithelectricvehicles.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，英国政府可能采取的措施包括改变道路布局、重新对交通信号灯进行程序编写以及对最旧和污染最严重的车辆收费。故选B。10．WhatcanbeinferredfromGove'swords?A．Unitedeffortsareneededtofulfilltheplan.B．Convenientpublictransportationisbadlyneeded.C．Vehicleemissionsarethekeyfactorinclimatechange.D．Petrolanddieselcarsmayholdbackeconomicprogress.解析：选A推理判断题。根据最后两段的内容尤其是“localmunitiesarepartlyresponsibleforingupwithwaystolimitemissions”“Localleadersarecalledontodrawup‘appropriateplans’todealwithclimatechallengesrelatedtoemissions”，再结合上文中提到的政府所做的努力可知，要实现禁止以汽油和柴油为动力的车辆上路这个计划，需要多方的共同努力。故选A。11．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A．PracticalwaystoreducevehicleemissionsB．TheEUforcesBritaintoimprovethepoorairqualityC．BritainplanstotakepetrolanddieselenginesoffroadsD．Relationshipbetweenvehicleemissionsandclimatechange解析：选C标题归纳题。纵观全文，尤其是第一段的内容可知，本文主要讲述的是英国政府计划逐步禁止以汽油和柴油为动力的车辆上路。故选C。DThetouristseingroups,aboardbuses,bicyclesandcampingvehicles.Theystandatthewater'sedgeinawe(赞叹)oftheicebergsfloatingbeforethem—someaswhiteassnow,othersradiatingadeepblue.Theytakeaquickdeepbreathwhenapiecebreaksoffandfallsintothecoldwater.Jökulsárlónglacierlagoon(环礁湖)insoutheastIcelandisoneofthecountry'stopattractions.Itisalsoavividwarningoftheglacier'spredicteddisappearance,adamagingconsequenceofclimatechangeinanationwheretheseslow­movingriversoficeareaculturalandsocialsymbol.Itlookscenturiesold,butthelagoononlyappearedinthemid­1930swhentheBreiðamerkurjökullglacierstartedtoretreat(范围缩小).DeclaredanaturereserveinJuly,itisnowthecountry'sdeepestlakeandgrowingbiggereveryday.Vatnajökull,thelargesticecapinIcelandandthesourceofBreiðamerkurjökull,isthinningrapidlyduetorisingglobaltemperaturesandcouldbepletelygonein200years,scientistssay.Otherglaciersmayvanishmuchearlier.“AllglaciersinIcelandareretreatingatanunbelievablepace，”saidOddurSigurdsson,ageologistattheIcelandicMeteorologicalOffice(IMO)whohasstudiedthemfor30years.TheirgoingawayleadstogreatchangesinIceland'sweatherpatterns,waterflows,animalsandplants,volcanicactivityandland,accordingtotheIMO.Icelandisbeinggreenerandsomeofitslandisrisingasclimatechangegatherspace,bringingeconomicandotherconsequences.“Justseeingthemdisappearingisveryheartbreaking，”saidAgnesGunnarsdottir,CEOofPerlanMuseum.Itisholdinganexhibitiononglacierstoeducatepeopleontheeffectofclimatechangeontheenvironment.Sheremembersvisitinghergrandparents'homeinthecountrysidewhenVatnajökullwasmuchlarger.“Weareseeingthisinourlifetime.It'schangingsoquickly—it'sveryfrightening.Ifeartheglacierwilldisappearpletelyinthenearfuture，”shesaid.语篇解读：这是一篇说明文，讲述的是与冰岛的冰川融化相关的内容。12．WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheJökulsárlónglacierlagoon?A．ItistheculturalsymbolofIceland.B．Ithasahistoryofseveralhundredsyears.C．Itsexpansionresultsfromicebergs'shrinking.D．ItisthemostpopulartouristattractionofIceland.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Itlookscenturiesold...growingbiggereveryday.”可知，Jökulsárlón冰川环礁湖的扩大是冰山融化即减少的结果。故选C。13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vanish”inParagraph3mean?A．Disappear. B．Swing.C．Expand. D．Break.解析：选A词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知，科学家说由于全球气温的上升，Vatnajökull变薄的速度很快，它可能200年后会完全消失。据此可知，画线词所在句的意思应是“其他冰川可能消失得早得多”。画线词与上文中的“gone”意思相近，意为“消失”。故选A。14．What'sthelastbutoneparagraphmainlyabout?A．Reasonsforglaciers'melting.B．Possibleeffectsofglaciers'melting.C．TheimportanceofglacierstoIceland.D．Theformationandmovementofglaciers.解析：选B段落大意题。根据倒数第二段的内容，尤其是“Theirgoingawayleadstogreatchangesin...andland”“bringingeconomicandotherconsequences”可知，本段主要讲的是冰川融化可能会带来的影响。故选B。15．WhatisAgnesGunnarsdottir'sattitudetowardthechangeofIcelandglaciers?A．Ambiguous. B．Disapproving.C．Concerned. D．Cautious.解析：选C观点态度题。根据最后一段内容，尤其是“Weareseeingthisinourlifetime.It'schangingsoquickly—it'sveryfrightening.Ifeartheglacierwilldisappearpletelyinthenearfuture”可知，AgnesGunnarsdottir担心冰岛的冰川在不远的将来会全部消失。故选C。Ⅱ.完形填空Itwasahot,sunnydayinanationalforest.Unfortunately,mybestfriend,Ned,andIgot__1__.Oncewerealizedthatwewereseparatedfromourgroup,we__2__triedtofindasafeplacetosetupourbase.Wefoundasmallareanexttoa__3__.Thenwestartedafirewithsomeleavesandsticks__4__nearby.WhileIwas__5__thefire,Nedbroughtmore__6__，whichwereputinthewaterandthenslowlythrownintothefire.The__7__leavescreatedalotofsmoke.Thenwestartedtowritesome__8__notessaying,“WEARELOST!Ifyoufindthis__9__，youwillfindusupstream.Wearekeepingupa(n)__10__fire.Pleasefindus！”Theyweremadeintopaper__11__andsentdownstream,oneeveryfiveminutes.We__12__thattheseboatswoulddrawsomebody'sattention.__13__ourgroupwaswellontheirway,wewantedtobereadyforthem.NedandIstartedto__14__twohollowlogs(空心圆木)andsomestrongsticks.Oursmallfire__15__producedplentyofsmoke.Soonwewerevery__16__tohearwhistles(口哨)farinthedistance.Itmusthavebeenthesmokethatworked.Nowitwastimetostart__17__onthehollowlogs.Weenjoyedthispart__18__wegottosingandshoutalongwiththebeat(节拍).Soonafter,wewere__19__byourgroupandweheadedbacktoourcampwitha(n)__20__storytotell.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己和朋友在森林中同团队走散并最终被找到的经历。1．A.hurt B．drunkC．punished D．lost解析：选D由下文的“wewereseparatedfromourgroup”可知，“我”和Ned“走失(lost)”了。2．A.immediately B．possiblyC．suddenly D．recently解析：选A我们试图“马上(immediately)”找一个安全的落脚点。3．A.car B．roomC．stream D．factory解析：选C下文的“downstream”是提示。4．A.missed B．collectedC．bought D．borrowed解析：选B由该空前的“westartedafirewithsomeleavesandsticks”可知，我们用“收集(collected)”来的树叶和木棍生起了火。5．A.making B．catchingC．puttingout D．watchingover解析：选D由下文的“Wearekeepingupa(n)__10__fire.