职称英语阅读理解讲义

第四部分阅读理解

I.题型介绍

阅读理解能力包括：

•掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；

•了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；

•利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；

•既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；

•根据所读材料进行判断、推论或做出结论；

•领会作者的观点、意图和态度。

II.考查目标

•应试者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解本专业的或一般内容

的英语书面材料。

III.制约阅读理解能力提高的几个因素

IV.常见的快速阅读方法

在阅读时，应看准题干，根据不同的目的，采用不同的方法。一般说来，有

快读、查读和细读三种。

(1)快读(Skimming).

(2)查读法(Scanning)。

(3)细读(Readingforfullunderstanding)。

V.阅读理解文章命题点

VI.怎样做阅读理解

1.把握命题规律，抓住文章重点：

a.文章的标题：是文章的主题

举例：1)Whatisthispassage(NationalParkService)about?

A.ItisaboutAmericanNationalParks.

B.ItisabouttheNationalParkService.

C.ItisabouttheNationalParkServicepartnerships.

D.ItisaboutthecareandpreservationoftheNationalParksinAmerica.

2)Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinghaschangedthemostinthelast

500years?(NewFoodsandNewWorld)

AFood

BClothing

CIdeology

DLanguage

3)Whenareturkeyandpumpkinpieeaten?(FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesat

Thanksgiving)

A.OnHalloween.B.OnThursdayC.OnThanksgivingD.OnChristmas

Day.

b.文章的开头句：是文章的中心句或中心思想；

举例：

1)Accordingtothepassage,someengineersaretryingtoimprovethehandlebars

because

A.theyarenotnobleenoughB.theymaykillchildrenC.theyarelikelyto

crash

D.theymakethebikemoveatalowspeed.

原文：Lowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure---orevenkill---childrenifthey

fallontotheendsofthehandlebars.Soateamofengineersisredesigningthehumble

handlebarinabidtomakeitsafer.

c.文章的结尾句：是文章的结论、结果、要求、产生的影响、后果或全篇的概

括。

举例：

1)Precautionsshouldbetakento

A.preventpeoplefromsleepwalkingB.keepsleepwalkerssafe

C.avoidrunningintosleepwalkersD.ensurethesafetyofpeopleasleep

原文：Althoughoccasionalsleepwalkingisn'tabigdeal,itisimportant,ofcourse,

thatthepersoniskeptsafe.Precautionsshouldbetakensothepersonislesslikelyto

falldown,runintosomethingorwalkoutthefrontdoorwhilesleepwalking.

d.过渡信号词：文章的句与句、段与段之间有一个衔接过渡，有时用信号词完

成过渡。有信号词的地方，通常是出题者提问的地方。

a)并歹！J:and,or,nor,either...or,notonly...butalso,not...but

举例：Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutuniformedrangers?

A.Theytaketouriststonationalparks.

B.Theyalwaysactastouristguides.

C.Theyhelpsetupnewnationalparks.

D.TheyprotecttheNationalParkSystem.

原文：UniformedRangers,themostvisiblerepresentativesoftheService,notonly

offerparkvisitorsafriendlywave,ahelpfulanswer,orathought-provokinghistory

lesson,butalsoareskilledrescuers,firefightersanddedicatedresourceprotection

professionals.

b)转折:but,nevertheless,however,yet,otherwise,unfortunately

举例：Thecable-carinSingapore

A.takesvisitorsuptoamountainrestaurant

B.takesskierstothetopofaski-run

C.takesvisitorstoSentosa

D.takesvisitorstoahighmountain.

原文：Arideinacable-carisoneofthemostexcitingandenjoyableexperiencesa

childcanhave.InSwitzerland,whichisthehomeofthecable-car,itisusedmostlyto

taketouristsuptheslopofamountain,toarestaurantfromwhichonecanhavea

bird's-eyeviewofthesurroundingcountry,ortothetopofaski-run,fromwhich,in

winter,skiersglidedownthesnow-coveredslopeonskis.InSingapore,however,the

cable-cartakesonefromthesummitofahillonthemainislandtoalowhillon

Sentosa,aresortislandjustoffthesoutherncoast.

c）原因:for,since,as,because,owingtodueto

举例：InParagraph2,citieslikeLondon,Copenhagen,andAmsterdamare

mentioned

i.toshowthattheyarenotgoodcitiesintermsofgeographyand

climate

ii.totellushowwealthytheirresidentsare

iii.tosuggestthatthesecitieslackplacesofhistoricinterestandscenic

beauty

iv.toprovethattheyhavegotmoretourismthantheycanhandle.

原文：NorthernEuropeansarewillingtopayalotofmoneyandputupwithalot

ofinconveniencesforthesunbecausetheyhavesolittleofit.Residentsofcities

likeLondon,Copenhagen,andAmsterdamspendalotoftheirwinterinthedark

becausethedaysaresoshotandmuchoftherestoftheyearintherain.Thisis

thereasontheMediterraneanhasalwaysattractedthem.Everysummer,more

than25millionpeopletraveltoMediterraneanresortsandbeachesfortheir

vacation..Theyallcomefbrthesamereason:sun!

d）结果:hence,thus,therefore,so,so...that,such...that,asaresult,so,

consequently

举例：ThereportissuedbytheDepartmentofPlanningofNewYork

A.putforwardwaystocontrolNewYork'spopulation

BconcerneditselfwiththegrowthofNewYork'spopulation

C.studiedthestructureofNewYork'spopulation

D.suggestedwaystoincreaseNewYork'spopulation.

原文：RecentlytheDepartmentofPlanningofNewYorkissuedareportwhich

laidbareafullscaleofchangeofthecity.In1970,18percentofthecity's

populationwasforeign-bom.By1995,thefigurehadrisento33percent,and

another20percentweretheUS-bornoffspringsofimmigrants.Soimmigrants

andtheirchildrennowformamajorityofthecity'spopulation.

e)让步:although,though,despite,inspitethat,eventhough

举例：Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthewriter'sattitudetowardearlyday

care?

A.Childrenunderthreeshouldstaywiththeirparents.

B.Earlydaycarehaspositiveeffectsonchildren'sdevelopment.

C.Theissueiscontroversialanditssettlementcallsfortheuseofstatistics.

D.Theeffectsofearlydaycareonchildrenareexaggeratedandparents

shouldignoretheissue.

原文：Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshow

unhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthe

transitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparents

makeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,though

experienceavailableevidenceindicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.

f)比较：similarly,like,equallyimportant,inthesameway

举例：Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?

A.TotalkaboutthesimilaritiesbetweenlongbustripsandTVshows.

B.Topersuadeyoutotakealongbustrip.

C.TodisplaythedifferencesbetweenlongbustripsandTVshows.

D.Todescribethebillboardsalongtheroad.

原文：Longbusridesareliketelevisionshows.Theyhaveabeginning,amiddle,

andanend-withcommercialsthrownineverythreeorfourminutes.The

commercialsareunavoidable.Theyhappenwhetheryouwantthemornot.Every

coupleofminutesabillboardglidesbyoutsidethebuswindow."BuySuper

CleanToothpaste/9uDrinkGood'nWetRootBeer.”"FillupinPacificGas.”

Onlyifyousleep,whichisequaltoturningtheTVsetoff,areyousparedthe

unendingcryof“YouNeedIt!BuyItNow!”

g)对比:onthecontrary,incontrast(to),ontheotherhand,unlike,whereas,

ratherthan,conversely,instead,bycontrastonthecontrary

举彳列：1)Americanschoolsplacegreatemphasisonthelearner\

A.enrichmentofknowledge

B.accumulationoffacts

C.acquisitionoftheabilitytobecreative

D.acquisitionoftheabilitytoworkwithhishands.

原文：Theapproachtoteachingmayseemunfamiliartomany,notonlybecauseit

isinformal,butalsobecausethereisnotmuchemphasisonlearningfacts.Instead,

Americanstrytoteachtheirchildrentothinkforthemselvesandtodeveloptheir

ownintellectualandcreativeabilities.Studentsspendmuchtime,learninghowto

useresourcematerials,libraries,statisticsandcomputers.Americansbelievethat

ifchildrenaretaughttoreasonwellandtoresearchwell.,theywillbeabletofind

whateverfactstheyneedthroughouttherestoftheirlives.Knowinghowtosolve

problemsisconsideredmoreimportantthantheaccumulationoffacts..

h.)层次顺序:first,second,third,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,then,also

举例：Manythingsaboutlanguageareamystery,andmanywillalwaysremain

so.Butsomethingswedoknow.

First,weknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.

Second,thereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.

Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectly

adequate.

Finally,weknowthatlanguagechanges.

i).举例:forexample,forinstance,acaseinpointis,suchas

举例：ThequestionraisedinParagraph1is“nomereacademicone”

A.becauseBoger'sfindingsaredifferentfromBrown's

B.becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness

C.becausesomepeoplecanchangetheirsleepinghabitseasily

D.becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.

原文：Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhich

peoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionof

growingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsinsistentlyfor

round-the-clockworkingofmachines.

j).总结:finally,insummary,tosumup,inconclusion,atlast

e.长句的结构信号词：

①.状语从句：

表时间：由after,before,as,when,whenever,while,once,since,till,until,assoonas,

not...until...,themoment,everytime,hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than等

引导

表条件：由if,provided(that),providing(that),aslongas/solongas,once,unless,on

condition(that),incase等弓I导。

表让步：由though,although,evenif/though,nomatterwhat(how,who,etc.)…等弓I

导。

表地点：由where,wherever等引导。

表比较：由than,morethan,as...as,notas(so)as,thesameas,asmuchas等弓I导。

表方式：由as,asif,asthough等引导

表目的：由inorderthat,sothat,lest/forfearthat(以免，以防)弓I导。

表结果：由so...that,so,such...that等引导。

表原因：由because,since,as,considering(that),now(that)等来引导。

举例：

1)Womenaregoodatlookingafterchildrenbecausetheydoit.It'snotbecauseof

anyinnatefemaleaptitudeoramother'sinstinct--whichIthinkismostlylearned

anyway.It'sbecausetheyputinthetimeandattentionrequiredtobecomegoodatthe

job.

问题：Womengenerallyarebetterthanmenattakingcareofchildrenbecause

A.theywerebornwiththeabilityB.theyjustenjoydoingit

C.theyspendmoretimewiththemD.theyhavelearnedtodoitatschool.

②宾语从句：

举例：

1)ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody's

levelsofthissleephormone.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsin

caffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.

问题：Whichofthefollowingtellsushowcaffeineaffectssleep?

A.Caffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatstopsmelatonin

production.

B.Caffeineinterruptstheflowofthehormonethatpreventspeoplefrom

sleeping.

C.Caffeinehalvesthebody'slevelsofsleephormone.

D.Caffeinestaysinthebodyformanyhours.

③同位语从句：

举例：

1)SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildren

shouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthree.

问题：WhichofthefollowingisderivablefromBowlby'swork?

A.Mothersshouldnotsendtheirchildrentodaycarecentersbeforetheage

ofthree.

B.Daycarenurserieshavepositiveeffectsonachild'sdevelopment.

C.Achildsenttoadaycarecenterbeforetheageofthreemayhave

emotionalproblemsinlaterlife.

D.Daycarewouldnotbesopopularifithasnoticeablenegativeeffectsona

child'spersonality.

④定语从句：

举例：

1)Thecable-carisreallyacarriagewhichhangsfromastrongsteelcable

suspendedintheair.

问题：Whichofthefollowingsaboutthecable-carsistrue?

A.Thecarsmovealongthesteelcable.

B.Thecarsareoperatedbyadriver.

C.Thecarsarecontrolledbythepassengers.

D.Thecarsmoveonwheels.

⑤主语从句：

举例：

1)Whatissurprisingisthatnoonecompanydominatestheindustry.Itseemsthat

whenpeopleplanforadayasspecialtothemasawedding,theyresist

standardization.

问题：Notasinglecompanycandominatetheindustrybecause

A.peopleresiststandardization.

B.parentswanttoreducetheweddingcost.

C.manycouplescan'taffordmorethanthepriceofahamburger.

D.familymembersaresurprisedatthecomplicatedarrangements.

2.阅读中的几点注意

①注意句子中和题目中的否定词及具有否定意义的词

举例：

1)Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguage.

2)Thereisnownolongerunlimitedsupplyoffreshwater.

3)InEngland,thereisnofamilythathasnoTVs,refrigeratorsortelephones.

4)Anefficientandproductiveworkershouldberewardedwithanythingbutsharesof

aplant.

原文：Anafurtherincentive,theymustbegivenashareinthecompany'sprofits.

Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplans,bonuses,orrewardsfor

efficiencyandproductivity.

5)Fromthenon,humanswouldincreasinglytaketheirlivingfromthecontrolled

productionofafewplant,ratherthangettingalittlehereandalittletherefrommany

varietiesthatgrewwildandtheaccumulatedknowledgeoftensofthousandsofyears

ofexperienceandintimacywithplantsinthewildwouldbegintofadeaway.

6)Thematter,then,isfarftx)mclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidence

indicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.

7)Americanstrytoteachtheirchildrentothinkforthemselvesandtodeveloptheir

ownintellectualandcreativeabilitiesinsteadoflearningfacts.

8)MostpeopleinAmericapreferbasketballtofootballbecausetheformercanbe

playedindoorseveninwinter.

9)NotuntiltheYear2000didweseeeachother.

10)HespokeEnglishtoofastformetocatchhim.

11)Theherowouldratherdiethansurrender.

12)Hedrovesofastthathiscarwasbeyondcontrol.

13)Theheavyrainpreventedusfromgoingoutforapicnic.

14)Theoldladywasfreedfrompainbythedoctor.

15)Hewonderedwhathadhappenedtohisfriend.

16)Itseemsthattheyarelesslikelytoberefused.

②注意文章中及题目中出现的倒装句.

举例：

1)Itemergesthat83%ofright-handedmothersholdthebabyontheleftside,butso

do78%ofleft-handedmothers.

2)Anorganismmaycreateitsownenvironment,asdowarm-bloodedmammals.

3)Asdiscoveredbyexpeditionscientists,Antarcticahasnotalwaysbeensocoldasit

istoday,sohastheArctic.

原文：ExpeditionscientistshavediscoveredthatAntarcticahasnotalwaysbeena

frozencontinent.AtonetimetheweatherinAntarcticamayhavebeenmuchlikeour

own.

4)Thefarmershavenotbeenbenefitedverymuch.Norhavethemiddlemen.

5)Cancerdeathratesinbothsexesforallsitescombinedhavedeclinedsubstantially

amongAfricanAmericanssince1992,ashaveincidencerates.

③注意文章中及题目中出现的特殊比较形式

举例：

1)Thereturnjourneyisnolessexcitingthantheoutwardtrip.

2)Thismeansthatpublicschoolsoffermorethanacademicsubjects.

3)Fromthenon,humanswouldincreasinglytaketheirlivingfromthecontrolled

productionofafewplant,ratherthangettingalittlehereandalittletherefrommany

varietiesthatgrewwildandtheaccumulatedknowledgeoftensofthousandsofyears

ofexperienceandintimacywithplantsinthewildwouldbegintofadeaway.

4)Therersnobodyhereotherthanme.

5)Shedesireshappinessmorethanwealth.

6)Iammoreangrythanfrightened.

3.抓住问题核心，快速找到答案

题目：注意题目中的提示词、关键词和特征词。关犍词包括：名词、专有名词、

形容词/副词；特征词包括数字、比较级/最高级、因果关系等

选项：①对有规律的选项：将选项进行分类，找出不同，对照原文确定答案；②

对无规律的选项：抓住关键词和特征词，对照原文，确定答案。

举例：

1)Accordingtothepassage,fromwhichofthefollowingcanthebuyerobtainreliable

informationofthepreviou