译林版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT2突破语法大冲关学案

复习定语从句[观察例句]1．ThewomanwhoisstandingbytheclassroomisourChineseteacher.2．SheislookingafterthelittlechildwhoseparentshavegonetoSingapore.3．Sheisnolongerthegirlthatshewasinherchildhood.4．Ishallneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)wemovedintoournewflat.5．Herearesuchquestionsasareoftenaskedbytheuniversitystudents.6．Shewasfondofdancing，whichherhusbandneverwas.[归纳用法]定语从句指在主从复合句中用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它们进行限制、描绘和说明。被定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一、关系词的用法关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，who，whom，whose，which，as。其中who和whom只用于指人，which和as只用于指事物，whose和that既可用于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。关系副词有when，where和why，其中when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所指代的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Thisisthebook(which/that)youwant.这就是你要的那本书。Ishethemanwho/whom/thatyouwanttosee?他就是你想见的人吗？Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可指代的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。ThisisthetownwhereIwasborn.这就是我出生的小镇。Thesearethereasonswhywedoit.这些就是我们这样做的原因。Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)weslippedup.有时候我们也会出错。关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词＋which”结构，因此常常和“介词＋which”结构换用。例如：Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。四、限制性和非限制性定语从句1．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定作用，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)2．当先行词是专有名词，或由物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：CharlieSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。Mybooks，whichashorttimeagohadseemedsotiresome，soheavytocarry，nowseemedtomelikeoldfriends.我的书，不久前好像很令人厌烦、拿着很沉，此刻似乎是我的老朋友。3．非限制性定语从句还能将主句的表语部分或整个主句作为先行词。例如：Heseemedaforeigner，whichinfacthewas.他好像是外国人，实际上他就是。HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我非常心烦。Doyourememberthedaywhen/onwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？4．as,which引导的非限制性定语从句在as,which引导的非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可指代整个主句；as引导的定语从句可置于主句前、后，而which引导的定语从句通常位于主句后。Asweknow，smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth，which/asisveryimportanttous.五、关系词的选择一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是充当什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等。如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when，where或why。注意：不要一看到先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词，就认为一定要用when，where，why来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在从句中充当什么成分。如：Iforgetthetimewhenhewillcome.我忘记了他来的时间。(when引导定语从句，在从句中用作状语)Iforgetthetimethathetoldme.我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that引导定语从句，在从句中用作宾语)三看定语从句的类型，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意：不要一看到逗号就认为后面是非限制性定语从句。如：Ifyou'vereallysaidthattoher，thatwillcauserealtrouble.六、关系代词的省略1．在从句中作宾语时Haveyoufoundthebook(that/which)youwant?Thisistheman(who/whom/that)wetalkedaboutjustnow.2．在从句中作表语时Sheisnolongerthegirl(that)shewastenyearsago.3．在从句中作状语时Ihatetheway(that)shealwayscriticizesme.七、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。(b)不定代词，如anything，nothing，theone，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。(c)先行词由theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。(d)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。(e)先行词既有人，又有物时，只用that。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Hestudiedhardandlaterbecameawell­knownwriter，ashisfatherexpected.2．Iliveinthehousewhosewindowsfacesouth.3．TheheadmasterdoubtedthereasonwhyIdidn'tcometoschool.4．Whenhecamebackfromabroad，Johntoldhisparentsaboutthecitiesandthepeoplethathehadvisited.5．Morningisthebesttimethatweshouldmakefulluseoftoreadaloud.6．Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.7．Inordertodevelopourskills，weshoulddomoresuchexercisesinthefuture，Ithink，aswedidtoday.8．Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclasswhosehomesareinthecountry?9．ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.10．Ican'tfindthehouse，whichmyfriendlivesin.Ⅱ.短文语法填空ThoughIcan'tremembereverything1.thathappenedduringthetime2.whenIwasinuniversity，Istillremembersomepeopleandthings3.thatwererelatedtomybestfriend，4.whousedtobemonitorinourclass.IfyouwanttoknowwhoistheladythatIreferredtoinmydiary，Icantellyou：it'sher，MissBrown.Hereisastory5.that/whichmakesmerememberMissBrownuntilnow.Oneafternoon，sheandIarrivedinNewYork，6.wherewewouldspendoursummerholidaytogether.Wewenttothebiggestbookstorein7.whichthereweredifferentkindsofbookstobesold.There，shepersuadedmetobuyagrammarbook8.that/whichcouldoffermeknowledgeofgrammarandadictionary9.that/whichIcouldlookupthene