四级作文段落写作市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

段落写作1/52段落基本结构和写法段落普通由主题句（topicsentence）,扩展句（supportingsentence）,结论句（concludingsentence）组成。一.主题句主题句是对段落中心思想概括，是作者主要意图反应，是段落关键，其余部分要围绕它展开叙述，所以，主题句是整个段落纲领。2/52比如：Privatecarsbenefitbothindividualsandnation.Itisveryconvenientforpeopletodrivetowork,studyanddomanyotherthings.Byencouragingpeopletobuycars,thenationcanstimulateconsumptionandthedomesticdemand,andenhancethenationaleconomy.3/522.主题句特点1.）主题句普通位于句首(开门见山)，这与汉语写作中总结性叙述经常谓语段落结尾处不一样。2.)主题句普通是简单句。e.g.People’sviewontheholidayvariesfrompersontoperson.e.g.Itiswellknownthatholidayareimportantforusandconcerningtheholidayeconomy,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.4/523.)主题句普通是议论句，表示自己观点。要有point\topic.这么我们后面扩展句才能够展开。1.Privatecarsbenefitbothindividualsandnation.2.People’sviewontheholidayeconomyvariesfrompersontoperson.3.Itiswellknownthatholidayareimportantforusandconcerningtheholidayeconomy,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.

5/52对比下面两个句子：1.Twentystudentsattendedtheschool’sChristmasparty.2.Theschool’sChristmaspartyisasboreasusual.4.)主题句除了要有topic以外，还要有controllingidea,也就是说要详细，不要大而空。e.g.Bikesareveryimportant.e.g.Bikeshavebroughtalotofconveniencetoourdailylife.6/525.)分段式主题句。没有详细controllingidea.e.g.Peoplehavebeentryingtosolvethisprobleminthefollowingthreeways:…7/52英语提要式作文汉字提要作文：分析推敲提要与题目标关系，明确命题要求Eg.TheChangingCriteriaforGoodStudents①过去，人们对好学生看法是②现在人们看法已经发生改变③总来说，该改变是提要作文8/52Analysis:①经过提要分析可见，既要说明人们在过去和现在对好学生看法是什么，有些什么改变，而且要明确这种改变是随社会进步而朝好方向发展，不然就没有使标题升华。②要写出每段主题句--要能说明段落中心思想，确定全段内容重心、范围和叙述、说明角度--要有表达中心思想关键词（包含表达主题意义或范围关键词或短语)--要简练明了，直截了当9/52Inthepast,agoodstudentreferstoonewhowasonlygoodatstudies.(举例说明:study-centeredbothathome&inschool)Nowthecriteriaforgoodstsarechanging.(详细叙述:学习好，兴趣广，能力强，身体棒。。。)Generallyspeaking,criteriaforgoodstsarechangingforthebetter.(举例说明改变必要和好处)10/52二、扩展句1.扩展句是以主题句为中心，逐步展开段落，它普通由一组意思连贯句子组成。扩展句要内容翔实而简明扼要，表示清楚而有较强说服力。扩展句MajorSupportingSentenceMinorSupportingSentence2.扩展句特点1.）扩展句普通多为长句e.g.Privatecarsbenefitsbothindividualsandthenation.(Topicsentence)Itisveryconvenientforpeopletodrivetowork,studyanddomanyotherthings.Byencouragingpeopletobuycars,thenationcanstimulateconsumptionandthedomesticdemand,andenhancethenationaleconomy.(SupportingSentences)11/522.）扩展句要能支持主题句观点，所以要有详细facts,我们能够利用理论论证、事实论证、举例论证、数据论证或解释说明等各种方式来写扩展句。做到“有话可说”。学生范例“PracticeMakesPerfect”Itiswellknownthat“PracticeMakesPerfect”.Soifyoudonotpracticealot,howcanyougraspaskill?Wehavetopracticeifwewanttodosomethingperfectly.这三个扩展句没有对论点展开详细阐述。只是翻来覆去地重复表示自己观点，是经典空洞无物句子。12/52参考范例PracticeMakesPerfectItiswidelyacceptedthat“PracticeMakesPerfect”,whichmeansthatifyoupracticemore,andthenyoucanbemoreskillfulandexcellent.(提出观点并加以解释)Therefore,wehavetokeeppracticingalotifwewanttobesuccessful.(强调作者观点)13/52SexEducation1.现在人们越来越重视性教育2.开展性教育意义3.家庭、学校、社会应该怎么做作文实例14/52学生范例SexEducationNow,peoplethinkhighlyoftheeducationaboutsex.Asweallknow,theteenagersarecuriousabouteverythingespeciallythesex.Ifwedon’tlettheteenagersknowtheknowledgeofsex,theymaydosomethingdangeroustomakethemselvesclear.So,itisnecessarytodosexeducation.空洞无物15/52MyversionAsisknowntoall,theConfucius’theorythatstronglyemphasizes“goodmanners”,whichimpliesthatideasandbehaviorsrelatedtosexshouldbeconsideredasobsceneandevil,hasbeenathousand-yearruleroftheChinesementalworld.Althoughtoday‘sChinesepeoplearemuchmoreopen,sexstillremainsasensitivetopicinourdailylife.Sexeducationhasalwaysbeenalowpriorityinschools,andparentsareoftenreluctanttotalkaboutthestill-tabooissue.16/52正面范例年6月”StudentUseofComputers”since1990,therehasbeenatremendousgrowthinstudentuseofcomputers.Andinmanyschoolstheaveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsusingcomputersgrewto20hoursperweekin.17/523.）扩展句在补充说明主题句时要直接，单刀直入，任何与主题无关句子都应删去HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities18/523.）扩展句在补充说明主题句时要直接，单刀直入，任何与主题无关句子都应删去。

学生作文修改作文1.Therearemanycausesforthissocialproblem,butIthinktherearesomemainreasons.2.Thisdoesnotmeanotherreasonsarenotveryimportant.3.However,themainreasonsleadtothisissue.4.Foronething,producerscanprofitalotbymakingfakecommoditiesbecausethecostofproducingfakecommoditiesismuchlowerthanthegenuinearticles.5.Thisisveryharmful.6.Foranother,salesmenandstorescanalsoprofitalotbysellingfakecommodities.Therearemanycausesforthissocialproblem,butasforme,therearesomemainreasons.Foronething,producerscanprofitalotbymakingfakecommoditiesbecausethecostofproducingfakecommoditiesismuchlowerthanthegenuinearticles.Foranother,salesmenandstorescanalsoprofitalotbysellingfakecommodities.19/524.)要正确地使用连接词，做好扩展句和主题句之间过分和衔接，使句子之间有逻辑性和连贯性。比如：1999年6月真题“ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?”

Somemayproclaimthatselectivereadingisthebestwaytoattainhighefficiency.(主要扩展句1)Theymaintainsuchanideabecausestudents‘precioustimeforreadingisquitelimited.(次要扩展句)Incontrast,theobjectorsthinkthatstudentscannotgetageneralviewabouttheworldwithoutextensivereading.(主要扩展句2)Theyarguethatstudentsshouldabsorballkindsofknowledge.(次要扩展句)20/52三、结尾句结尾句定义段落结尾句普通用来总结段落中心思想，同事在段落中起着段落收尾工作。比如：

AsfarasI’mconcerned,loveisthemostvaluableandbeautifulthingintheworld.Withoutit,theworldisjustlikeadesert.Therefore,weshouldloveeachotherandmaketheworldabetterplace.21/522.结尾句特点1.）总结全文作用“HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview”

结尾句：“Aboveall,weshouldmakepainstakingeffortstobetruthfulaboutourpersonalinformation.”2.)首尾呼应

PracticeMakesPerfectItiswidelyacceptedthat“PracticeMakesPerfect”,whichmeansthatifyoupracticemore,andthenyoucanbemoreskillfulandexcellent.(提出观点并加以解释)therefore,wehavetokeeppracticingalotifwewanttobesuccessful.(强调作者观点)22/52结尾句：Infact,notonlyintheoreticalstudybutalsoinpracticallearning,wehavetopracticeasmanytimesaswecantoachieveouraims.3.)普通来说，结尾句有两种写法：a.restatementb.summaryInsummary,tosummarize,inshort…,inaword,inbrief,inconclusion,toconclude,allinall,ashasbeensaid,tosumup.Toputitdifferently,inotherwords,namely,insimplerterms.23/52年1月四级题“HowtosucceedinaJobInterview”1.)面试在求职过程中作用2.）取得面试成功原因：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……

Nowadays,wheneverwewanttogetemployed,wewillhavetogothroughajobinterview.（主题句）Itisreallyimportanttoeveryoneofus.(扩展句1)Sowemusttakestepstodosomethinginpreparation.（扩展句2）24/52

Manystepscanbetakentobesuccessfulinajobinterview.(主题句)Firstofall,weshouldbeneatlydressed,fortherightclotheswornattherighttimecangaintherespectofaswellasleaveafavorableimpressionontheinterviewer.(扩展句1)Inaddition,weshouldbepreparedtotalkreadilyabouttherequirementsoftheposition.(扩展句2)Finally,itisclearthat,tobereallyimpressive,wemustshowsomeself-confidenceandinterestinthejobweareapplyingfor.(扩展句3)

25/52

Aboveall,weshouldmakepainstakingeffortstobetruthfulaboutourpersonalinformation.(主题句)Andweshouldbecarefulneithertoshowtoomuchconcernforsalarynortocriticizeourformeremployer.(扩展句)

文章结尾简练明了，再次强调了主题，整篇文章一气呵成。26/52Exercise填出以下句子中所缺主题句，扩展句和结尾句1.______________________________________.First,youneedtohaveenoughtimetorequestandthensubmitallthenecessaryacademicrecords.Second,theadmissionsofficemusthaveenoughtimetolookatyouracademicrecordsanddecideifyouwillbeaccepted.Finally,manyuniversitieshaveaquota,orspecialnumber,ofstudentswhomayentereverysemester.Therearethreeimportantstepstofollowifyouwanttoenterauniversity.27/522.Somepeoplethinkthatsportsbenefitsusinmanyrespects.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmostallpartsofourbody.Furthermore,sportscanalsoenrichourlifeandmaintainourpsychologicalhealth,whichteachesusaboutconsideration,cooperationandoptimism,andhowtocopewithdifficulties.28/52e.g.Thereare

manybenefitsofdoingphysicalexercise.Asweknown,doingexcisecanleadourbodyproducelotsofabulencebenefitedtoourhealth,GR

wecanresistthediseasetoprotectourbody,sowedoingalotofexcise,GRwecouldhaveastrongbody,andwewill

neverhavesomediseasesuchasheadache,feverandcold,else,wecanprotectourselvesandthepoeplewhowecareaboutifwehaveastrongbody.Nowadays,moreandmorepoeplebecomepayattentiontodoingexcise,GR

inparticularlytheold,theymaybedidn'tseetheimportencetoexcisewhenyoungeGR,butwhenthey

becomeolderand

olderfeeltheycan'tdomanythingbecauseoftheirbed

health,GRso

weshouldstartdoingexcisefromnowon,then,wewillnotfeelregretwhenweareold.

29/52范例Thereare

manybenefitsofdoingphysicalexercise.Apparently,itcanstrengthenmusclesthroughoutthebody,andmakeourheartpumpefficiently,whichreducetherateofgettingheartdisease.Asmanywomenknow,aerobicexerciseburnsfatintheirbodyandkeepthemslender.Besides,itincreasesthetotalnumberofredbloodcells,facilitatingtransportofoxygen.Asidefromthesebenefitsabove,there'remanyotheradvantagesthatmostpeopledon'tknow.Itcanreducebloodpressure,improvementalhealth.Inaword,aerobicexercisehasmanybenefits.Sodosomeexercisetobuildastrongbody.

30/523.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththeformeropinion.Finally,readingselectivelyisnotequaltoreadingwithdiscrimination.Secondly,studentswouldhavelesstimereadingrelevantbooks.Lastbutnoleast,readingirrelevantbooksonlywastesourtime.Inaword,____________________________________________________________________________.readingselectivelyisthebestpolicyinstudy.31/52写一个段落，阐述你对于SchoolUniforms(校服)观点32/52段落写作一致性和凝聚力段落coherenceandcohesion是指段落一致性和凝聚力。只有当主题句、扩展句和结论句之间有其内在凝聚力时，文章结构才能紧凑有效。一、段落写作一致性（coherence）1.文章内容要围绕一个主题展开，要含有一致性2.句子要保持时态、人称、数一致性；3.在使用平行结构时要保持语法结构一致性。33/52I文章内容一致性However,wehavefiguredoutmanywaystoreducethepollutionfromcars.(主题句)Firstly,non-pollutingfuelcarscanbeused.（主要扩展句1）Solongaswecanmakeuseofcheapnon-pollutingfuel,pollutionwillbegraduallydecreased.（次要扩展句2）Secondly,peoplehadbetterusecarsaslittleaspossible.（主要扩展句2）Thirdly,scientistsareconductingresearchtoimprovetheengine.（主要扩展句3）注意逻辑一致性，不要自相矛盾。34/52II在一个句子或紧邻两三个句子里要保持时态、人称、数等地一致性。1.WhetheronelikestheInternetornot,weareactuallybombardedbyiteveryday.whetherweliketheInternetornot,weareactuallybombardedbyiteveryday.2.Nowvegetablesandfruitcanbeseeneverywherewhenitisinseason.Nowvegetablesandfruitcanbeseeneverywherewhentheyareinseason.3.Somethoughtitisnotasimportantasbefore.Somethoughtitwasnotasimportantasbefore.不要因为混乱时态打破文章应有平滑性。35/52III.在一个句子或紧邻几个句子中，在表示相同、或相近几个意思时，所用语法要保持一致性。1.Inaword,everyonemusttakeresponsibilityandairpollutionwillgraduallybeeliminated.Inaword,everyonemusttakeresponsibilitytoeliminateairpollution.2.Itwillnotonlybecomeconvenient,butwillalsobemuchcheaper.Itwillnotonlybecomemoreconvenient,butwillalsobemuchcheaper.

在notonly…butalso,both…and,whether…or,either…or,neither…nor,aswellas等连接两个成份连词中，其中两个成份要尽可能保持结构上一致。36/523.Makingcitiesgreenerhasalotofadvantages,suchastheimprovementoftheenvironment,contributionstoindustry,andmakingcitiesmorebeautiful.Makingcitiesgreenerhasalotofadvantages,suchastheimprovementoftheenvironment,contributionstoindustry,andbeautificationofcities.

37/524.Readingextensivelyisgoodforourmentalhealth,andthroughitwecanalsotrainourcharacter.Readingextensivelyisgoodforourmentalhealth,anditisalsobeneficialtothetrainingofourcharacter.

一样道理，在指同一件事情时，要尽可能保持结构平行，尤其是在列举多想内容时。38/525.Educationproblemsarecurrentlyofgreatconcerntonations,theworld,andhumanbeingsindividually.Educationproblemsarecurrentlyofgreatconcerntonations,totheworld,andtohumanbeingsindividually.6.Butotherpeoplearguethateveryonehastheresponsibilitytoprotectfreshwaterandwe’dbetterentitlelawstoregulateit.Butotherpeoplearguethateveryonehastheresponsibilitytoprotectfreshwaterandthatwe’dbetterentitlelawstoregulateit.

上面两个例子分别缺失了to和that,不但在语法结构上不完整，也破坏了平行结构。39/52二、段落写作连贯性（cohesion）写作时，句子逻辑安排要含有连贯性，而连贯性就是指句子前后衔接平滑、流畅、自然、连贯，而且是按逻辑次序排列。Goodbooks,ontheotherhand,teachandhelpchildrentodogoodthings.Goodbooksarechildren’srealcompanions,andtheyarebothinstructiveandinspiring.Childrenlearnpasteventsfromhistorybooks,studycommunicationbylanguagebooks,andlearnspaceandnumbersthroughmathematicsbooks.Inaword,differentkindsofgoodbookscangivealargeamountofideasandknowledge.40/52连接词1.表转折：although,despite,atthesametime,eventhough,however,inspiteof,regardlessof,onthecontrary…2.举例关系：asfollows,forexample,forinstance,including…3.表因果：asaresult,accordingly,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,nowthat,since,hence,therefore…4.表递进：additionally,inaddition,besides,thatistosay,inotherwords,what’smore,lastbutnotleast…41/52II.同义词或近义词段落中句子表述需要同义词和近义词来解释说明，以防止重复。Itseemssoinfusestrengthintomylimbs,andideasintomybrain.Lifeseemstogoonwithoutefforts,whenIamfilledwithmusic.42/52III.“起，承，转合”

1.Onthewhole,therearemanyreasonstoexplainit.起

2.Themainreasonisthatmoreandmorepeoplecometolargecitiestohuntforjobs,whichresultintheoverpopulationinthesecities.承

3.What’smore,thecostofthehousesriserapidly.承4.Thoughtherearemanyvacanthouses,somepeoplewithlowsalariesstillhavenoplacetolive.转

5.Thirdly,theselargecitiesdeveloptheirownbusinessandindustry.承

6.Sothelandforbuildinghousesislimited.合

1句引发话题：造成房屋担心很多原因；2,3句承接逐句，解释了两个原因；4句画风一转，提出尽管空房很多，不过低收入人住不起；5句承接主句，解释第三个造成房屋紧缺原因；6句总结本段，与收据呼应。43/52Exercise1.______,Isupporttothelatteridea._______,tourismalsoneedstodevelopwththetimes,______itneedstocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld.______,______thedevelopmentoftourism,thegovernmentwillearnmoremoneytodevelopthelocaleconomy.44/523._____,Iwillconcludethatuniversitiesshouldprovidebasictheoreticalcoursesandfocusonteachingpracticalcourses_____professionalskillswillbenefitthestudents’sfuturecareers,_____simpletheoriescanhelpthembemoresuccessful._____,veryfewgreatinventorscanbeorganizedthroughclassroomteaching____complicatedtheoriesviaindividualstudies.45/522.Foranother,housingreformcanbeh