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财务管理与财务分析运营管理课件
2IInventorySystemsforIndependentDemand?Basicfixedorderquantitysystem–ConstantDemand–Uncertaindemand?Basicfixedtimeperiodsystem?Newsvendormodel?SupplychaincontractOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTCLASS3I4PurposesofInventory1.Tomaintainindependenceofoperations2.Tomeetvariationinproductdemand3.Toallowflexibilityinproductionscheduling4.Toprovideasafeguardforvariationinrawmaterialdeliverytime5.Totakeadvantageofeconomicpurchase-ordersize4I5I6IInventoryCosts?Holding(orcarrying)costs?Setup(orproductionchange)costs?Orderingcosts?Shortagecosts....7IClassifyingIndependentDemandSystems?Fixed-OrderQuantity–Thereorderpoint
?Fixed-TimePeriod
?HybridSystems-BothTogether-OrderPeriodicallyunlesswereachthereorderpoint.8IInventorySystemsforIndependentDemand?Basicfixedorderquantitysystem–ConstantDemand–Uncertaindemand?Basicfixedtimeperiodsystem?Newsvendormodel?SupplychaincontractOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTCLASS9IFixed-OrderQuantityModelsEconomicOrderQuantity(EOQ):Assumptions?Demandfortheproductisconstantanduniformthroughouttheperiod?Leadtime(deliverytimeoftheorder)isconstant?Priceperunitofproductisconstant....10IFixed-OrderQuantityModelsEconomicOrderQuantity:Assumptions(cont'd)
?Inventoryholdingcostisbasedonaverageinventory.?Orderingorsetupcostsareconstant.?Alldemandsfortheproductwillbesatisfied(Nolostsalesareallowed)....11IEOQ:ASIMPLEMODEL?BookStoreMugSales–Demandisconstant,at20unitsaweek–Fixedordercostof$12,noleadtime–Holdingcostof25%ofinventoryvalueannually–Mugscost$1.00,sellfor$5.00?Question–Howmany,whentoorder12IEOQModel--BasicFixed-OrderQuantityModelR=Reorderpoint=L*dQ=EconomicorderquantityL=Leadtimed=DemandperUnitofTimeLLQQQRTimeNumberofunitsonhand....13ICostMinimizationGoalAnnualOrderingCostsHoldingCostsQOPTOrderQuantity(Q)COSTAnnualCostofItems(DC)TotalCost....TAHC=H*(Q/2)TAOC=S*D/QTAC=TAHC+TAOCS:costofplacinganorderorsetupcost14IBasicFixed-OrderQuantityModelTC=
DC
+
DQ
S
+
Q2
HTotalAnnualCost=AnnualPurchaseCostTotalAnnualOrderingCostTotalAnnualHoldingCost++TCTotalannualcostDDemandCCostperunitQOrderquantitySCostofplacinganorder
orsetupcostRReorderpointLLeadtimeHAnnualholdingandstoragecost
perunitofinventory....15IDerivingtheEOQ-CalculusMethod?Usingcalculus,wetakethederivativeofthetotalcostfunctionandsetthederivative(slope)equaltozero....Q
=
2DSH
=
2(Annual
Demand)(Order
or
Setup
Cost)Annual
Holding
CostOPT
Reorder
point,
R
=
d
L_d=
average
daily
demand
(constant)
L=
Lead
time
(constant)_16I?RecognizingTAHC=TAOCatOptimal?TAHC=H*Q/2TAOC=S*D/Q?H*Q/2=S*D/Q,SolvingforQYields:Q
=
2DSH
=
2(Annual
Demand)(Order
or
Setup
Cost)Annual
Holding
CostOPT
Reorder
point,
R
=
d
L_d=
average
daily
demand
(constant)
L=
Lead
time
(constant)_DerivingtheEOQ-GraphicalMethod17IEOQ:OPTIMALORDERQUANTITY?OptimalQuantity=
?Soforourproblem,theoptimalquantityis316
(2*Demand*SetupCost)/holdingcost18IEOQExampleAnnualDemand=1,000unitsDaysperyearconsideredinaveragedailydemand=365Costtoplaceanorder=$10Holdingcostperunitperyear=$2.50Leadtime=7daysCostperunit=$15Determinetheeconomicorderquantityandthereorderpoint.....19ISolutiond
=
1,000
units/year365
days/year
=
2.74
units/dayQ
=
2DSH
=
2(1,000
)(10)2.50
=
89.443
units
or
OPT90
units
Reorder
point,
R=
d
L=
2.74units/day
(7days)
=
19.18
or
_20
unitsWhydoweroundup?....20IIn-ClassExerciseAnnualDemand=10,000unitsDaysperyearconsideredinaveragedailydemand=365Costtoplaceanorder=$10Holdingcostperunitperyear=10%ofcostperunitLeadtime=10daysCostperunit=$15Determinetheeconomicorderquantityandthereorderpoint.Note:(Taghidden-slideicontoprojectsolution)....22IInventorySystemsforIndependentDemand?Thedefinitionandpurposeofinventory?Inventorycosts?Basicfixedorderquantitysystem–ConstantDemand–Uncertaindemand?CustomerService-AchievingPercentFillRates?Basicfixedtimeperiodsystem?NewsvendormodelOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTCLASS23IAchievingHighCustomerService
?Addbufferstock?Orderearlier?Achievedesiredcustomerservice?Percentfillrate=.99=9,900/10,000aresupplieddirectlyfromstockFixedOrderQuantitySystemUnderUncertainty24IAddingSafetyStocktoOrderEarlier?FixedOrderQuantitySystemUnderUncertaintyR=ReorderpointQ=EconomicorderquantityL=Leadtime?L=StandardErrorofEstimateDuringLeadtimeB=BufferstocksettoachievePLLQQQR=dL+B=dL+Z?L
TimeB=Addbufferstockincasedemandduringleadtime>expectedd*L25ISTRATEGICIMPORTANCEOF%FILL(P)?Pissetbytopmanagement?Pisstrategicperformancemeasure?P=99.8isbecomingmorecommon?HowdowecontrolinventoriestoachieveP?26ITHEVARIANCELAWIfXandYaretwoindependentrandomvariablesandZ=X+YthenE(Z)=E(X)+E(Y)and?Z2=?X2+?Y2
WhatifZ=X-Y?
.27IForecastingdemandduringleadtime?MEANDEMAND=d*L?WhereLislengthofleadtime?AssumeL=3,?d=standarddeviationinforecastingofdemand??L=standarddeviationduringleadtime.??L=?d
?ThisAssumesDemandisNormallyIndependentlyDistributed?ThisAllowstheUseoftheE(Z)ConceptL28ISTATISTICALINVENTORYCONTROLSCIENTIFICINVENTORYCONTROL?Setthereorderpointtoyielddesiredpercentfill(P)?R=dL+Z?L=Mean+BufferStockwhere?R=ReorderPoint?dL=MeanDemandDuringLeadtime?
?
L=StandardErrorofForecastDuringLT?Z=ValueDeterminedtoAchieveP29I?(1-P)D=NumberofUnitsShortPerYear?E(Z)=Unitsshorteachordercyclewhen?
Lis1.?NumberofUnitsShortPerYear=E(Z)*?
L*D/Q?EquatingBoth?E(Z)*?
L*D/Q=(1-P)Drearranging:?E(Z)=(1-P)Q/?
LDeterminingtheValueofZ:ServicelevelE(Z)Z30IInventorySystemsforIndependentDemand?Thedefinitionandpurposeofinventory?Inventorycosts?Basicfixedorderquantitysystem–ConstantDemand–Uncertaindemand?CustomerService-AchievingPercentFillRates?Basicfixedtimeperiodsystem?NewsvendormodelOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTCLASS31IInventoryManagementUsingMarginal?One-PeriodModel?ClassicallyCalledtheNewsvendorProblem?ItemsOrderedOnly?Toomany–thenonlysalvagevalue?Toolittle–lostcustomers32INewsvendor:Exercise?Anequipmentrepairfirmwishestoorderenoughsparepartstokeepmachinesrunningthroughoutatradeshow.?Therepairmansellthepartsat$95eachifneededforarepair.?Hepays$70forthecostofeachpart.?Ifallthepartsarenotneeded,theymaybereturnedtothesupplierforacreditof$50each.
?Thedemandforthepartsisestimated.33INewsvendor:ExerciseNumberof
Frequencyparts
ofNeed
0
0.10
1
0.15
2
0.20
3
0.30
4
0.20
5
0.0534INewsvendor:Exercise
Numberof
Frequencyparts
ofNeed
CPn
0
0.10
0.10
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