Unit-6-Culture-and-Nonverbal-Communication市公开课一等奖省

跨文化交际Unit

6

CultureandNonverbalCommunication黄淮学院外语系主讲：邹姝丽1/99Thosewhoknowdonottalk.Thosewhotalkdonotknow.Keepyourmouthclosed.Guardyoursenses.Temperyoursharpness.Simplifyyourproblems.Maskyourbrightness.BeatonewiththedustoftheEarth.Thisisprimalunion.HewhohasachievedthisstateIsunconcernedwithfriendsandenemies,Withgoodandharm,withhonoranddisgrace.Thisthereforeisthehigheststateofman.2/99AnidiomThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlip,nay,herfootspeaks.—Shakespeare3/99Learningobjectives:1.tounderstandthesignificanceofnonverbalcommunication2.toperceivethedefinitionofnonverbalcommunication3.todescribethefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication4.tosummarizethecategoriesofnonverbalcommunication

4/99Whatwillhappen?5/99QUESTION:What?EveryculturehasrulesabouttheCORRECTuseofspace.Theproxemic(relatingtothestudyofspace)rulesareunwrittenandnevertaught--buttheyareverypowerfula.Shewillaskthemtositsomewhereelse.b.Shewillstareatthespace"invaders"defiantly,butshewillnotmove.c.Shewillleave,sayingnothingtothethreepeoplewhoinvadedherpersonalspace.6/99FlightFlightisthemostcommonresponsetospatialinvasions,andonly2%ofthe"invaded"peopleinproxemicsexperimentseversayanythingtothosewhoinvadetheirpersonalspace.Theinvasionisstressfulfortheinvaded,makinganearlydepartureisalmostcertain.7/99Nogesturehasthesamemeaning!!thereisno'internationallanguage'ofgestures.Instead,cultureshavedevelopedsystemsofuniquegestures,anditisalmostneverpossibleforustounderstandintuitivelythegesturesfromanotherculture.8/99Frenchgesturefor'Idon'tbelieveyou',9/99Whowonthegameofone-on-onebasketball?a.Themanontheleftb.Themanontheright10/99ThemanontherightHeseemsconfident,poisedandmodest--allqualitiesthatsuggestheisthewinnerofthegame.11/991.NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!12/99

Wemakeimportantjudgmentsanddecisionsconcerningtheinternalstatesofothers—statestheyoftenexpresswithoutwords.

TheImportanceofNonverbalCommunication黄淮学院外语系13/99Nonverbalcommunicationisalsoimportantbecauseweusetheactionsofotherstolearnabouttheiraffectiveoremotionalstates.黄淮学院外语系14/99Nonverbalcommunicationissignificantinhumaninteractionbecauseitisusuallyresponsibleforfirstimpressions.黄淮学院外语系15/99Nonverbalcommunicationhasvalueinhumaninteractionbecausemanyofournonverbalactionsarenoteasilycontrolledconsciously.黄淮学院外语系16/99Finally,nonverbalcommunicationisimportanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbecauseagreatdealofnonverbalbehaviorspeaksauniversallanguage.黄淮学院外语系17/99Besides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.黄淮学院外语系18/99DefinitionofNonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbal

Communication

黄淮学院外语系

DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbal

Communication19/991.DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication

Themessagessentwithoutusingwordsarecallednonverbalcommunication.黄淮学院外语系20/99Definition:(1)“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959)21/99Definition:(2)Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,)22/99DefinitioninChinese非言语交际包含在交际中认为和环境产生对于传输者或受传者含有潜在信息全部刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言交际”，被称作”无声语言“。23/99DefinitioninChinese非语言交际在人类交际中非常主要。因为它最能反应一个人情感或情绪状态。一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收交际行为。

24/99Whatmay“bodylanguage”referto?Kinesics:ourbodylanguagegesturesFacialexpressionsEyecontactBodymovementsBodypositionsSpacekeeping/touch25/992.Functionsof

NonverbalCommunicationRepeatingComplementingSubstitutingRegulatingContradicting黄淮学院外语系Whydoweusebodylanguage?Howdoesnonverbalhelpverbal?26/99a.Repeating

Peopleusenonverbalcommunicationtorepeat,clarify,andempasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassaying"yes".黄淮学院外语系27/99b.Complementing

Nonverbalcommunicationcuescanaddtoorcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead.黄淮学院外语系28/99黄淮学院外语系Nonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.

Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.c.Substituting29/99d.

Regulating

Nonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractionsbyregulatingthem,suchasturn-takingsignals(handraised)inconversations黄淮学院外语系30/99e.Contradicting

Certainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.

黄淮学院外语系31/99NonverbalCommunicationandCultureLearningaboutthealliancebetweencultureandnonverbalbehaviorisusefultostudentsofinterculturalcommunicationforanumberofreasons:1.byunderstandingimportantculturaldifferencesinthisbehavior,youwillbeabletogathercluesaboutunderlyingattitudesandvalues.2.thestudyofnonverbalbehaviorscanassistusinisolatingourownethnocentrism.黄淮学院外语系32/99Mostclassificationsdividenonverbalmessagesintotwocomprehensivecategories:Thosethatareprimarilyproducedbythebody(appearance,movements,facialexpressions,eyecontact,touch,smell,andparalanguage);Andthosethattheindividualcombineswiththesetting(space,time,andsilence).黄淮学院外语系33/99BodyBehaviorGeneralAppearanceandDressBodyMovements:KinesicsPostureGesturesFacialexpressionsEyeContactandGazeTouchSmellparalanguage黄淮学院外语系34/99

GeneralAppearanceandDress

AlthoughWesternbusinessdresshasbeenwidelyadoptedamongothercultures,youmaywishtolearnculturaldistinctionsinappropriatebusinessattire(服装).WhenvisitingSaudiArabia,forexample,theSaudimightwearthetraditionalArabicwhiteflowingrobeandheadcloth.

Theuseofclothingandphysicalappearancetocommunicateismoreobvious.Clothingcanreflectculturalheritage.黄淮学院外语系35/99Muslingirlsusuallywearscarvestocovertheirheads,andinmostinstance,“girlsarenotallowedtoparticipateinswimmingclassesbecauseoftheprohibitionsagainstexposingtheirbodies.”ModestyishighlyvaluedamongArabs.黄淮学院外语系36/99Perhapsnowhereintheworldisthemergerbetweenattireandaculture’svaluesystemmoreevidentthaninJapan.“Theproclivity(倾向,癖性

)forconservativedressstylesandcolorsemphasizesthenation’scollectivismand,concomitantly(同时地）,lessensthepotentialforsocialdisharmonyarisingfromnonconformistattire.”黄淮学院外语系37/99Americanbrides黄淮学院外语系38/99Indianbrides黄淮学院外语系39/99BodyMovement:kinesics

(身势语行为)

Thestudyofhowmovementcommunicatesiscalledkinesics.Itcansendmessagesabout:Ourattitudetowardtheotherperson,Ouremotionalstate,ourdesiretocontrolourenvironment.黄淮学院外语系40/99PostureAmanandawomanmetonthetrainplatform.

Willthewomanaccepttheman’sgreetingfriendly?黄淮学院外语系41/99

Shewon’t!Man:“halfsmile”expressionarelaxedposition“snap”gesturebodyorientationWoman:“frowning”expression“chinup”facialposition“backing”postureLegstogetherFeetpointinginwards黄淮学院外语系42/99Youdon’tjust“read”others’bodylanguage;Youobserve,analyzeandinterpretbeforeyoudecidethepossiblemeaning!43/99Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththebehaviors:44/99Thepersonisveryrelaxed,buthe/sheisreadytomoveatanytime.Thepersonisindeepthinking.He/shethinksthatmaybeagoodideaandisreadytomoveafterthethinking.Thepersonisverygladtoseetheother.Actuallyhe/shethinksthatpersonisimportant.Thepersonisveryconfident.He/shethinkshe/sheismoreimportantthantheother.Thepersonhasmadeuphis/hermind.He/sheisveryangry,buttriestocontrolhim-/her-self.Thepersondeterminestocontrolhis/herfeelings,tryingtocalmdown.Thepersonpresentshim-/her-selfasanimportantman.Buthe/shetriestobefriendlytoothers.DEAFCGB45/99SittingorStanding?Inwesterncountries,peoplewhostandaremoreimportantthanthosewhosit(unlessthereisatablebetweenthem),becausetheformercouldcontrolthelatter.46/99BowinginJapanInJapan,mutualbowingislargelydeterminedbyrank.“bowingcontest”Bendslightlytoone’srightBecomingautomaticmovement,e.g.bowwhenmakingphonecall47/99

Gesturescanbeemblemsorregulators(one’sfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.Chapter6

NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationGestures48/9949/9950/9951/99GesturesDoyouknowwhatthefollowinggesturesmeans?52/9953/99Number1isusedtogetherwiththeverbalmessage“Let’skeepourfingerscrossed”intheUnitedStates,England,andSwedentomeanthatthepersonishopingforgoodluck.ButinGreeceandTurkeyitmeansthebreakingofafriendship,andinpartsofItalyitmeans“O.K.”.54/99Number2isnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,meaningthatpersoniscrazy,ofteninajokingway.55/99Number3indicates“Ihavenoidea.”/“Idon’tknow.”56/99ThegestureinPicture4meansthat“Ican’t/didn’thearyou.”57/99Number5means“That’senough.It’salloverforme.”58/99InPicture6the“thumbsdown”signindicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“nogood”or“badnews”toAmericans.59/99“Somethingisabitsuspicious/oddhere.”“Comehere.”60/99Number9iswidelyusedintheUStomean“Great,perfect,acceptable,O.K.”ButisBelgiumandFrance,itmeans“zero”;inTurkey,Brazil,Greece,andMalta,ithasanobscenemeaning;andinTunisia,itisusedasathreat.61/99Number10isusedinItalytosay“Hello.”ForIndonesians,Malaysians,andsomespeakersofArabic,itsignals“Comehere.”

Number11means“Oh,Iforgot.”oranexpressionofsurprise.ThegestureinNumber12means“Slowdown,relaxorwaitasecond.”62/99Number13isusedtoshowthatsomeoneisachampionorawinner,usuallyinsports.Thisgesturecausedaseriousinternationalmisunderstandingin1959.NikitaKhrushchev,theSovietleader,wasvisitingtheUSandusedthisgesture,whichmeansfriendshipinRussia.Americannewspapersprinteditonpageone.AndtheAmericanpeopleunderstoodittomeantheopposite:thattheSovietUnionwoulddefeattheUS.63/99Picture14isoneofthefewgestureswhichseemstobeusedonlyintheUS,andmanypeoplefeelitisnotascommonasitoncewas.Thisgestureismadebymovingoneindexfingeragainsttheother.Itisusuallyusedwithchildren.Oradultsdoitasajoke.Itmeans“Youdidsomethingbad;shameonyou.”64/99Finger(1)IntheUnitedStates,theindexfingerisusedtopointtoobjectsandevenatpeople.GermanspointwiththelittlefingerJapanesepointwiththeentirehand,palmsupInmuchofAsia,pointingwiththeindexfingerisconsideredrude65/99Finger(2)英语国家人有不少‘手语’，其一就是crossone'sfingers或keepone'sfingerscrossed。Crossone'sfingers.即把中指放在食指上，作有点像十字架交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以crossone'sfingers有‘祝福’、‘请求好运’意思，比如：Iamcrossingmyfingersthatnothinguntowardwillhappentohim.（我请求不幸事不会降临他身上）。Keepyourfingerscrossedforhim.即‘为他祝福吧’。留心crossyourfingers是说多，确实做这手势少。66/99Finger(3)说到手指，不能不谈谈‘伸出中指’这个下流手势，英文叫做givesomeonethefinger，比如：Thepresidentialcandidateappearedquiteunperturbedwhenafewintheaudiencegavehimthefinger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gavehimthefinger改为gavehimone-fingersalutes（一只手指敬礼）也无不可。67/99Thumb另外还有thumbsup（拇指向上）、thumbsdown（拇指向下）手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说‘能够饶他性命’；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说‘杀却’。今天，thumbsup惯用来表示嘉许或接收，thumbsdown则表示不满或反对，比如：Theauthoritieshavegiventhethumbsup./thumbsdownonourplan.（当局接收/否决了我们计划）。68/99FacialexpressionLookatthefollowingpictures,trytotellwhois…1.Themostkind-hearted?2.Themostartistic?3.Themostsmart?69/99FacialexpressionHappinessSurpriseFearAngerSadnessDisgustContemptInterestBewildermentdeterminationIndifferenceDisrespectDisappointmentSuspectconcernWhatmessagescanwegetfromfacialexpressions?70/99FacialexpressionAboutsmile:America-intelligent

Japanese–acceptableundercertaincircumstances

Korean–rarelydo“Themanwhosmilesalotisnotarealman.”

Thailand–“thelandofsmiles”

71/99EyecontactIfawhiteteacherreprimandsayoungblackmale,andthestudentrespondsbymaintainingadownwardglance,ratherthanlookingdirectlyattheteacher,whatdoyouthinktheteachermayfeelathisreaction?Oculesics(目光接触)notonlydiffersincountriesbutalsoinculturalbackgroundanddependsonthecommunicationalatmosphere.Doyouunderstandthecommonblackphrase“don’t’lookatmeinthattoneofvoice”?72/99EyeContactandGaze“Thoutell’stmethereismurderinmineeye”“Youreyessaidmoretomethatnightthanyourlipswouldeversay”“Yourlipstellmeno,no,butthere’syes,yesinyoureyes.”direct,sensual,sardonic,expressive,intelligent,penetrating,sad,cheerful,worldly,hard,trusting,suspicious73/99Eyesservesiximportantcommunicationfunctions:1)indicatedegreesofattentiveness,interest,andarousal;2)influenceattitudechangeandpersuasion;3)regulateinteraction;4)communicateemotions;5)definepowerandstatusrelationships;6)assumeacentralroleinimpressionmanagement.74/99

Touch

Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintancetotouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachild’sspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworker’schairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Chapter6

NonverbalInterculturalCommunication75/99Jourardsatincoffeeshopsinfourdifferentcities.Wheneverhesawpeopletouch,herecordedthetouch.Hisrecordsareasfollowed:@Sainthorn(PortoRico):180@Paris:102@Gynswere(Florida):2@London:0 76/99Eachculturehasawell-definedsystemofmeaningsfordifferentformsoftouching.Somegeneralizationscanbemadewithregardstohigh-touchversuslow-touchcultures.

Americans,theEnglish,GermansandNorthernEuropeansaresaidtobelongtolow-touchcultures,exhibitingverylimitedtactilecontactinpublic.Hispanics(西班牙人),peopleofEasternEuropeandescents,Italians,theFrench,Arabs,andJewsareallsaidtobelongtohigh-touchcultures.77/99Paralanguage

Threekindsofvocalization:

vocalcharacterizers

(laughing,crying,yelling,moaning,whining,belching,yawning);

Vocalqualifiers(volume,pitch,rhythm,tempo,resonance,tone);

Vocalsegregates(“un-huh,”“shh,”“uh,”“oooh,”“mmmh,”“humm”).Chapter6

NonverbalInterculturalCommunication78/99Arabsspeakveryloudlybecauseloudnessforthemconnotesstrengthandsincerity.ForIsraelis,increasedvolumereflectsstrongbeliefstowardtheissueunderdiscussion.ForThaipeople,aloudvoiceisperceivedasbeingimpolite.InJapan,raisingone’svoiceoftenimpliesalackofself-control.WheninteractingwithAmericans,peoplefromculturesthatspeaksoftlyoftenbelievethatAmericansareangryorupsetbecauseoftheirrelativelyloudspeech.79/99SpaceandDistance1)personalspace2)seating3)furniturearrangement80/99

c.PersonalspaceIntheUnitedStatesHallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.InIndiaInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcaste

mayapproachothercastes.3.InArab

ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication81/99NorthAmericans’distancehabit0~50cm:intimateloversandfamilymembers

>50~120cm:friends(personaldistance)

>120~270cm:acquaintances(socialdistance)

>270cm:publicspace,notbelongtooneself

Behind:strangersspeakingfrombehindareallowedtostandmuchmorenearer.82/99CultureandSpacekeeping

P147跨文化商务沟通案例教程作者：庄恩平出版社：上海外语教育出版社83/99Chapter6

NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationSeating

IntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.TheChineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.

84/99Where

tosit?

Choosetheseatanddescribewhy85/99Chapter6

NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Furniturearrangement

French

spaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜),fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.86/99Time1)informaltime2)perceptionsofpast,present,andfuture3)Hall’smonochronicandpolychronicclassifications87/99Thoutell’stmethereismurderinmineeye.ShakespeareYourlipstellmeno,no,butthere’syes,yesinyoureyes.Musicalballad88/99InformalTimeHowlateis“late”?5minutes15minutes30minutes2hours89/99Past,Present,andFuturePast-orientatedculturessuchastheBritishplacemuchemphasisontraditionandareoftenperceivedasresistingchange.FilipinosandLatinAmericansarepresentorientedandemphasizelivinginthemoment.Thethirdorientation,whichputsgreatfaithinthefuture,istheonemostAmericanshave.90/99Timesystems

(Hall,1976):Doyoustillremembertimeorientation?MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在《超越文化》（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不一样时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime)91/99a.Monochronictime

(M-time)

b.Polychronictime

(P-time)

Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingata