功能对等理论视角下《肖申克的救赎》字幕研究

ChapterOneIntroductionTheChinesefilmandtelevisionindustrieshaveflourished,andagreatnumberofWesternmovieshaveinvadedtheChinesemarket.Filmsubtitleisanimportantmeanstofullydisplaythecontentofthefilmanddescribetheimageofthecharactersinthefilm.Underthebackgroundofthenewera,withmoreandmoreinternationalexchanges,theoutputandimportoffilmandtelevisionworksareespeciallyfrequent.“InviewofthesignificantdifferencesbetweentheEasternandWesternlanguagesandcultures,thestudyofsubtitletranslationisparticularlyimportantifdomesticaudiencescanbetterappreciateforeignfilms.”[1]3338“Filmsubtitles”arethetextualrepresentationofnon-visualcontent,suchasconversationinamotionpictureproduction,andalsogenerallyrefertothepost-processingtextofthefilmwork,usuallyappearingatthebottomofthescreen.Goodmoviesubtitlescanhelpaudiencesbetterunderstandthemovieplotandhelpthemachievethebestviewingexperience.Subtitletranslationcanalsoplayaroleinconveyingculturalvaluesandhelpingtoestablishanationalimageandnationalmodel.Asmoviesplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinculturalexchange,subtitletranslationresearchhasthereforereceivedincreasingattentionfromscholarsbothdomesticallyandinternationally.Unfortunately,althoughfilmsubtitlesbearaheavyresponsibilityandevenhaveacrucialimpactonthesuccessofaforeignfilm,researchinthisfieldhasfarfromkeepingupwithitsdevelopmentspeed.Asanindependenttranslationdiscipline,filmandtelevisiontranslationhasonlyexistedforabout50years,andfurtherdevelopmentisurgentlyneededintermsofquantityandquality.Lookingattheexistingresearchonsubtitletranslation,itisnotdifficulttofindthatnotonlyisthequantitylimited,butmostoftheexistingresearchfocusesonthetranslationbetweenlanguagesinWesterncountries,suchasEnglishtoItalian,FrenchtoEnglish,orDanishtoEnglish.“ThereisverylittleresearchonsubtitletranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish,andfurtherexplorationandresearchareneeded.”[2]13Inrecentyears,people'slivingstandardsandknowledgelevelaregenerallyimproved,sothequalityofsubtitletranslationrequirementsareincreasinglyhigh.Undertheconstraintsoftimeandspace,manychangesmustbemadetothetargetlanguageinbothformandmeaningifthecharacter'swordsaretobetranslatedintoscreenwords.“Thecoreoffunctionalequivalencetheoryemphasizesthatthetargetlanguageaudienceproducesthesameorsimilarresponseasthesourcelanguageaudience,”[3]1whichshouldalsobetheultimategoalofasuccessfulsubtitletranslation.ByusingTheShawshankRedemptionasanexample,thispaperanalyzessubtitletranslationfromthestandpointoffunctionalequivalencetheoryinordertooffersomeguidelinesforsubtitletranslationofdramamoviesinthefutureandpromotecross-culturaldialogueinfilmandtelevisionproductions.ChapterTwoIntroductiontoSubtitleTranslation2.1TheConceptofSubtitleTranslationSubtitletranslationistheprocessofconvertingmediafromonelanguageintoanotherlanguage.Itisusuallyusedtoconvertfilmandtelevisionprogramsandnetworkvideosintoforeignlanguagesubtitlessothataudienceswhodonotunderstandforeignlanguagescanunderstandthecontent.Subtitletranslationrequiresnotonlyagoodcommandofthelanguage,butalsoacertainculturalbackgroundandlanguagestyle,soastoaccuratelyconverttheoriginalcontentandavoidtheerroroflanguageimpassability,sothatthefinalsubtitlehasgoodreadabilityandfluency,andcanbeexpressedascloseaspossibletotheoriginalsemanticsandmeaning.Theterm“subtitletranslation”describesthesimultaneoussubtitlemethodoftranslatingconversationfromthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguage.Thesesubtitlesareoftenshownatthebottomofthescreen.Inrecentyears,subtitletranslationhasbecomeincreasinglypopularinChinabecauseitcannotonlygreatlysavecosts,butalsosaveproductiontimemorethantranslatedfilms,acceleratethereleasespeedoffilms,andrealizethesimultaneousreleaseoffilmsaroundtheworldassoonaspossible.[4]14Whilerealizingeconomicbenefits,subtitletranslationcanalsomakethetargetlanguageaudiencefeelthemostauthenticexoticatmosphereandlanguagecharm.Thesubtitlesremindtheaudiencethattheyareexperiencingadoubleexperience--theyarenotonlywatchingthefilm,butalsoreadinghismeaning.2.2TheCharacteristicsofSubtitleTranslationLiterarytranslationincludessubtitletranslation,butinadditiontothefundamentaltraitsofliterarytranslation,italsocontainscertaindistinctivefeatures：Instantaneously.Subtitlesflashacrossthescreen,informationispresentedinarecursiveprogression,appearingforafewsecondsorless,instantly.Innostitial.Subtitlescannotbeaddedbeforeandafterthebooktext,andthetranslationofvideosubtitlesisnotallowedtoaddinstructions.Spaceandtime,constraints.Subtitlesarelimitedbyspaceandusuallyappearatthebottomofthescreen.Generally,thenumberoflettersperlineofsubtitlesisnomorethan35,equivalentto18Chinesecharacters,soasnottoaffectthevisualeffect.Thereisalsoatimeconstrainttoconsider.Atwo-linetitleof14to16wordsusuallyappearsonscreenforaboutfiveseconds.Therefore,filmandtelevisiontranslationrequiresthelanguagetobeclosetotheoriginaltext,butalsoconciseandclear.Popularity.Onthehand,filmandtelevisionworksarepopulararts,andthevastmajorityofmoviesandTVplaysareforordinaryaudiencestoenjoy.Asaresult,thelanguageusedindramasonscreenandintelevisionmustbesimpletocomprehendandappropriateforthelargeaudience.Inaddition,thevideoaudienceisverywide,whichrequiresthetranslationtobebothelegantandpopular.Complementarity.Theoriginalfilm'svisualandsounddataareessentiallyunalteredbytheadditionofsubtitles.Thelistenerwillheartheoriginalsoundinformationalongwiththesubtitleinformation.Theaudiencecanbecompensatedbytheoriginalsoundifthesubtitlecannotbepresentedorisnoteffectivelyexpressed.Therefore,subtitletranslationhasstronglanguageintegration.Inaddition,duetothedialoguecharacteristicsofthefilm,subtitletranslationalsohasthecharacteristicsofcolloquialandoral.Thefilmlanguageismostlydialogue,accountingformorethan98%ofthetranslationvolumeofthewholefilm,andothertranslations,suchastheopeningandendingofthefilmandsomerelevantlocations,accountforlessthan2%.Therefore,dialogueisthecoreofthefilm.Agooddialoguetranslationshouldfollowthecharacteristicsofcolloquiallanguageandshowthecharacteristicsofcolloquiallanguage,thatis,brief,direct,vivid,informal,colloquial,butmorewords,moremodalwordsandsoon.Filmsubtitletranslationhasthecharacteristicsofmouth,whichalsogivessubtitletranslationcharacterandemotion.Therefore,itisnecessarytoaccuratelygraspthecharacters'personalitiesandmakethetranslation“speaklikethepeople”.Translatorsneedtobringthemselvesintothecharacter,grasptheirinnerworldfromtheperspectiveofthecharactersintheplay,personalizeandemotionalthesubtitles,andthusunderstandtheexactmeaningoftheirwords.ChapterThreeFunctionalEquivalenceTheory3.1TheDevelopmentofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryFunctionalequivalencetheoryisasocialandlinguistictheory,whichproposesanewwaytoexplaintheuseandchangeoflanguage,thatis,tolookatlanguagephenomenafromtheperspectiveoffunction.Itsdevelopmentcanbetracedbacktothe1950s,whenitwasfirstproposedbytheAmericanlinguistWilliamBrandStrass,andwaswidelyappreciatedandrecognizedinthe1960s.Inthe1950s,WilliamBrandStrathfirstputforwardthetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceandtookitasanewmethodoflanguageinterpretationtostudythechangeandapplicationoflanguage.[5]158Inthe1960s,functionalequivalencetheoryreceivedwideattentionandrecognition.Sociologistsandlinguistsbegantostudyfunctionalequivalencetheoryandmadesomeachievementsinlanguage.Inthe1980s,functionalequivalencetheorybegantoenteranewstageofdevelopment,andmanylinguistsbegantousefunctionalequivalencetheorytostudylanguagechangesandapplyitinpracticallanguageteaching.Theevolutionoffunctionalequivalencytheoryhasgonethroughseveralstagesfromthe1950stothepresent.Ithasalwayspromotedthedevelopmentoflinguistics,providedanewperspectiveforexplainingthechangesoflanguage,andalsoprovidedalotofhelpforpracticalapplication.3.2TheMainContentofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryEugeneNida,inhisbookTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,awell-knownAmericanlinguistandtranslationtheorist,proposed“thenewconceptoftranslation”,“dynamicequivalence”,and“formalequivalence”,whichwasfirstpublishedin1969,andanalyzedaccordingly.“Dynamicequivalencereferstothereactiondegreeoftargetreaderstothetargetlanguageisroughlythesameasthatofthereadersofthesourcelanguage.”Comparedwith“functionalequivalence”,“dynamicequivalence”ismoreinfluentialandpersuasive.Intraditionaltranslation,theemphasisisplacedonthestructureratherthanthelinguisticmeaning,andthereactionoftheaudienceisignored.Thisoftenleadstoconfusionandmisinterpretationofthemeaningofthetext.Nida’stheoryoffunctionalequivalenceputsreaderreactionontopofothertranslationfactors.Hemaintainsthatanythingthatcanbestatedinonelanguagemayalsoberepresentedinanotherlanguage,preferablyinawaythatismostrelevanttotheoriginaltext,“andtheequivalencebetweenlanguageandculturecanbefound”[6]80.Ingeneral,functionalequivalencetranslationbreaksthelimitationsoftraditionaltranslationmethodsandtakestherelationshipbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageasthemeasurementstandardoftranslation.Inotherwords,itconsiderstheaudience’sreactiontothetranslatedtext(targetlanguagetext).Asuccessfultranslationofatextisonethatresonatesvisuallyorconceptuallywiththefeelingsoftheaudienceinthetargetlanguage.Therefore,Nida’sfunctionalequivalencemeansthattheinfluenceofsourcelanguageonreadersisequivalenttothatofthetargetlanguageandthecommunicativefunctionoftranslationcanberealizedequally.Therefore,aimingtorealizethereciprocalcommunicativefunction,“translationshouldbecenteredonthetargettextandguidedbytheresponseofthetargetreaders.”[7]3073.2.1LexicalEquivalenceLiterarytranslationsshouldtakelexicalequivalencyintoaccount.Inactuality,theconnotationsofEnglishandChinesetermsarenotentirelyequivalent.Translatorsmustdosometargetedprocessingbasedonvariousculturalbackgroundswhendealingwithlexicalequivalencyinordertosuccessfullyeradicateanyambiguitiesandtranslationaldiscrepancies.Inaddition,thedeepconnotationofsomewordsisalsoaffectedbyculturalbackgroundandvalueorientation.Forexample,thewordsrelatedto“dog”inChineseusuallyhavedifferentdegreesofnegativemeaning,suchas“dogispowerful”,“evilfriend”andsoon;Ontheotherhand,expressionsandphrasescontainingtheword“dog”weremorepositive,suchas“agaydog”and“likeadogwithtwotails.”[8]523.2.2SyntacticEquivalenceUndoubtedly,syntacticequivalenceismorecomplexthanlexicalequivalence.Atthelevelofsyntacticequivalence,thereisstillacontradictionbetweenfunctionalequivalenceandformalequivalence.Thebestqualitytranslationtakesbothintoconsideration,andthengivesprioritytofunctionalequivalence,abandonspartialformalequivalence,“andjumpsoutofthelinguisticstructureofthesourcelanguage”[9]147.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldbeawarenotonlyofthepresenceorabsenceofsuchstructuresinthetargetlanguage,butalsoofthefrequencywithwhichsuchstructuresareused.Sometimes,thedifferencesinvocabularyalsobringabouttranslationobstaclestosyntacticequivalence.Forexample,Chinesehasnorelativepronouns,whichmeansthattheorderandcombinationofattributiveclausesneedtobeconsideredinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.WhatmakessyntacticstructurerecombinationmorecomplicatedintranslationisthatChineseattributivescomebeforeratherthanafterthesentence.ThisiswhyChinesesentencesaresignificantlyshorterthanEnglishsentences.3.2.3StylisticEquivalenceDifferenttranslationstyleshavetheirowndistinctivelinguisticcharacteristics.Theonlywayatranslatorcanproduceatranslationthataccuratelycapturesthefeaturesofthesourcelanguageisiftheyhavemasteredboththetargetlanguageandthesourcelanguageandareproficientinboth.Theworks'manylinguisticidiomsimplythattheculturalelementstheyincludearesimilarlyvaried.Forinstance,therearelittleculturalinfluencesinthescientificandtechnologicalgenres.Theconversionoftwolanguagesandculturesisthereforeoffarlessimportancethanthecorrectandprecisetranslationoftheinformationalcontentofthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguage.Contrarily,inliteraryworks,culturebecomesoneofthecrucialelementsthatmustbetakenintoaccountwhentranslating.ChapterFourTranslationMethodsofTheShawshankRedemptionundertheGuidanceofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory4.1LexicalEquivalenceinFilmSubtitleTranslationThevocabularyinthemoviesubtitletranslationreferstothewordsstandingattheperspectiveoftheaudience,usingwordsthatareequivalenttothemeaningofthesourcelanguageandculturalconnotationtoreplacethesourcelanguagevocabulary.Becausethesourcelanguageandthepurposelanguagerepresentdifferentculturesanddifferentwaysofthinking,therearenotwolanguagesbetweentwolanguages,buttherearenotwocompletelythesamemeaning,butthesamemeaningcanbeexpressedindifferentlanguages.4.1.1LiteralTranslationTotranslatewordsliterally,thekeyistobeaccurateandaccurate.Payattentiontopreventtwophenomena:oneisthemistranslationofpropernounortechnicalterms,andtheotheristofind“falsefriends”-wordswiththesameformbutdifferentmeaningsintwolanguages.[10]35Moveoutofthecage.PickupyourclothesandBible.出去，领你的囚衣和圣经。Thetranslatordidnotmakeanyfurthermodificationshere.ThemainreasonisthatChineseaudienceswhoenjoywatchingforeignmoviesgenerallyhaveahighlevelofeducation.Therefore,forthiscommonsenseknowledge,thetranslatorpreferstomaintaintheforeignculturalelementmorenaturallybyadoptingaliteraltranslationimmediately.4.1.2AdditionTranslationDuetothedifferencesinlanguagestructureandexpressionbetweenthetwo,itiscommonwhenwatchingamovieforthetranslationtobelongerthantheoriginal.Toavoidthis,translatorsmustbefaithfultotheoriginaltextwhilealsoconveyingthedeepmeaningthattheoriginallanguageseekstoconvey.Therefore,itisnecessaryforthetranslatortoaddsomewordstomakethelanguageclearandunderstandable,withclearersemantics,andtomaketheaudiencenolongerconfused.（1）Alittleparolerejectionpresent.这是庆祝你假释被拒绝的礼物。WhenAndyfailedtoreleaseRed(Andy'scellmate),hesaidthis.Theadditionoftheword“celebration”inthetranslationmakesitmorevividandvivid,makingitsimplerforspeakersofthetargetlanguagetograsp.（2）Youshutup,orI’llsingyoualullaby!马上闭上你的嘴，否则有你受的！Regardingtheculturalenvironmentofprisons,theterm“stinkymouth”appearinginthetextreflectsthetranslator’saddedpurposeofmakingreadersfeeltheprisonenvironmentfirsthand.4.1.3SubtractionThenotionoffunctionalequivalencestatesthatinordertoaccuratelyduplicatetheinformation,translatorsshouldusetermsthatperformsimilarfunctionstothoseofthesourcelanguageinsteadoftranslatingaccordingtotheoriginallanguageformofthetext.Fromthis,wecanconcludethatintheprocessoftranslatingsubtitles,forthoserigid,optional,orawkwardlanguageunits,translatorsgenerallychoosetosubtractthemandnottranslatethem.Removingthoselengthylanguageunitsmaynotachievesimilarityinappearance,buttheirmeaningisconsistentanddoesnotaffecttheaudience’soverallgraspofthemovie.（1）Hestrolled…likeamanintheparkwithoutacareorworryintheworld.[11]141他漫步着就像在公园里散步。[11]141Incorporatethisphrasetocharacterizetheprotagonist,GongAnDi,whileshemuses.Hewalkedlikehewaswalkinginapark,notcaringorworriedaboutthingsintheworld.Infact,“strolling”and“walkinginthepark”canbothreflecthisindifferencetotheworld,Consequently,thetranslationaccuratelyandconciselyconveystheprotagonist'swanderingscenario.（2）Thattalldrinkofwaterwiththesilverspoonuphisass.[11]141那个高个子。[11]141Thissentenceisadescriptionoftheprotagonist’simageasapoliceofficer.Iftheliteraltranslationis:thetallglassofwaterwithasilverspoononhisbuttocks.Theaudiencewillbeveryconfusedafterwatching,whyistherewaterhangingontheirbuttocks?So,basedontheplotline,thetranslatoradoptedamethodofreducingtranslationtodirectlydeletetheuselessparts,namely:drinkofwater.Leavingthemainplace:“tall,silverspoon”.Here“silverspoon”means:asilverspoon.InChina,thiswordisendowedwithculturalconnotations,symbolizingwealthandnobility.”So,herethetranslatorcaterstoChinesecultureandtranslatesitas:wealthandhonor.Thisexamplereflectsthefeasibilityoffunctionalequivalenceforrarewordsandculturaltranslation,andalsoreflectstheintegrationofdifferentcultures.（3）YouspeakEnglish,butt-steak?你会说英语吗？Theoriginaltextcanbetranslatedas“Thesteakontheback,canyouspeakEnglish?”However,inordertomaketheaudiencereflectthepleasureofwatchingthefilm,appropriatepruningwouldbebetter.4.1.4FillingThecharacteristicofChineseidiomsisthattheyareconciseandconcise,andcanexpressrichmeaningsinafewshortwords,soidiomscannotbeunderstoodliterally.WhentranslatingChineseidiomsintoEnglish,theimage,metaphor,andethniccoloroftheidiomsshouldbepreserved,andannotationscanbeusedatthistime.Forexample：对牛弹琴：playthelutetoacow—addressthewrongaudience.Aftertranslatingaccordingtotheliteralmeaning,theannotationsectionexplainsthetruemeaningoftheidiom.[12]434.1.5FreeTranslationThefunctionalequivalencyhypothesisstatesthatwhentranslatingsubtitles,word-for-wordtranslationisnotnecessary.Thespeechinthemoviewillmakemoresensetospeakersofthetargetlanguageiftheycanlocatetermsinthelanguagethatservethesamepurposeandreplacethemwiththem.Therefore,beforemakingafreetranslation,weshouldcarefullyconsiderthemeaningofwordsintheuniquelanguageenvironmentandcontextbasedontherealcircumstancesofthelanguage.（1）Theboysalwaysgofishingwithfirst-times.Andtheydon’tquittilltheyreelsomeonein.[13]6他们总喜欢逗新人。不达目的，誓不罢休。ThissentenceisRed'svoiceoverdescriptionofhisfellowinmatesinprison.Ifwesimplytranslate“gofishing”as“钓鱼”，itclearlygoesagainsttheoriginalintention.Translating“gofishing”as“逗新人”makesiteasyforthepurposeandaudiencetounderstand.Andfor“don’tquittilltheyreelsomeonein”，althoughitcanbesimplytranslatedliterallyas‘theywillnotgiveup.Untilsomeonegetsinvolved’,butitcannotreflectthedeepmeaningthatthefilmaimstoconveyhere.Therefore,itiseasierforthetranslatortotranslatethissentenceintoaphrasethatismorefamiliartothetargetlanguageaudience.（2）IfIwereyou,I’dgroweyesinbackofmyhead.如果我是你，我会倍加小心。Iftranslatedliterally,itcanbetranslatedas“IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveeyesbehindmyhead.”[13]4Theexacttranslation,however,istoostrict.Consequently,thetranslatorusesvocabularythatisfamiliartotheaudiencetobe“extracareful”,sothatthetargetlanguageaudiencecanmoredirectlyunderstandthemeaningofthetext.（3）IfIhearsomuchasamousefartinheretonight…如果我今晚听到有半点声音。Canbeliterallytranslatedas：如果我今晚在这听到像老鼠放屁的声音。However,duetotheprisonlifedepictedinthefilm,itwasinevitablethatitwouldbevulgar.Therefore,thetranslatortranslateditas：半点声音，whichiseasiertounderstand.4.1.6Part-of-speechTransformationInordertofacilitatetheunderstandingofthemovie'sdialogueforspeakersofthetargetlanguage,functionalequivalencetheorystatesthattranslatorsdonotneedtotranslatesubtitleswordforwordbutrathershouldfindcorrespondingvocabularyinthetargetlanguage.IcanhonestlysaythatI’machangedman.That’sGod’shonesttruth.[14]220我敢说我已经改头换面了。上帝为证。[14]220ThissentencewasspokenbyRedonbailinprison,whichcanbetranslatedas“说实话，我是一个有变化的人。”将Translate“changed”as“改头换面”，CombiningRed'ssituationwillbringamoreintuitiveexperiencetotheaudience.Oritcanalsobetranslatedas“痛改前非”,whichisoftenusedbyChinesepeopletodescribeapersonwhohasdonesomethingwrongandsuddenlyrepentsandwantstochangethemselves.TheadjustedtranslationmethodismoreinlinewithChinesespeakinghabits.Theterm“God”withaforeignculturalbasisisalsopresentinRed'ssentence.Here,the“literaltranslation"methodisused,althoughpeoplearenowaccustomedtotheword“God”duetoChina’songoinginfusionofWesternculture.mainlybecauseintraditionalChineseculture,thisterminologyservesthesamepurposeas“heaven”.So,translatorscanalsotranslateitas“heaven”or“heaven”.4.2SyntacticEquivalenceinFilmSubtitleTranslationForthesubtitlesoffilmandtelevisionworks,thefocusisontranslationfromtheaspectsofactiveandpassive,sequentialchange,sentencecomponentconversion,etc.,toachievethesyntaxoftheworkinthework,sothatthetranslationismoreinkeepingwiththeintendedaudienceandpurpose,theidenticalmovie-watchingexperience.4.2.1VoiceConversionForinstance,weoftensay“wespeakEnglish”or“Englishisspokenbyus”,theformerbeingtheactivevoiceandthelatterbeingthepassivevoiceWhyusepassivevoicetoexpress?Whenwedonotknowwhoistheexecutorofanaction,orwhenitisunnecessarytopointoutwhoistheexecutoroftheaction,orwhenweneedtoemphasizethereceiveroftheactionratherthantheexecutor,weshouldusepassivevoiceTounderstandhowtheactivevoicebecomesthepassivevoice,itisnecessarytofirstunderstandtheactivestructureofeachtense,andthentransformthepassivevoice.Let'stakeanexamplefirst：ManypeoplespeakEnglish.Englishisspokenbymanypeople.Wecanseefromtheexampleabovethataprepositionalphraseiscreatedandputafterthepredicateinthepassivevoicebychangingtheobjectoftheactivevoice(English)intothesubjectofthepassivevoice(English),thepredicateoftheactivevoice(speak)intothepredicateofthepassivevoice(isspoken)[15]19,andthesubjectoftheactivevoice(manypeople)intotheobjectofby.Iftheperformeroftheactiondoesnotneedtobeexplainedoremphasized,thebyphrasecanbeomitted.4.2.2WordOrderAdjustmentThefollowingselectionincludestheDVDtranslationversion(hereinafterreferredtoasDVD)releasedbyChinaAudioandVideoPublishingCorporation,aswellasthehighlywell-knownInternetChinesesubtitlegroupTheLastFantasy(hereinafterreferredtoasTLF)translationversion,toanalyzethewordorderadjustmentoffunctionalequivalencetheoryinmoviesubtitles.Themarchyouinnakedasthedayyouwereborn,skinburningandhalf-blindfromthatdelousingshit.[16]6赤裸裸的进囚笼，就像刚出生时那样，消毒药粉令皮肤像被火烧一样[16]6。（TFL）他们一丝不挂地走进来，消毒粉刺得皮肤生疼，眼睛半瞎[16]6。（DVD）Themessage“themarketyouin”（他们把你赶进来）intheoriginaltexthasbeenomittedinbothtranslatedversions,andTFLhasalsoomittedthesubject.However,theDVDversion,althoughomitted,retainsbutaddsalogicalsubject:they...FromtheperspectiveofChinesehabits,thesentenceismorecoherent,inlinewiththeprincipleof“themostnaturalequivalent”inthetheoryoffunctionalequivalence.However,theinformationintheDVDversionoftheoriginaltext“asthedayyouwereborn”（就像你被生下来的那天一样）ismissing,whileTFLretainsthisinformation:justlikeatbirth,itconformstotheprincipleoffunctionalequivalencetheory“theclosestequivalent”.BothversionsofthetranslationofthesecondhalfofthesentencehavetakenintoaccountChinesecustoms,andhaveadjustedthelogicalsubject“thatdisinfectingshit”placedattheendofthesentencethroughthepreposition"from"intheoriginaltexttothefront:Disinfectingpowder...(TFL);Disinfectantpowderpricks...(DVD),bothofwhicharetranslatedthroughwordorderadjustmenttobeclosetotheoriginaltextandinlinewiththeexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguage.4.2.3ReframingDiscoursesItisdifficulttofindacompletelyequivalentwordinChinesetoexpressthemeaningandcultureofthesourcelanguagethatisnotsufficienttoexpressit.Tomodifyandclosethegapbetweenthetargetlanguageaudienceandthemovie,translatorsmustemploywordsinthetargetlanguagethathavethesameorcomparablemeanings.（1）Red:yes,sir.I’maregularSearsandRoebuck[16]4.没错，我就像百货公司一样[16]4。Therearetwobrandscalled"SearsandRoebuck"inAmericaandEurope.WhileRoebuckisoneoftheoldestandmostestablishedtoolcompaniesintheworldandhasbeenusedandtrustedbyengineersformorethan150years,Searssellstimepieces.However,Chineseaudiencesarenotfamiliarwiththesetwoforeignbrands,sothetranslatordirectlytranslatedthemintothesuperiorvocabularyofthesetwobrands:“百货公司”.Easytounderstandandeffective.Butherethetranslatorchosetoabandontheculturalbackgroundbehindthevocabularyandachievesemanticequivalence.（2）Heputshisinyourshirtsqueezesyourtittillit’spurple[16]5.他只是假仁假义[16]5。Thissentenceisbasedonthepolice'sevaluationofthecaptain'sassessmentofthegovernment'supcominglargetaxcollection.Ifitweresimplytranslatedliterallyas:他将他的手伸进你的衬衫里，直到把你的奶头拧到发紫为止,itwouldbetoocomicalandvulgartobeseenataglance.Suchatranslat