2022年6月研究生英语学位统考真题

第第页2022年6月研究生英语学位统考真题2022年6月讨论生学位英统考试题

PaperOne

PartIListeningComprehension〔25minutes,20points〕

SectionA(1pointeach)

1.A:Toaskhisbossforleave.B:Toworkinhisplace.

CTomeethisfriendattheairport.DTocoverhisabsencefromhisboss.

2.A;Hedoesn’twanttogototheshow,asheisnotinterestedinit.

B:Heisnotfreetogotothefashionshowwiththewoman.

CHecan’tgowiththewoman,ashehastofinishhispaper.

Dhecan’tgowiththewoman,ashehasapileofpaperworktodo.

3.A:Hehasbeenprettybusy.B:Hehasbeenmad.

CHewasatameeting.DHewaswithabusinesspartner.

4.A:AbanktellerBAsalesmanCApolicemanDApostman

5.A:Shehasn’tbeenintouchwithSamforweeks.B:ShehasbeenlookingforSamforweeks.C:Samhasbeenoutofworkforweeks.DSamhasbeenhuntingforweeks.

6.A:Shewillwrapthefileverycarefully.B:Shewon’ttellanyoneelseaboutthefile.

CSheisconfidentaboutthefile.DShewillkeepthefileinasafe.

7.A:Hesaidsomethingthatheshouldn’thavesaid.B:Hewasverycarefulaboutwhathesaid.

CHedidn’tunderstandwhatthewomanwantedhimtodo.DHetalkedtoomuchtothewoman.

8.A:Hehasrunoutofgas.B:Hehashadanaccident.

CHiscarhasbeenbroken.DHehasarrivedhome.

9.A:Thelocationismoreconvenient.BItistoreducethecostofbuilding.

CPeopleliketoliveinhighbuildings.DPeoplecanhaveabetterviewinhighbuildings.SectionB(1pointeach)

Mini-talkOne

10A;BritainisdumpingitswastestoChinainthenameofrecycling.

B:Britainhasbeenpunishedfore*portingrubbishtoChina.

CChinashouldsetupnewenvironmentalstandards.

DChinashouldacknowledgethecostsoftheenvironmentaldamage.

11.A20,000B:50,000C:500,000D200,000

12.A:Theydidn’thaveanyenvironmentalstandardstofollow.

B:Theyaredoingtherecyclinginbackyards.

CTheycausemorepollutiontotheenvironment.DTheiremployeeshavebeenpoisoned.

Mini-talkTwo

13.A:Heisamusicstar.B:Heisadoctor.CHeisadrugdealer.DHeisaspokesman.

14.A:Hewasgoingtoreceiveanoperation.BHewasrecoveringfromcancer.

CHewase*pectedtoquitfromthegroup.DHewasinvolvedinascandal.

15.AMostofitsmembersabusedrugs.B:Mostofitsmembersarefromthecountryside.

CThegrouphasbeenfullofscandals.DThegrouphasbeenintroublesince1963.

SectionC(1pointeach)

16.WheredidtheFrenchGovernmentlegalizetheuseofmobilephoneblockingdevices?

17.Theblockingdevicecanpreventpeoplefromreceivingandmakingmobiletelephonecallswithin______ofthedevice.

18.Bychangingthelawthegovernmente*pectstomakecinema_____.

19.Whileblockingtelephonesignalsincinemasandtheaterstheblockingdevicemightaffectsignalsto_______.

20.Beforeitwaslegalized,theuseofblockingdeviceswaspunishablewithafineof20,660npoundsor_________.

PartIVocabulary

SectionA

Directions:Therearetenquestionsinthissection.Eachquestionisasentencewithonewordorphraseunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,BCandD.Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

1.Thesefiguresboildowntonosignificanceastheyarestatisticallyimperfect.

AamounttoBconformtoCcontributetoDattachto

2.Theresearchersareworkinghardtofindtheoptimalconcentrationofthisdrug.

AmostpoisonousBmostlikelyCmostfamousDmostdesirable

3.Thisyounglawyerdarestotakeonthepowerfulonbehalfofthepoorandweak.

AwiththefavorofBfindgoodjobsforCassumetheresponsibilityforDacceptthechallengeof

4.Thelasttracesofrespectabilityhadvanishedbythetimehewasconvictedandimprisoned.

AcollapsedBdisappearedCperishedDscattered

5.Fearfuloflosingherjobforgood,thisladydecidedtotalktothemanagerdirectly.

AforbenefitsBbyluckCforeverDathand.

6.Animportantinnovationinthiscollegewastheintroductionoftheseminarymethodforadvancedstudents.

AideaBchangeCmatterDpolicy

7.ThisarchaeologistmadeastudyofthevastareathroughwhichtheRomancivilizationhasbeenpropagated.

Ae*tendedBterminatedCspeculatedDrestricted

8.Theinvestorwouldsufferalotfromatelevisionseriesthatwasheavilyinvestedinbutnevercameoff.

AwasreleasedBprovedsatisfactoryCfailedcompletelyDwonawards

9.Giventhegravityofthesituation,thebestthingwecandoistodeclarethecompanybankrupt.

AgravitationBfascinationCseriousnessDincurability

10.Whenthesymptomoccurs,shefindsitdifficulttomanipulateapencildespiteheryoungage.

AutilizeBhandleCmasterDdominate

SectionB:

Directions:Therearetenquestionsinthissection.Eachquestionisasentencewithsomethingmissing.BeloweachsentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

11.Thecountryoncethreatenedto___diplomaticrelationswithitsneighborifthelatterwastoofriendlytothe

rebels.

AshowoffBkeepoffCbreakoffDcalloff

12.InEnglishleaning,a___circleoccurswhenastudentmakesmoreerrorsafterbeingscolded.

AviciousBvigorousCverticalDvoluntary

13.Someancientpeoplewereabletotellthetimebytheshadow___bythesunontheslate.

AthrownBflungCcastDtossed(upward)

14.Competitioncompelsdistrictstodevotetheirlimitedresourcestoachievingresultsthatcompare___with

otherlocaldistricts.

AsignificantlyBfavorablyCdramaticallyDsuperficially

15.Ifyoudon’tknowhowto___yourachievements,yourpartingfromthisworldisgoingtobeanightmare.

AtakeholdofBgetridofCletgoofDmakefunof

16.Thiscountrycouldhaveasmanyas10millioncasesofAIDSin2022ifthe____isnottakenseriously.

AepisodeBepidemicCequivalentDeruption

17.Withawidevarietyoffreshfruit___available,cannerfruitisnolongersopopularasbefore.

AwillinglyBappropriatelyCconfidentlyDreadily=easily

18.Thecrisisoverparliamentaryelectionillustratedtheunpredictable____thateventscouldtakeoncethe

coalitiontroopsarewithdrawn.

AprocessBlineCwayDcourse

19.Decadesof___mighthavebeenpartiallyresponsibleforourignoranceofdevelopmentabroad.

AinsulationBirrigationCintegrationDisolation

20.Therehavebeensomeinsensiblepeoplewhoattempttoendtheirpains____throughsuicide.

AbyandlargeBonceforall=foreverCheartandsoulDonthewhole

PartII.Cloze

Directions:Thereare10questionsinthispartofthetest.Readthepassagethrough.Then,gobackandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandDforeachblankinthepassage.Markthecorrespondingletterofthewordorphraseyouhavechosenwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

ThereisnowanewkeychaindevicethatletspeopleturnoffmostTVsanywherefromairportstorestaurants.Anditissellingfasterthan21.“Ithoughttherewouldjustbeafewsales,butwecan’t22demand,”saidinventorMitchAltmanofSanFrancisco,U.S.“Ididn’tknowthereweresomanypeoplewhowantedtoturnTVsoff.”

HundredsofordersforAltman’sUS$14.99TV-B-Gonedevicepouredinlastweek.Thetinyremotecontroldevicehadbeen23inWiredmagazineandotheronline-mediaoutlets.24,theune*pectedattentionoverloadedthewebsiteofhiscompany.CornfieldElectronics,andcauseditto25.

Thekeychaindeviceworkslikea26remotecontrolbutitonlyturnsTVsonoroff.Withapushofthebutton,itgoesthrougha27ofabout200infraredcodesthatcontrolthepowerofabout1,000televisionmodels.AltmansaidthemajorityofTVsshould28within17seconds.Ittakesalittlemorethanaminuteforthedeviceto29allthetriggercodes.

The47-year-oldAltmangottheideaforTV-B-Goneadecadeago.Hewasoutwithfriendsatarestaurantandtheyfoundthemselvesall30bytheTV,butnoonewasaroundtoturnitoff.

21.Ae*pectsBe*pectationCe*pectedDe*pecting

22.AgiveintoBholdontoCmakeupforDkeepupwith

23.AacknowledgedBannouncedCadmittedDapplied

24.AAttimesBOntimeCBehindtimeDAtthesametime

25.AclashBcrush=smashCcruiseDcrash

26.AcommonplaceBuniversal普遍CmeanDmedium

27.Astring字符串BflockCschoolDfleet

28.ArepelBrepeatCreactDreproach=blame

29.AsubmitBpermitComitDemit

30.AbotheredBhauntedCinterruptedDhindered

PartIII.ReadingComprehensive

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassages.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

Animalsaremorelikeusthanweeverimagined.Theyfeelpain,theye*periencestress,andtheyshowaffection,e*citementandlove.Allthesefindinghavebeenmadebyscientistsinrecentyearsandsuchresultsarebeginningtochangehowweviewanimals.

Strangelyenough,thisresearchwassponsoredbyfastfoodcompanieslikeMcDonald’sandKFC.Pressuredbyanimalrightsgroups,thesecompaniesfelttheyhadtofundscientistsresearchingtheemotionalandmentalstatesofanimals.

McDonald’s,forinstance,fundedstudiesonpigbehaviorsatPurdueUniversity,Indiana.Thisresearchfoundthatpigsseekaffectionandeasilybecomedepressedifleftaloneorpreventedfromplayingwitheachother.Iftheybecomedepressed,theysoonbecomephysicallyill.Becauseofthis,andothersimilarstudies,theEuropeanUnionhasbannedtheuseofisolatingpigstallsfrom2022.InGermany,thegovernmentisencouragingpigfarmerstogiveeachpig20secondsofhumancontactaday,andtoprovidethemwithtoystopreventthemfromfighting.

Otherscientistshaveshownthatanimalsthinkandbehavelikehumans.

Koko,the300-poundgorilla(大猩猩)attheGorillaFoundationinNorthernCalifornia,forinstance,hasbeentaughtsignlanguage.KokocannowunderstandseveralthousandEnglishwords,morethanmanyhumanswhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguage.OnhumanIQtests,shescoresbetween70and95.

Beforesuche*periments,humansthoughtlanguageskillswereabsentfromtheanimalkingdom.Othermythsarealsobeingoverturned,likethebeliefthatanimalslackself-awareness.Studieshavealsoshownthatanimalsmourntheirdead,andthattheyplayforpleasure.

Thesestrikingsimilaritiesbetweenanimalandhumanbehaviorhaveledsometoaskaquestion:“Ifyoubelieveinevolution,howcan’tyoubelievethatanimalshavefeelingsthathumanbeingshave?”

Untilrecently,scientistsbelievedthatanimalsbehavedbyinstinctandthatwhatappearedtobelearnedbehaviorwasmerelygenetically-programmedactivity.ButasKokotheGorillashows,thisisnotthecase.Infact,learningispassedfromparentstooffspringfarmoreoftenthannotintheanimalkingdom.

Sowhatimplicationsdoesthisknowledgehaveforhumans?Becauseofthis,shouldwebanhuntingandanimaltesting?Shouldweclosezoos?Suchquestionsarebeingraisedbymanyacademicsandpoliticians.Harvardand25otherAmericanlawschoolshaveintroducedcoursesonanimalrights.

31.TheauthorfeelsitstrangethattheresearchwassponsoredbyfastfoodcompanieslikeMcDonald’sandKFCprobablybecausethesecompanies_____.

Aarethelargestfastfoodchainsintheworld.Bhavelittletodowithanimals.

Cconsumealargeamountofmeateachday.Darenotoriousfortheirill-treatmenttoanimals.

32.Thee*perimentwithKokoshows_____.

Agorillas’IQscoresareashighashumanbeings’Banimalsaremuchclevererthanweusedtobelieve.

Cparentanimalscanpasslearningtotheiroffspringintentionally.

Dsomegorillasaresmarterthanmanyhumans.

33.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothestudies?

ASomeanimalshavedevelopedlanguageskills.BSomeanimalscanshowtheirfeelings.

CAnimalsenjoyplayingwitheachother.DAnimalsbecomeindifferentwhenoneofthemdies.

34.Bycitingthequestion“Ifyoubelieveinevolution,howcan’tyoubelievethatanimalshavefeelingsthathumanbeingshave?”theauthormeans____.

Ahumanfeelingscantracetheiroriginbacktoanimals.Banimal’sfeelingsareasdevelopedashumanbeings’.

Cfromthepointofviewofevolutionanimalsshouldhavenofeelings.

Dwecan’tbelievethatanimalshavefeelingsthathumanbeingshave.

35.Thestudiesurgeusto____.

Astopkillinganimalsforfood.Bbanhuntingandanimaltesting

CclosezoosandanimalfarmsDchangeourwaystotreatanimals.

36.Thepurposeofthispassageistotellusthat____.

Aanimalsaremuchsmarterthanweeverimagined.Banimalsrightsshouldbetaughtinschools.

Cweshouldshowgreaterrespecttoanimals.Danimalsrightsshouldbeprotectedworldwide.

PassageTwo

Tieshavenopracticaluseatallandmostmenseethemaspartofauniforminsteadofanindependentpieceofclothing.But,thesesmallstripsofclothshouldnotbeunderestimated,fashione*pertssay.

Theshirt,suitorjacketareneutralmeansofe*pression.But,thetiegivesyouthefinalpersonaltouch,e*pertssuggest.

Infact,itscoloralsohaspsychologicalimportance.“Red,forinstance,evokesfeelingsofwarmthandintimacy”,accordingtoA*elVenn.He’saprofessorofdesignattheUniversityofAppliedSciencesandArtinGermany.“Italsostandsforenergy,dynamismandstrength.”

Usingshadesofcolorrequiresunderstandingandsensitivity.Orangeisregardedasalivelycolor.Bluestandsformatter-of-fact,solitudeandcoolness.Shinyyellowstirsamusement.Greenisthecolorofnatureandharmony.

It’sonlywhenthecolorfitsthepersonalcharacterthatitisviewedasauthentic.

“Alivelyorangewithablacksuitandwhiteshirtcanlookgreatataprivatepartyorinanartisticenvironment,”Vennsays.“Inaconservativeenvironmentsuchasinabanksuchdressisunsuitable.”

ImmeVogelsang,atrainerofetiquetteinHamburg,Germany,recommendsinbusinessenvironmenthowcontrastingcolorssuchaswinered,darkgreenordarkblue.

Butfemininecolorshavealsobecomepopular.“Lightgreenandafinerosecolorplayanincreasingrole.Suchcolorse*pressinnovationandsensitivity,”Vennsays.

Also,patternsthatstandoutcanbeaninterestingeyecatcherinaprivateenvironmentbutareunsuitableinbusiness.

“Stripesandsmallgeometricpatternsaremoreappropriateinbusiness,”Vogelsangsays,“butstripesshouldneverrunverticallyorhorizontally.”

Withdiagonalstripesitisimportanttolookatthedirection.Theyshouldrunfromthebottomlefttotherighttop.“Thissymbolizesdynamism.Intheoppositedirectionitshowsfearandescapistthoughts.”

37.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

ATiesImpracticalPiecesofClothing.BPsychologicalImportanceofTies

CWhatTheColorsofTiesMeanDTheColorsofTiesandtheOccasionstoWearThem.

38.Accordingtothepassage,tiesaremoreimportant____.

Athanshirts,suitsorjackets.Bincolorsthaninpatterns.

Cine*pressingone’smoodthanshirts.Dinbusinessthanonprivateoccasions.

39.Whatcoloroftiesshouldonewear,ifhewantstoappearenergetic?

AGreenBOrangeCShinyyellowDRed

40.Thebestcolorforthetieofajudgeinacourtshouldbe____

AlightgreenBlivelyorangeCfineroseDdarkblue

41.Whatkindoftiesismoresuitableonanimportantbusinessoccasion?

ATieswithoutstripesandgeometricpatterns.BTieswithstripesofverticalorhorizontalpatterns.

CTiesofnobrightcolorsandobviouspatternsDPlaintieswithoutanystripesandpatterns

42.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat___.

Atieswithstripesfromthebottomlefttotherighttoparenotpopular.

Btieswithstripesfromthebottomrighttothelefttoparenotpopular.

Ctieswithstripesofverticalorhorizontalpatternsarepopular

Dtiesoffemininecolorsareoutoffashionnowadays.

PassageThree

Musiciansarefascinatedwiththepossibilitythatmusicmaybefoundinnature;itmakesourowndesireforartseemallthemoreessential.Overthepastfewyearsnolessaboldmusicale*plorerthanPeterGabrielhasbeengettinginvolved.AttheResearchCenterinAtlanta,Georgia,hehasbeenmakingmusictogetherwithKanzi,one

ofthebonoboapes〔倭黑猩猩〕involvedinthelong-termlanguageacquisitionstudiesofSueandDuaneSavage-Rumbaugh.

IhaveseenthevideoofKanzipickingnotesoutonapiano-likekeyboard,withGabrielandmembersofhisbandplayinginsidetheobservationboothinthelab.(TheydiditthiswaybecauseKanzihadbittenoneofhistrainersafewdayspreviouslyinterspeciescommunicationwithoutitsdangers.)Thesceneisbeautiful,theapetryingoutthenewmachineandlookingthoughtfullypleasedwithwhatcomesout.Heappearstobelistening,playingtherightnotes.Itistentativebutmoving,theanimalgropingforsomethingfromthehumanworldbutremainingisolatedfromtherestoftheband.Itisatouchingencounter,andaboldmoveforamusicianwhosetuneShocktheMonkeymanyyearsagoopenlycondemnedthehorrorsoflesssensitiveanimalse*perimentsthanthis.

Whatisthescientificvalueofsuchajamsession?ThebusinessoftheResearchCenteristheforgingofgreatercommunicationbetweenhumanandanimal.Whynottrythefertileandmysteriousgroundofmusicinadditiontothemoretestablearenaofsimplelanguage?Theadvantageofhearingmusicinnatureandtryingtoreachouttonaturethroughmusicisthat,thoughwedon’tfullyunderstandit,wecaneasilyhaveaccesstoit.Wedon’tneedtoe*plainitsworkingtobetouchedbyit.Twomusicianswhodon’tspeakthesamelanguagecanplaytogether,andwecanappreciatethemusicfromhumanculturesfarfromourown.

Musicneedsnoe*planation,butitclearlye*pressessomethingdeepandimportant,somethinghumanscan’tlivewithout.Findingmusicinthesoundsofbirds,whalesandotheranimalsmakesthefartherfrontiersofnatureseemthatmuchclosertous.

43.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatPeterGabriel_____.

Aisabolde*pertonanimalbehaviour.

Bwantstofindmoreaboutnaturalmusic.

Cisworkingonanimal’slanguageability

Dspecializinginhuman-animalcooperation

44.Kanziwasarrangedtostayinaseparateplace____.

Atopreventhimfromattackingthehumanplayers

Bsothathewouldnotbedisturbedbyothers.

Cbecauseheneededalargeroomtomovearound.

Dafterhehaddestroyedtheothers’musicalinstruments.

45.Kanzitheape____.

Awasannoyedbythemusic-playingactivity.

Bdemonstratednounusualtalentformusic.

Cbecamemoreobedientwhenplayingmusic.

Dseemedcontentwithwhathewasproducing.

46.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheadvantageofmusic?

AControllableBE*planationCAccessibleDTestable

47.Thewriterseemstosuggestthat_______

Amusicshouldreplacelanguageasthemajorarenaofanimalresearch.

Banimale*perimentsaremoreoftenthannotcruelandinhuman.

Cgreatprogresshasbeenmadeinthefieldofinterspeciescommunication.

Dthee*perimentwithmusicmayhelpscientificresearchonanimals.

48.Thebesttitleforthepassageis________.

AMusicTheEssenceofNature

BMusicABetterWaytoEnjoyNature.

CMusicANewFrontierforScientists

DMusicBeyondNationalandCulturalBoundary

PassageFour

InarecentSundayschoolinachurchintheNortheast,agroupofeight-to-ten-year-oldswereindeepdiscussionwiththeirtwoteachers.Whenaskedtochoosewhichoftenstatedpossibilitiestheymostfearedhappeningtheirresponsewasunanimous.Allthechildrenmostdreadedadivorcebetweentheirparents.

Later,astheteachers,amanandawomanintheirlatethirties,reflectedonthelesson,theybothagreedthey’dbeenshockedattheresponse.Whentheywerethesameageastheirstudents,theysaid,thepossibilityoftheirparents’beingdivorcedneverenteredtheirheads.Yetinjustonegeneration,childrenseemedtofeelmuchlesssecurityintheirfamilyties.

Noristhee*perienceofthesetwoSundayschoolteachersanisolatedone.Psychiatristsrevealedinonerecentnewspaperinvestigationthatthefearsofchildrendefinitelydochangeindifferentperiod;andinrecenttimes,divorcehasbecomeoneofthemostfrequentlymentionedan*ieties.Inonecase,fore*ample,afour-year-oldinsistedthathisfatherratherthanhismotherwalkhimtonurseryschooleachday.Thereason?Hesaidmanyofhisfriendshad“nodaddylivingathome,andI’mscaredthatwillhappentome.”

Inlinewithsuchreports,ouropinionleaderse*pressedgreatconcernaboutthepresentandfuturestatusoftheAmericanfamily.Inthepoll33percentoftheresponseslisteddeclineinfamilystructure,divorceandotherfamily-orientedconcernsasoneofthefivemajorproblemsfacingthenationtoday.And26percentoftheresponsesincludedsuchfamilydifficultiesasoneofthefivemajorproblemsfortheUnitedStatesinthene*tdecade.

Onecommonconcerne*pressedabouttheriseindivorcesanddeclineinstabilityofthefamilyisthatthefamilyunithastraditionallybeenakeyfactorintransmittingstableculturalandmoralvaluesfromgenerationtogeneration.Variousstudieshaveshownthateducationalandreligiousinstitutionsoftencanhaveonlyalimitedimpactonchildrenwithoutstrongfamilysupport.

49.ItismentionedthatinaSundayschoolclassthechildren____

Adeeplyimpressedtheirteachers.

Bhadanargumentwiththeirteachers.

Cfearedansweringtheirteachers’question.

Dgavethesameresponsetotheirteachers’question.

50.ThetwoteachersintheSundayschoolfelt___.

Aresponsiblefortighteningschoolsecurity.

Bnofearofthedivorceoftheirstudents’parents.

Cnothreatofbrokenfamilytieswhentheywereten-year-olds.

Dshockedatthedivorceratesoftheirstudents’parents.

51.Theauthorusesafour-year-oldasane*ampleto____.

Ashowthean*ietyoftoday’schildren.

Bemphasizetheimportanceoffamilyties.

Cindicatetheseriousnessofpsychologicalproblems.

Drevealthechangeofchildren’sattitudetowarddivorce.

52.ItisstatedthatonethirdoftheAmericanpopulation_______.

Aconsiderfamily-orientedconcernstobeabigproblem.

BareworriedaboutthefutureoftheUnitedStates.

Cbelievethesocialsituationisgettingworse.

Darefacingfamilydifficulties.

53.Familyhasbeenregardedasamajorcarrierof__________.

AreligiousbeliefsBvariouscustomsCsocialtraditionsDculturalandmoralvalues.

54.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat____.

ASundayschoolteachersaredifferentfrompublicschoolteachers.

Bfamilyhasstrongerimpactonchildrenthanothersocialinstitutions.

Cinadecadefamily-orientedconcernswillbethesameastheyarenow.

Dparents’divorcehaslongbeenchildren’sbiggestfear.

PassageFive

FaithinmedicinerunsdeepinAmerica.Wespendmoreperpersononhealthcarethananyothernation.Whetherweeattoomuchore*ercisetoolittle,whetherwe’returninggrayorfeelingblue,welooktosomepillorproceduretomakeusbetter.

Weassumethatdevotingevermoredollarstomedicinewillbringuslonger,healthierlives.Butthereismountingevidencethateachnewdollarwedevotetothecurrenthealthcaresystembringssmallanddiminishingreturnstopublichealth.TodaytheUnitedStatesspendsmorethan$4,500perpersonperyearonhealthcare.CostaRicaspendslessthan$300.Yetlifee*pectancyatbirthisnearlyidenticalinbothcountries.

Despitethehighlypublicized“longevityrevolution”,lifee*pectancyamongtheelderlyintheUnitedStatesishardlyimproving.Yes,weareanagingsociety,butprimarilybecauseoffallingbirthrates.YoungerAmericans,meanwhile,arefarmorelikelytobedisabledthantheywere20yearsago.Mostaffectedarepeopleintheirthirties,whosedisabilityratesincreasedbynearly130percent,dueprimarilytooverweight.

Whyhasourhugeinvestmentinhealthcareleftussounhealthy?Partlyitisbecausesomanypromised“miraclecures,”frominterferontogenetherapies,haveproventobeineffectiveorevendangerous.Partlyit’sbecausehealthcaredollarsaresoconcentratedontheterminallyillandtheveryoldthatevenwhenmedicalinterventions“work”,thegainstoaveragelifee*pectancyaresmall.Andpartlyitisbecausemedicalerrorsandadversereactiontoprescriptiondrugs,whichcausemoredeathsthanmotorvehicleaccidents,breastcancerorAIDS.Eachyearroughly200,000seniorssufferfatalorlife-threatening“adversedrugevents”duetoimproper