摄影测量与遥感学英语词汇

摄影测量与遥感学英语词汇001摄影测量学photogrammetry

002卫星摄影测量satellitephotogrammetry

003摄影学photography

004航天摄影spacephotography

005航空摄影aerialphotography

006航空摄影机aerialcamera

007立体摄影机stereocamera，stereometriccamera

008非量测摄影机non－metriccamera

009量测摄影机metriccamera

010全景摄影机panoramiccamera，panoramacamera

011框幅摄影机framecamera

012条幅［航带］摄影机continuousstripcamera,stripcamera

013阵列摄影机arraycamera

014电荷耦合器件摄影机(简称“CCD摄影机”)charge－coupleddevicecamera

015多谱段摄影机multispectralcamera

016地面摄影机terrestrialcamera

017弹道摄影机ballisticcamera

018水下摄影机underwatercamera

019大象幅摄影机largeformatcamera，LFC

020恒星摄影机stellarcamera

021地平线摄影机horizoncamera

022反束光导管摄象机returnbeamvidiconcamera，RBV

023象幅pictureformat

024框标fiducialmark

025象移补偿imagemotioncompensation，IMC，forwardmotioncompensation，FMC

026焦距focallength

027快门shutter

028中心快门between-the-lensshutter，lensshutter

029帘幕快门(又称“焦面快门)focalplaneshutter，curtainshutter

030景深depthoffield

031超焦点距离hyperfocaldistance

032孔径(又称“光圈”)aperture

033光圈号数f-number，stop-number

034象场角objectiveangleofimagefield，angularfieldofview

035瞬时现场(又称“空间分解力”，其值为地面分解力2．5～2．8倍)instantaneousfield－of－view，IFOV

036畸变［差］distortion

037全景畸变panoramicdistortion

038几何畸变geometricdistortion

039径向畸变radialdistortion

040切向畸变tangentialdistortion，tangentiallensdistortion

041物镜分辨率resolvingpoweroflens

042影象分辨率resolvingpowerofimage(注：一毫米内能分辨线对条数)

043正片positive

044负片negative

045透明负片dianegative

046透明正片diapositive,transparentpositive

047反转片reversalfilm

048盲色片achromaticfilm

049正色片orthochromaticfilm

050全色片panchromaticfilm

051红外片infraredfilm

052黑白片black-and-whitefilm

053彩色片colorfilm

054全色红外片panchromaticinfraredfilm

055彩色红外片(又称“假彩色片”)colorinfraredfilm，falsecolorfilm

056航摄软片aerialfilm

057感光度sensitivity

058感光材料sensitivematerial

059彩色感光材料colorsensitivematerial

060感光测定sensitometry

061感光特性曲线characteristiccurveofphotographicemulsion

062光谱感光度(又称“光谱灵敏度”)spectralsensitivity

063黑白摄影black-and-whitephotography

064彩色摄影colorphotography

065假彩色摄影falsecolorphotography

066红外摄影infraredphotography

067全息摄影hologramphotography，holography

068缩微摄影microphotography,microcopying

069低倍放大摄影pnotomacrography

070显微摄影photomicrography

071多谱段摄影multispectralphotography

072全景摄影panoramicphotography

073竖直摄影verticalphotography

074倾斜摄影obliquephotography

075小象幅航空摄影smallformataerialphotography，SFAP

076摄站camerastation，exposurestation

077摄影航线flightlineofaerialphotography

078摄影分区flightblock

079摄影比例尺photographicscale

080摄影基线photographicbaseline，airbase

081摄影质量photographicquality

082航摄领航navigationofaerialphotography

083航摄计划flightplanofaerialphotography

084航摄漏洞aerialphotographicgap

085航高flyingheight，flightheight

086相对航高relativeflyingheight

087绝对航高absoluteflyingheight

088基一高比base-heightratio

089航向重叠longitudinaloverlapendoverlap，forwardoverlap,fore－and－aftoverlap

090旁向重叠lateraloverlap，sideoverlap，sidelaP

091骨架航线(又称“构架航线”)controlstrip

092曝光exposure

093摄影处理photographicprocessing

094显影developing

095定影fixing

096感光sensitising

097接触晒印contactprinting

098投影晒印projectionprinting

099反差contrast

100反差系数contrastcoefficient

101景物反差objectcontrast

102地面照度illuminanceofground

103影象质量imagequality

104影象分辨力(又称“象元地面分辨力”。指象元地面尺寸。)imageresolution,groundresolution

105像片photo，photograph

106竖直摄影像片verticalphotograph

107倾斜摄影像片obliquephotograph

108航摄像片aerialphotograph

109地平线像片horizonphotograph

110像片比例尺photoscale

111数字影象(又称“数字图象”)digitalimage

112数字化影象digitizedimage

113光学密度opticaldensity

114密度计densitometer

115测微密度计microdensitometer

116光学传递函数opticaltransferfunction，OTF

117相位传递函数phasetransferfunction，PTF

118调制传递函数modulationtransferfunction，MTF

119维纳频谱Winerspectrum

120透光率transmittance

121灰楔greywedge,opticalwedae

122密度density

123灰度greylevel

124象元pixel，pictureelement

125密度分割densityslicing

126象主点principalpointofphotograph

127象底点photonadirpoint

128地底点groundnadirpoint

129象等角点isocenterofphotogrgaph

130等比线ipometricparallel

131像片基线photobase

132象主纵线principalline［ofphotograph］

133主垂面principalplane［ofphotograph］，principalverticalplane

134真地平线truehorizon

135视地平线apparenthorizon

136象地平线(又称“合线”、“真水平线”)imagehorizon,horizontrace,vanishingline

137象点位移displacementofimage

138投影差reliefdisplacement，heightdisplacement

139倾斜位移tiltdisplacement

140主合点principalvanishingpoint

141核点epipole

142核面epipolarplane

143核线epipolarline，epipolarray

144主核线principalepipolarline

145主核面principalepipolarplane

146垂核面verticalepipolarplane

147垂核线verticalepipolarline

148同名核线correspondingepipolarline

149像片方位角azimuthofphotograph

150像片内方位元素elementsofinteriororientation

151像片外方位元素elementsofexteriororientation

152像片方位元素photoorientationelements

153姿态attitude

154姿态参数attitudeparameter

155像片倾角tiltangleofphotograph

156航向倾角longitudinaltilt，pitch

157旁向倾角lateraltilt，roll

158像片旋角swingangle,yaw

159立体象对stereopair

160立体观测stereoscopicobservation

161互补色立体观察anaglyphicalstereoscopicviewing

162偏振光立体观察vectographmethodofstereoscopicviewing

163立体视觉stereocopicvision

164正立体orthostereoscopy

165反立体pseudostereoscopy

166左右视差horizontalparallax，x－parallax

167上下视差verticalparallax，y－parallax

168同名象点correspondingimagepoints，homologousimagepoints

169标准配置点Gruberpoint

170定向点orientationpoint

171内部定向interiororientation

172外部定向exteriororientation

173相对走向relativeorientation

174绝对定向absoluteorientation

175相对定向元素elementsofrelativeorientation

176绝对定向元素elementsofabsoluteorientation

177几何反转原理principleofgeometricreverse(注：根据光路可逆性，建立所摄对象模型的原理)

178同名光线correspondingimagerays

179全能法测图universalmethodofphotogrammetricmapping，yнивepcaльн-ыйметод

аэрофотограмметрическойсьёмки(俄)

180分工法测图(又称“微分法测图”)differentialmethodofphotogrammetricmapping,

дифференцированныйметодаэрофотограмметрическойсьёмки（俄）

181综合法测图photoplanimetricmethodofphotogrammetricmapping，комбинированный

методаэрофотограмметрическойсьёмки（俄）

182纠正rectification

183像片纠正photorectification

184像片平面图photoplan

185光学纠正opticalrectification

186光学机械纠正optical－mechanicalrectification

187图解纠正graphicalrectification

188光学图解纠正opticalgraphicalrectification

189仿射纠正affinerectification

190分带纠正zonalrectification

191多级纠正multistagerectification

192纠正图底basisforrectification

193光学条件opticalcondition(注：保证纠正仪上物、象平面光学共轭的条件)

194几何条件geometriccondition(注：保证纠正仪上正确投影关系的条件)

195纠正元素elementofrectification

196合点控制vanishingpointcontrol

197交线条件(又称“向甫鲁条件”、“恰普斯基条件”)conditionofintersection，

Scheimpflugcondition,Czapskicondition

198透视旋转定律(又称“沙尔定律”)rotationaxiomoftheperspective，rotationaltheorem，Chaslestheorem

199像片镶嵌photomosaic

200光学镶嵌opticalmosaic

201镶嵌索引图indexmosaic

202调绘annotation

203像片判读photointerpretation

204目视判读visualinterpretation

205明显地物点outstandingpoint．

206人工标志【点】artificialtarget

207辐射三角测量radialtriangulation

208立体摄影测量stereophotogrammetry，twoimagephotogrammetry

209模拟法测图analogphotogrammetricplotting

210变换光束测图affineplotting

211光学投影opticalprojection

212机械投影mechanicalprojection

213光学机械投影optical-mechanlcalprojection

214像片主距principaldistanceofphoto

215摄影机主距principaldistanceofcamera

216投影器主距principaldistanceofprojector

217立体模型stereoscopicmodel

218几何模型geometricmodel

219视模型perceivedmodel

220模型缩放scalingofmodel

221模型置平levelingofmodel

222模型连接bridgingofmodel

223空中三角测量aerotriangulation

224空中水准测量aeroleveling

225空中导线测量aeropolygonometry

226模拟空中三角测量analogaerotriangulation

227阿贝比长原理Abbecomparatorprinciple

228波罗一科普原理Porro－Koppeprinciple

229空间后方交会Spaceresection

230空间前方交会spaceintersection

231摄影测量坐标系photogrammetriccoordinatesystem

232象平面坐标系photocoordinatesystem

233象空间坐标系imagespacecoordinatesystem

234物空间坐标系objectspacecoordinatesystem

235罗德里格斯矩阵Rodriguesmatrix

236构象方程imagingequation

237共线方程collinearityequation

238共面方程coplanarityequation

239投影方程projectionequation

240加密点passpoint

241连接点tiepoint

242解析空中三角测量(俗称“电算加密”)analyticalaerotriangulation

243航带法空中三角测量stripaerialtriangulation

244独立模型法空中三角测量independentmodelaerialtriangulation，aerotriangulationbyindependentmodel

245光束法空中三角测量bundleaerialtriangulation

246联机空中三角测量on—lineaerophotogrammetrictriangulation

247区域网平差blockadjustment

248自检校self－calibration

249联合平差combinedadjustment

250数据探测法datasnooping

251粗差检测grosserrordetection

252选权迭代法iterationmethodwithvariableweights

253解析纠正analyticalrectification

254解析定向analyticalorientation

255解析测图analyticalmapping

256数控绘图桌digitaltracingtable

257机助测图computer－assistedmapping，computer－aidedmapping

258正射投影技术orthophototechnique

259微分纠正differentialrectification

260正射像片orthophoto

261立体正射像片orthophotostereo-mate

262正射影象图orthophotoquad(注：不带等高线影象图)

263正射影象地图orthophotomap(注：带等高线影象图)

264量化quantizing，quantization

265采样sampling

266重采样resampling

267采样间隔samplinginterval

268数字测图digitalmapping

269数字纠正digitalrectification

270数字镶嵌digitalmosaic

271影象匹配imagematching

272影象相关imagecorrelation

273光学相关opticalcorrelation

274电子相关electroniccorrelation

275数字相关digitalcorrelation

276核线相关epipolarcorrelation

277最小二乘相关leastsquarescorrelation

278目标区targetarea

279搜索区searchingarea

280邻元法neighborhoodmethod

281数字高程模型digitalelevationmodel，DEM

282数字表面模型digitalsurfacemodel,DSM

283摄影测量内插photogrammetricinterpolation

284多项式法polynomialmethod

285双线性内插bi－linearinterpolationmethod

286双三次卷积bi－cubicconvolution

287样条函数法splinesmethod

288有限元法finiteelementsmethod

289移动拟合法movingaveragemethod

290地面摄影测量terrestrialphotogrammetry

291正直摄影normalcasephotography

292等偏摄影parallel—avertedphotography

293交向摄影convergentphotography

294等倾摄影equallytiltedphotography

295全息摄影测量hologrammetry

296显微摄影测量microphotogrammetry

297电子显微摄影测量nanophotogrammetry

298双介质摄影测量two－mediumphotogrammetry

299近景摄影测量close－rangephotogrammetry

300超近摄影测量macrophotogrammetry(注：物距在0．l～0．0lm的摄影测量)

301直接线性变换directlineartransformation，DLT

302穆瓦条纹图(曾用名“莫尔条纹图”)moiretopography

303弹道摄影测量ballisticphotogrammetry

304工程摄影测量engineeringphotogrammetry

305工业摄影测量industrialphotogrammetry

306建筑摄影测量architecturalphotogrammetry

307考古摄影测量archaeologicalphotogrammetry

308生物医学摄影测量biomedicalphotogrammetry

309X射线摄影测量X－rayphotogrammetry

310实时摄影测量real－timephotogrammetry

311计算机视觉computervision

312遥感remotesensing

313资源与环境遥感remotesensingofnaturalresourcesandenvironment

314主动式遥感activeremotesensing

315被动式遥感passiveremotesensing

316多谱段遥感multispectralremotesensing

317多时相遥感multitemporalremotesensing

318红外遥感infraredremotesensing

319微波遥感microwaveremotesensing

320太阳辐射波谱solarradiationspectrum

321大气窗atmosphericwindow

322大气透过率atmospherictransmissivity

323大气噪声atmosphericnoise

324大气传输特性characteristicofatmospherictransmission

325波谱特征曲线spectrumcharactercurve

326波谱响应曲线spectrumresponsecurve

327波谱特征空间spectrumfeaturespace

328波谱集群spectrumcluster

329红外波谱infraredspectrum

330反射波谱reflectancespectrum

331电磁波谱electro-magneticspectrum

332功率谱powerspectrum

333地物波谱特性objectspectrumcharacteristic

334热辐射thermalradiation

335微波辐射microwaveradiation

336数据获取dataacquisition

337数据传输datatransmission

338数据处理dataprocessing

339地面接收站groundreceivingstation

340数字磁带digitaltape

341模拟磁带analogtape

342计算机兼容磁带computercompatibletape，CCT

343高密度数字磁带highdensitydigitaltape，HDDT

344图象复原imagerestoration

345模糊影象fuzzyimage

346卫星像片图satellitephotomap

347红外图象infraredimagery

348热红外图象thermalinfraredimagery，thermalIRimagery

349微波图象microwaveimagery

350成象雷达imagingradar

351熵编码entropycoding

352冗余码redundantcode

353冗余信息redundantinformation

354信息量contentsofinformation

355信息提取informationextraction

356月球轨道飞行器lunarorbiter

357空间实验室Spacelab

358航天飞机spaceshuttle

359陆地卫星Landsat

360海洋卫星Seasat

361测图卫星Mapsat

362立体卫星Stereosat

363礼炮号航天站Salyutspacestation，op6иTaльнаястанция“Caлют”（俄）

364联盟号宇宙飞船Soyuzspacecraft,KOPa6ль“Coюз”（俄）

365SPOT卫星SPOTsatellite，systemeprobatoired’observationdelaterse（法）

366地球资源卫星earthresourcestechnologysatellite，ERTS

367环境探测卫星environmentalsurveysatellite

368地球同步卫星geo－synchronoussatellite

369太阳同步卫星sun－synchronoussatellite

370卫星姿态satelliteattitude

371遥感平台remotesensingplatform

372主动式传感器activesensor

373被动式传感器passivesensor

374推扫式传感器push－broomsensor

375静态传感器staticsensor

376动态传感器dynamicsensor

377光学传感器opticalsensor

378微波传感器microwaveremotesensor

379光电传感器photoelectricsensor

380辐射传感器radiationsensor

381星载传感器satellite－bornesensor

382机载传感器airbornesensor

383姿态测量传感器attitude－measuringsensor

384探测器detector

385摄谱仪spectrograph

386航空摄谱仪aerialspectrograph

387波谱测定仪spectrometer

388地面摄谱仪terrestrialspectrograPh

389测距雷达range－onlyradar

390微波辐射计microwaveradiometer

391红外辐射计infraredradiometer

392侧视雷达side－lookingradar,SLR

393真实孔径雷达real－apertureradar

394合成孔径雷达syntheticapertureradar，SAR

395专题测图传感器thematicmapper，TM

396红外扫描仪infraredscanner

397多谱段扫描仪multispectralscanner．MSS

398数字图象处理digitalimageprocessing

399光学图象处理opticalimageprocessing

400实时处理real－timeprocessing

401地面实况groundtruth

402几何校正geometriccorrection

403辐射校正radiometriccorrection

404数字滤波digitalfiltering

405图象几何配准geometricregistrationofimagery

406图象几何纠正geometricrectificationofimagery

407图象镶嵌imagemosaic

408图象数字化imagedigitisation

409彩色合成仪additivecolirviewer

410假彩色合成falsecolorcomposite

411直接法纠正directschemeofdigitalrectification

412间接法纠正indirectschemeofdigitalrectification

413图象识别imagerecognition

414图象编码imagecoding

415彩色编码colorcoding

416多时相分析multitemporalanalysis

417彩色坐标系colorcoordinatesystem

418图象分割imagesegmentation

419图象复合imageoverlaying

420图象描述imagedescription

421二值图象binaryimage

422直方图均衡histogramequalization

423直方图规格化histogramspecification

424图象变换imagetransformation

425彩色变换colortransformation

426伪彩色pseudo－color

427假彩色falsecolor

428主分量变换principalcomponenttransformation

429阿达马变换Hadamardtransformation

430沃尔什变换Walshtransformation

431比值变换ratiotransformation

432生物量指标变换biomassindextransformation

433穗帽变换tesseledcaptransformation

434参照数据referencedata

435图象增强imageenhancement

436边缘增强edgeenhancement

437边缘检测edgedetection

438反差增强contrastenhancement

439纹理增强textureenhancement

440比例增强ratioenhancement

441纹理分析textureanalysis

442彩色增强colorenhancement

443模式识别patternrecognition

444特征feature

445特征提取featureextraction

446特征选择featureselection

447特征编码featurecoding

448距离判决函数distancedecisionfunction

449概率判决函数probabilitydecisionfunction

450模式分析patternanalysis

451分类器classifier

452监督分类supervisedclassification

453非监督分类unsupervisedclassification

454盒式分类法boxclassifiermethod

455模糊分类法fuzzyclassifiermethod

456最大似然分类maximumlikelihoodclassification

457最小距离分类minimumdistanceclassification

458贝叶斯分类Bayesianclassification

459机助分类computer－assistedclassification

460图象分析imageanalysisInteractivelyModelingwithPhotogrammetryWedescribeaninteractivesystemtoreconstruct3Dgeometryandextracttexturesfromasetofphotographstakenwitharbitrarycameraparameters.Thebasicideaistolettheuserdraw2Dgeometryontheimagesandsetconstraintsusingthesedrawings.Becausetheinputcomesdirectlyfromtheuser,hecanmoreeasilyresolvemostoftheambiguitiesanddifficultiestraditionalcomputervisionalgorithmsmustdealwith.Asetofgeometricallinearconstraintsformulatedasaweightedleast-squaresproblemisefficientlysolvedforthecameraparameters,andthenforthe3Dgeometry.Iterationsbetweenthesetwostepsleadtoimprovementsonbothresults.Onceasatisfying3Dmodelisreconstructed,itscolortexturesareextractedbysamplingtheprojectedtexelsinthecorrespondingimages.Allthetexturesassociatedwithapolygonarethenfittedtooneanother,andthecorrespondingcolorsarecombinedaccordingtoasetofcriteriainordertoformauniquetexture.Thesystemproduces3Dmodelsandenvironmentsmoresuitableforrealisticimagesynthesisandcomputeraugmentedreality.Realismincomputergraphicshasgreatlyevolvedoverthepastdecade.Howeververyfewsyntheticimagessimulatingrealenvironmentscanfoolanobserver.Amajordifficultylieswiththe3Dmodels;creatingrealisticmodelsisanexpensiveandtediousprocess.Unfortunatelythegrowingneedforthislevelofaccuracyisessentialforrealisticimagesynthesis,moviespecialeffects,andcomputeraugmentedreality.Oneattractivedirectionistoextractthesemodelsfromrealphotographs.Althoughtwodecadesofcomputervisionresearchhasledtoimportantfundamentalresults,afullyautomatedandreliablereconstructionalgorithmingeneralsituationshasnotyetbeenpresented,atleastfor3Dmodelssatisfyingcomputergraphicsgeneralrequirements.Misinformationincomputervisionalgorithmsresultingfromfalsecorrespondences,missededgedetections,noise,etc.cancreateseveredifficultiesintheextracted3Dmodels.Webaseourpremiseonthefactthattheuserknowswhathewantstomodel,andwithinwhichaccuracy.Hecandecidewhatmustbemodeledbygeometry,andwhatcouldbesimulatedbyasimplergeometrywithatextureappliedonit.Toprovidethisfunctionality,wedevelopedafullyinteractivereconstructionsystem.Gettinganaccurate3Dmodelrequiresthesolutionofseveralproblems,whichareallinterrelated.Wemustfirstcomputecorrectcameraparameters,andthenusethecamerasandconstraintstoreconstructthe3Dgeometry.Afterdiscussingsomerelatedwork,weoutlineourgeometryreconstructionsystem.Asetofcorrespondencesandincidencesresultinsimpleandefficientlinearconstraints.Althoughtheseconstraintsarenotnew,theimprovementsobtainedinaccuracyandspeeddemonstratetheimportanceofconsideringallofthemtogether.Userinterventionateverystepofthisprocess,resultsinmoresatisfyinggeneralreconstructed3Dmodels.Simple3Dgeometrywillbeeffectiveonlywithgoodqualitytextures.WefocusinSection3onamorecomplete,view-independent,treatmentoftextures.Texturesareextractedforeach3Dgeometryfromallimagesitprojectsto.Thebesttexels(2Dtextureelements)arethencombinedintoasingletextureaccordingtovariouscriteriaincludingvisibility,projectedareas,colordifferences,andimagequality.Bysolvingaccuratelyeachproblem,wewillbetterunderstandtherobustness,stability,andprecisionofourtechniques.Itshouldbecomeeasierlaterontoextendourinteractionswithmoreautomaticcomputervisionandimageprocessingtechniquesinordertoalleviatesomeofthemorecumbersomeandtedioustasks,whilekeepinguserinterventionwhererequired.Theresultsofoursystemshouldhelpuscreatemoreprecisetexturedsyntheticmodelsfromreal3Dobjectsinlesstimethancurrent3Dmodelers,andmorerobustlythanfullyautomatedgeometryextractionalgorithms.Twentyyearsofactiveresearchon3Dreconstructionfrom2Dimagesincomputervisionandroboticshaveleftaconsiderablelegacyofimportantresults.Thefirstproblemtoaddressconcernscameracalibration,i.e.computingcameraparameters.Thisisadifficultandunstableprocessoftenimprovedbytheuseofspecifictargets.Byputtingincorrespondencepointsorlinesbetweenimages,itbecomespossibletocalibratecameras.Similarlywithknowncameraparameters,onecanreconstructa3Dsceneuptoascalefactor.Intheseclassicalapproaches,segmentationsandcorrespondencesareautomaticallydetermined.OnetypicalexampleoftheresultsobtainedbytheseapproacheswasrecentlypresentedbySatoetal..AfewrecentprojectssuchasREALISE,Fac¸ade,PhotoModelerandAIDAproposetointegratemoreuserinterventionintothereconstructionprocess.Theyarederivedfromprojectivegeometry,andareappliedtothereconstructionofman-madescenesfromasetofphotographsandcorrespondences.REALISEintegratesuserinterventionearlyinthecorrespondenceprocess,lettingtheuserspecifythefirstcorrespondences,andthenreturningtoamoreclassicalapproachtoidentifyautomaticallymostoftheothercorrespondences.Themorestableinitialsolutiongreatlyhelpstoreducetheerrorsofsubsequentiterations.Neverthelessthesameerrorsoffullyautomaticsystemscanstilloccur,andtheusermustthendetectandcorrecttheoriginoftheerrors,whichisnotasimpletaskasthenumberofautomaticcorrespondencesincreases.Fac¸adedevelopsaseriesofparameterizedblockprimitives.Eachblockencodesefficientlyandhierarchicallyseveralconstraintsfrequentlypresentinarchitecturaldesign.Theusermustfirstplacetheblockswitha3Dmodeler,andthensetcorrespondencesbetweentheimagesandtheseblocks.Non-linearoptimizationofanobjectivefunctionisthenusedtosolveforalltheseconstraints.Thesystemhasproventobequiteefficientandprovidesprecise3Dmodelswithlittleeffort.Howeveritrequirestheusertobuildwiththeblocksthemodelhewantstoreconstruct.Webelievethismightbemoredifficultwhengeneral3Dmodelscannotbeaseasilycreatedwiththeseblocks.PhotoModelerisacommercialsoftwareforperformingphotogrammetricmeasurementsonmodelsbuiltfromphotographs.Oncethecameraiscalibrated,theuserhastoindicatefeaturesandcorrespondencesontheimages,andthesystemcomputesthe3Dscene.Themodelsobtainedappearquitegood,althoughitseemstobealengthyprocess(theyreportedaweekforamodelof2003Dpoints)whichusesimagesofveryhighresolution(around15MBeach).Wealsonoticedmanylongthintrianglesandgapsinsomeoftheirmodels.Thesystemcanapplytexturescomingfromthephotographsbutdoesnotseemtoperformanyparticulartreatmentsincetheshadows,highlights,etc.arestillpresent.Nodetailsareprovidedonthealgorithmsused.TheAIDAsystemisafullyautomaticreconstructionsystemthatcombinessurfacereconstructiontechniqueswithobjectrecognitionforthegenerationof3Dmodelsforcomputergraphicsapplications.Thesystempossessesaknowledgedatabaseofconstraints,andselectstheconstraintstoapplytothesurfaceunderreconstructionafterperformingasceneinterpretationphase.Webelieveitmightbesafer,lesscumbersome,andmoregeneraltolettheuserchoosewhichconstraintshewantstoapplytoits3Dprimitivesratherthanlettingthesystempicksomeconstraintsfromaknowledgedatabasecreatedspecificallyforthetypeofscenetoreconstruct.Forthesereasons,weintroduceasystemessentiallybasedonuserinteraction.Theuserisresponsiblefor(almost)everything,butalsohasthecontrolon(almost)everything.Thisshouldprovideacomprehensivetooltoimproveonthemodelingfromreal3Dobjectsandonthecomputergraphicsqualityofthese3Dmodels,whileofferingtheopportunitytofocusonthedetailsimportanttothedesigner.SystemOverview.Wehavedevelopedaninteractivereconstructionsystemfromimages.Theimagesdefinethecanvasonwhichallinteractionisbased.Theycancomefromanytypeofcameras(evenavirtualsyntheticcamera)withanysettingsandposition.Theuserdrawspoints,lines,andpolygonsontheimageswhichformourbasic2Dprimitives.Theuserinteractivelyspecifiescorrespondencesbetweenthe2Dprimitivesondifferentimages.Hecanalsoassignotherconstraintsbetweenreconstructed3Dprimitivessimplybyclickingononeoftheirrespective2Dprimitives.Theseadditionalconstraintsincludeparallelism,perpendicularity,planarity,andco-planarity.Atanytime,theusercanaskthesystemtoreconstructallcomputablecamerasand3Dprimitives.Thereconstructed3Dprimitivescanbereprojectedontheimagestoestimatethequalityofeachrecoveredcameraandthe3Dprimitives.Theuserthenhasthechoicetoiterateafewtimestoimproveonthemathematicalsolution,ortoaddnew2Dprimitives,correspondences,andconstraintstorefinethe3Dmodels.Thisprocess,illustratedinFig.1,demonstratestheflexibilityandpowerofourtechnique.The3Dmodelisreconstructedincrementally,refinedwhereandwhennecessary.Eacherrorfromtheusercanalsobeimmediatelydetectedusingreprojection.ContrarilytoDebevecetal.,theuserdoesnotcreateasyntheticmodelofthegeometryhewantstorecover,althoughthereconstructed3Dmodelcanaseasilybeusedtoestablishnewconstraintsbetween2Dandreconstructed3Dprimitives.Eachimagethuscontainsasetof2Dprimitivesdrawnonit,andacameracomputedwhenthesetofresolvedconstraintsissufficient.Tobootstrapthereconstructionprocess,theuserassignsasufficientnumberof3Dcoordinatesto3Dprimitivesviaoneoftheircorresponding2Dprimitives.Forinstance,six3Dpointsinoneimageallowthecomputationofthecorrespondingcamera.Oncetwocamerasarecomputed,all3Dgeometrythatcanbecomputedbyresolvingtheconstraintsisreconstructed.Withtheassignedandthenewlycomputed3Dvalues,theconstraintsareresolvedagaintoimprovethereconstructedcameras.Thisprocessiteratesuntilnomoreconstraintscanberesolved,andthe3Dgeometryandcamerasarecomputedtoasatisfactoryprecision.Typically,aconvergenceiterationsolvingtheequationsystemsforcomputingallthecamerasand3Dpositionstakesbetween0.05and2seconds,1dependingonthecomplexityofthescene(50to2003Dpoints)andtheconstraintsused.Allourconstraintsareexpressedaslinearequations,typicallyforminganoverdeterminedsetofequations.Aleast-squaressolutiontothissystemiscomputedbysingularvaluedecomposition.Weusethissolutionfortheunknowncameraparameters,andtheunknown3Dcoordinatesofpointsandlines.Asanexactcorrespondenceishardlyachievablebydrawing2Dpointsontheimageplane,wecomputethebestcameraparametersintheleast-squaressense.Hartleydemonstratesimpleconditionsunderwhichlinearsystemsofequationsusedtodeterminethecameraparametersareaspreciseastheirnon-linearcounterparts.Moreoverthistechniqueissimpletoimplement,efficient,general,alwaysprovidesasolution,andweobservedthatitismorerobustthanthenon-linearsystems.Additional3DConstraints.Mostman-madescenesexhibitsomeformofplanarity,parallelism,perpendicularity,symmetry,etc.Usingcorrespondencesonly,reconstructedgeometryoftendoesnotrespecttheseproperties,whichcanleadtoobjectionableartifactsinthereconstructed3Dmodels.Itisthereforeveryimportanttointegratethistypeofconstraintinareconstructionsystem.Theyareunfortunatelydifficulttodetectautomatically,asperspectiveprojectiondoesnotpreservethemintheimage.Theusercanhoweververyeasilyindicateeachsuchconstraintdirectlyontotheimag