Unit1ThemassmediaGrammarandusage课件-高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性

Grammarandusage(Ⅰ)PastPerfectTenseUnit1

ThemassmediaLead-inReadtheshortlifestoryofJosephPulitzeronpage6toknowmoreabouthim.FEnglishFpublisherT1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?

3.In1892,whatdidheofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded?Readagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?JosephPulitzerwasbornonApril10,1847,inHungary.2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?In1878.3.In1892,whatdidheofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded?SixyearsafterJosephPulitzer’sdeath.April10,1847→JosephPulitzerwasborn.1.__________→HemovedtoAmericaandbecameanAmericancitizen.2.__________→Hebecameapublisher.1878→3._____________________________________________1883→PulitzerboughttheNewYorkWorld.1892→HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.4.__________→Pulitzerdied.5.__________→TheColumbiaSchoolofJournalismwasestablished.1917→ThefirstPulitzerPrizeswereawarded.1860s1872PulitzerfoundedtheStLouisPost-Dispatch

19111912ExploringtherulesFindthesentencesusingthepastperfecttenseinpartA.•Weoftenusethepastperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthathappened(1)_________(before/after)apastactionorstate.•Theverbformofthepastperfecttenseis

“(2)___________

(have/haddone)”.beforehaddoneWorkingouttherulesworktirelesslyaccusesb.ofsth.shootupmountupadvocatethetrainingofregard...asanobleprofessionofunequaledimportanceinfluenceonthemindsandmoralsUsefulExpressions不知疲倦地工作因...而控告...暴涨；迅速成长增长，上升提倡对...的培训把…当成高尚的职业无与伦比的重要性对思想和道德的影响Gothroughthenotesonpage98.Workingouttherules一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点:概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。Definition过去完成时肯定句否定句一般疑问句构成haddonehadn’t＋doneHad＋主语＋done…？例句Tomhadfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clocklastnight.Tomhadn’tfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clocklastnight.HadTomfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clocklastnight?二、过去完成时的判断依据:1.由时间状语来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：(1)by+

过去的时间点。如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelby

nineo'clocklastnight.

(2)bytheendof+

过去的时间点。如：WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.(3)before+

过去的时间点。如：Theyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbefore

lastWednesday.2.由“过去的过去”来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：(1)宾语从句中:在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：

Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.

(2)状语从句中:在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：

WhenI

gotto

thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.3.根据上、下文来判定。昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehecametoBeijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。WhenIwokeup,ithadstoppedraining.

2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：他告诉我他写了一本新书。Hetoldmethathehadwrittenanewbook.

(hadwritten

发生在told

之前)

3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never等时间副词及by,before,until等引导的短语或从句连用。如：BeforeshecametoChina,GracehadtaughtEnglishinaschoolforaboutfiveyears.Pearlhadcollectedmorethan300Chinesestampsbythetimehewasten.

4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束，仍有继续的可能。如：Bytheendof

lastyear,hehadworkedinthefactoryfortwentyyears.(hadworked已有了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能)三、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”have(has)+过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。Ihavelearned1000Englishwordssofar.

到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。Ihadlearned1000Englishwordstillthen.—I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.Ihavebeenhereonlyafewminutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）—Johnreturnedhomeyesterday.约翰昨天回到家的。—Wherehadhebeen?他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时是指约翰在returnedhome之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：

1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间.

他们昨天十点前就到车站了。 Theyhadarrivedatthestationbyten

yesterday.他们昨天十点到了车站。 Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.

3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；

另外，在before,after,assoonas引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时.

他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。Heenteredtheroom,turnedon

thelightand

readaneveningpaper.我离开办公室前给她打了电话。I(had)calledherbeforeIlefttheoffice.过去完成时在固定句式中的运用1.hardly/scarcelywhen和Nosoonerthan...句型中，表示“一就”.Hardlyhadheknownwhathappenedwhentheaudiencebrokeinandinterruptedhim.Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhebegantoinvestigatethefalsenews.2.在”It/This/Thatwasthe+序数词+timethatsb/sthhaddone”句式中，表示”某人第几次做某事“。ItwasthesecondtimethathehadtravelledalongtheancientSilkRoad.3.在”Itwas+一段时间+sincesb/sthhaddone”句式中.ItwasalmosttenyearssincehehadmadeadocumentarytoretellthehistoryofthePalaceMuseumindetail.Exercises翻译句子：1.到上个月底,你看了多少部英文电影?HowmanyEnglishfilmshadyouseenbytheendoflastmonth?2.今天上午十点钟前,他已完成了这项工作。Hehadfinishedtheworkbeforeteno’clockthismorning.3.在我妈妈回来之前,我已经完成了作业。Ihadalreadyfinishedmyhomeworkbeforemymotherreturned.Practice10.他告诉我他从小就认识她。He

toldmethathehadknownhersincehewasachild.11.汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。Tom

flewhome,buthisfatherhadalreadydied.12.我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭上火车。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,but

Ididn’tcatchthetrain.

13.我们本想早回来的，但他们不让我们走。Wehadthoughttoreturnearlybutthey

wouldn’tletusgo.14.我原以为我以前见过他。IthoughtIhadseenhim

before.15.到他到来时，那人已经离开了。Bythetimehearrived,themanhadalreadyleft.

Circlethemistakesandcorrectthemintheblanksbelow.1)PulitzerknewthathehadlearntverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.___________________________________________________2)Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.____________________________________________________hadstarted去掉hadwasworking改成hadworkedB1BApplyingtherulesFor改成Byhaveworked改成hadworkedB1ThePulitzerPrizesare

asetofawardshonoringexcellenceinjournalismandthearts.Theprizeswereestablished

largelyduetotheeffortsofJosephPulitzer,who(1)____________hisreputationasanewspaperpublisher.Heleftmoneyinhis1904willtofundtheestablishmentoftheprizes,statingthathewantedfourawardsinjournalism,fourinlettersanddrama,oneforeducation,andfivetravelingscholarships.Sincethefirstprizes(2)______________in1917,therehavebeenmanywinnersandsomepeoplehavewonmorethanonce.PastwinnersincludesuchfamousnamesasEugeneO’Neill.WhenO’NeillreceivedthePulitzerPrizeinDramain1957,itwasthefourthtimehe(3)____________it.hadbuiltwereawardedhadwonCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.B2winbuildintendawardallowTherehavebeenanumberofchangestothePulitzerPrizesovertime.Someoftheseresultedfromadvancesintechnology.Forexample,onlinecontentfromnewspaperwebsites(4)________________inallofthejournalismcategoriessince2006.ThePulitzerPrizeshavealsoexpandedtoincludesuchcategoriesasphotographyandmusic.Nevertheless,journalismisstillwhatthePulitzerPrizesarebestknownfor.Today,winningthePulitzerPrizesisconsideredbymanytobethehightestachievementpossibleinjournalism－justasPulitzer(5)_______________.hasbeenallowed(had)intendedCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.B2winbuildintendawardallow1.WhohaddevotedalotbeforethePulitzerPrizeswereestablished?JosephPulitzer.2.WhatcategorieshaveThePulitzerPrizesalsoexpandedtoinclude?Photographyandmusic.Answerthefollowingquestions:Page58Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbs.1.hadfinished2.hadbeen3.havebeen4.(had)studiedCHomeworkChecking TalkaboutZouTaofen’slifestoryaccordingtothetimelineandshareitwitheachother.TopictalkingB3SampleAnswerZouTaofenwasbornin1895,inFujian.Hegraduatedfromuniversityattheageoftwenty-six,in1921.Thenextyear,hebecameaneditor.HehadworkedasaneditorforfouryearsbeforehebecamethechiefeditorofLifeWeekly.In1931,hestarted