新编大学英语第四册教案

2014至2015学年第二学期新编大学英语第二版第四册 教案课程编号：大学英语IV学时：68学时授课教师：孙琼英UnitOneLeisureActivitiesTopic:EntertainingHumor—What’sFunny?TeachingObjectives:TheteachingofthisunitaimstoEnableSstomasterthetargetwordsandexpressionsespeciallythoseaboutleisureactivities.Improvethestudents’abilitiesofcommunicationandmakingcommentsrelatingtothethemeoftheunit.Requirements:Someimportantnewwordsandphrasesshouldbemastered;DotheexerciseinthetextbookTeachingContent:Universalhumorlesssensetriggerfocusmutualtemptpresenttechniquevaluevariationclarificationpersistflashsbasmileoutofthereachofappealtoblamesbforsthlaughatunderone’snosealaboroflovemakefunoflieinnoless+adj.haveanoteofthinktwomuchof1.Wordsandphrases2.languagestructure:Howcome,WhatisitthatImportantandDifficultPoints：1.Mastering“it”usedasformalsubjectinthelongsentences;2.Understandingthegrammarofemphaticclause.MethodsofTeaching：Task-basedapproachandcommunicativeoneMulti-mediateachingequipmentGroupdiscussionLiveperformanceReference：NewCollegeEnglishBook(theThirdEdition),NewCollegeEnglishBookView,ListenandSpeak.TeachingproceduresPartOnePreparationA.IntroductionTherearesomepeopleinsocietywhoeitherhavetoorwanttoworkallthetime.Mostpeople,however,seekwaystosocialize,torelaxortohavefunduringtheirleisurehours.Obviouslypeople’stastesvarydependingontheirincomeandtheirage.Butinrecentyears,thehomeentertainmentindustryhasgrownallovertheworld.Insteadofgoingouttoseeamovieortakingawalkinapark,peopleofallagesprefertoturnonthetelevisionandstayathome.Moreandmorefamilieshavetaperecorders,CDplayers,VCRsandVCDstoaddtothevarietyofleisureactivities,surfingontheInternetorplayingcomputergames.

Despitetheriseinhomeentertainment,therearestillmanypeoplewhoenjoyspendingsomeoftheirleisuretimeattendingsportseventsorparticipatingincompetitivesportsorotherphysicalactivitiessuchasdancingandtaiji(shadowboxing).Exercisenotonlycontributestogoodhealthbutalsotakesthemindawayfromworriesandtroubles.

Concerts,playsandotherperformancesconstituteanothersourceofentertainmentoutsidethehome.Whilesomepeopleprefertobeentertained,othersprefertobetheentertainers.Theyderivegreatsatisfactioningivingotherspleasurebymakingthemlaughorbyenablingthemtolosethemselvesintheimaginaryworldofaplayortherelaxingsoundsofmusic.B.TasksTask1:Directions:

1.Makealistofthethingsyoudoforfuninyourleisuretime;

playingtennis/tabletennis/football/basketball/cards/computergames/musicalinstruments;Goingswimming/skating;goingtomovies;watchingVCDs;dancing;collectingstamps/coins;goingtothepub;traveling;listeningtomusic;readingnovels;watchingasportsmatch,goingtoaconcert;goingtotheatersandmuseums;goingshopping..

2.Makealistofthethingsyourparentsdoforfunintheirleisuretime;

watchingTV,goingshopping,traveling,bowling,dancing,listeningtomusic,readingnovels,playingmahjong,watchingasportsmatch,goingtoaconcert…

Makealistofthethingsyourgrandparentsdoforfunintheirleisuretime:

WatchingTV,bird-raising,growingplantsandflowers,drinkingteaintheteahouse,traveling,listeningtomusic,readingnovels,playingmahjong,watchingasportsmatch,goingtoconcert…Task2:Directions:Fromtheactivitiesabove,choose

1)themostactiveactivities:

sportsactivities,dancing2)mostpassiveactivities:WatchingTV,listeningtomusic,readingnovels,goingtothepub,playingcardsandmahjong,drinkingtea;ThendecideonthethreemostpopularactivitiesinChinairrespectiveof(不考虑〕age(inmyopinion)A.playingtabletennisB.playingcards/mahjongC.watchingTVWhyiscross-talkpopularinChina?Cross-talkisverypopularinChina.Youcanlistentoiteverywhere,ontheradio,onTV,etc.Ithinkitspopularitymainlyliesinitshumorouslanguage,theperformancers’quickwitsandtheirfunnygesture.Anotherreasonisthatthesubjectofcross-talkisclosetoreallifesothatitresonateswith〔与…共鸣)theaudience.Ituseseitherbitterironyorfunnyteasingtoamusingpeople.Themostimportantthingthatcross-talkcanmakeonelaughandthinkatthesametime.Talkaboutyourfavoritefilmandexplainwhyyoulikeitsomuch.MyfavoritefilmisGonewiththeWind.ThefamousactressandactorVivianLeighandClarkGableactedasScarletandRhettButler.Bothofthemactedverywell.Thestorywasverytouching.IthappenedduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Itwasaboutloveandwar.IwasdeeplytouchedbyStarlet’sloveforAshleyandRhett’sloveforScarlet.InbothcasesthelovewasunrequitedandInbothcasesthelovewasunrequited(无报答的)andhopeless.Thiswas,themostattractivepart,becauseitwastragic.WhenIwatchedthemovieIhopedthatScarletcouldrealizehowdeeplyRhettlovedandrepayhislove.Icriedwhenattheendofthemovietheirdaughter,Bonnie,diedandRhettleftScarleteventhoughScarlethadrealizedhowshehadlovedhimwithoutknowingitallthetime.Themosttragicthingisthatnoonecanreallyunderstandwhatloveis.ScarletlovedRhett,butshedidn’tknowthat.ShethoughtshestilllovedAshley,sodidRhett.Ashleystoodinthewayoftheirmarriage,likeashadowthatcouldn’tbewavedaway.IalsoadmireScarlet.Ithinksheisabrave,independent,courageous,andintelligentwoman,thoughsheisselfishandwillful(固执的，任性的).C.Warming-UpQuestions(in-classreading)Workingroupstoanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Howdidthestudentsrespondwhentheauthortoldajokeinaclass?SampleSeveralstudentsenjoyedhisjokesomuchthattheyfelloutoftheirchairslaughing,buttherestofthestudentsshowednointerestsandtheylookedasifhe’djustreadtheweatherreport.2.Doanimalshaveasenseofhumor?Canyougiveanexample?Sample:Yes.Someanimalshaveasenseofhumorjustashumanbeingsdo.Forexample,theauthor’sdog,Blitzen,usedtoteasetheauthor’smother-in-lawbyselectivelycarryingoneofherbedroomslippersintothelivingroomwhereGrandmasatinherfavorite,comfortablechair.WhenGrandmagotupfromthechairtogettheslipperfromBlitzen,Blitzenwouldquicklyjumpintothechair,occupyinggrandma’sseat.Thenhesmiledather,whichseemedtomeanthathehadfooledGrandmaagain.3.Whatarethecommontypesofhumormentionedinthetext?Whichtypesdoyoulikebetter?Sample:Themostcommontypesofhumormentionedinthetextare:slap-stick,aplayonwords,punsanddouble-entendres.OfalltheseIpersonallyprefer“slap-stick”,forthelanguageissimpleanddirect.Itoftenmakesfunofanotherpersonandappealstoallagesandcultures.D.HomeworkRememberthenewwordsandphrasesPartTwoIn-classReadingA.TextStructure1.Introduction(Para.1-3)Humorisuniversal,butpeople’ssenseofhumorvaries.2.Evenanimalshaveasenseofhumor.Theauthor’sdog.(Para.4)3.Thetypicalthreepartsofajoke:1)setup,2)body,3)punchline.(Para.5)4.Differentformsofhumor:1)slap-stick,2)Chinese“cross-talk”,3)aplayonwords,4)punsanddoubleentendres.(Para.6-12)5.Conclusion(Para.13)Humorwillpersisteventhoughsomeprofessionalhumoriststhinktoday’shumorisnotveryintelligentorsophisticated.B.SentenceStudy1.But,whatisitthatmakesastoryorajokefunny?(Line2)译文：那么，到底是什么东西使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑呢？WhyisitthatseveralstudentsinaclasswillfalloutoftheirchairslaughingafterItellajokewhiletherestofthestudentslookasifI’vejustreadtheweatherreport?(Line10)译文：为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？语法训练：这两句为强调句型的疑问句，第一句用于强调句子中的主语。第二句用于强调句子的原因语强调句型的特点即把itisthat去掉，意思仍然是完整的，即whatmakesastoryorajokefunny?WhyseveralstudentsinaclasswillfalloutoftheirchairslaughingafterItellajokewhiletherestofthestudentslookasifI’vejustreadtheweatherreport?ExampleWhyisitthateverytimeIhaveahotdate,Ibreakoutwithabigzitonmyface?为什么每次我有重要约会时，脸上都会冒出一个很大的青春痘呢？Hmm,whatisitthatinterestsyoumostaboutthejob?嗯……这个工作最让你感兴趣的方面是什么呢？How

long

ago

is

it

that

you

last

saw

her？你上一次看见她是多久以前的事?Itisreasonabletosaythatthetrulyhumorousindividualisnotonlywellliked,butisoftenthefocusofattentioninanygathering.一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。语法训练：Itisreasonablethat…引导的是一个主语从句，真正主语是that后面的从句。ExampleItisbelievedthatthenewiPhonewillbereleasedsoon.Itisexpectedthatkeyboardandmousewilldisappearsoonbecauseofthepopularityoftouchscreen.3.Itappealstoallagesandallcultures.译文：它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。难句分析：此句it是形式主语。overdoingitisdetrimentalorharmful是真正的主语。while引导的句子作后一句子的让步状语从句。注释：appealtosb.这里意为“对······有吸引力”。它还有“呼吁、恳求”、“上诉”的意思。ExampleTheleaderappealedtopeopleforcalm.呼吁Thecompanyisappealingagainsttheruling.上诉、申诉Thedesignapplestoallages.吸引4.Thehumorliesinthefactthatthesecondmanissayingthathiswifeisnotalady.译文：这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。注释：Liein意为“在于”。句中thesecondmanissayingthathiswifeisnotalady是同位语从句。Thejokeisnolessfunny,becauseitissooftenused.译文：这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不那么好笑。注释：noless(than):意为quiteas…as和······一样，不少于，不亚于。ExampleHeisnolesshumorousthanheusedtobe.Ananimal,evenasmallinsect,isnolesssensibletopainthanman.“Howcomeyoucompletelycopiedsomebodyelseshomework?”译文：你为什么完全抄袭别人的作业？注释：Howcome:Howdidithappen(that)为非正式用语，用于询问“为什么，是怎么回事”，并表示惊讶。Howcomenobodycaresaboutwherehehasgone?HowcometherearefewbicyclesinQingdao?Ifyoureallyloveme,howcomeyouhurtmefromtimetotime?C.WordsandPhrases1.universaladj.1)relatingtoeveryoneintheworldoreveryoneinaparticulargrouporsociety普遍的,全体的Thegovernmentisexpectedtoadoptfreeuniversalhealth-care.trueorsuitableineverysituation通用的；万能的Auniversaltruth普遍的真理Auniversalmeter通用电表2.alaboroflove:taskdonefornoreward,justone’sownsatisfaction不计报酬的工作，自己乐意干的事e.g.Idon’tmindarrangingtheflowersforthechurcheverySunday,it’salaboroflove.Iliketohelpyoungpeopleandpaintingtheirclubhousewasalaboroflove.Lovebirds:young)lovers〔年轻的〕恋人toflashsbasmile给以笑脸toflashsbameaninglook给某人使一个眼色Sheflashedhimadespairingglance投以使人失望的目光Sheflashedasuddensmileathim.Motherflashedareassuringsmileatthechild.aflashinthepan昙花一现的人物一时成功的人inaflash:soon,suddenly,veryquickly一瞬间，突然间quickasaflash(ofacleverremark)atonce一下子4.bureau n. 1)〔上有移动覆盖的〕大书桌，写字台2)〔政府机构的〕局，部，处e.g.a)atravelbureau旅游局 b)censusbureau人口普查局／调查统计局c)thebureauofpersonnel人事局5.stringn一串东西：astringofpearls一串珍珠6.mutuala.1)共同的：mutualefforts共同的努力 e.g.amutualfriendofours我们共同的朋友2)互相的；彼此的：e.g.togivemutualsupportandinspiration相互支持并鼓舞.7rangefromrangefrom/between〔在一定范围内〕变动，变化：e.g.a)Theincreaserangedfromseveraltoseveraldozentimes. 增长几倍至几十倍不等。b)Pricesrangebetween$50and$250.价格在50美元至250美元之间不等。ublicSecurityBureau公安局bureaucracy官员；〔公司的〕管理人员；官僚政治；官僚机构8.irritatev.1)激怒 e.g.Thenoiseofthechildrenwasirritatingme.孩子们的吵闹使我恼火。2)刺激 e.g.a)Thesmokeirritatedmyeyes.烟熏得我的眼睛怪难受的。b)Woolirritatesmyskin. 羊毛刺激我的皮肤。3)使疼痛e.g.Insectbitesirritateyourskin.虫子叮疼了你的皮肤。9..noten.Somesetphraseswith"note":1)makeanoteofsomething:writesomethingdownsothatyoucanlookatitlater〔记录下〕e.g.Imadeanoteofheraddressandphonenumber.2)take/makenotes:writenotes〔记笔记〕e.g.Shesatquietlyinthecornermakingcarefulnotes.3)takenote:paycarefulattentiontosomething〔注意〕eg.Peoplewerebeginningtotakenoteofhertalent.10.variationn.achangeindegree,amount,orquantity变更,变化,变异,变种e.g.Wemustkeepaclosewatchatthevariationsinspeed.我们必须密切注意速度的变化。TheAustralianEnglishisactuallyoneofthevariationsoftheBritishEnglish.澳大利亚英语实际上是英国英语的一个变种。variety(n.)differenceinquantity,type,orcharacter多样化，指一类当中的多样或多种〔常用结构avarietyof=various各种各样的；种种〕e.g.Weshouldtrytogivevarietytoourperformance. 我们应该尽量使我们的表演变得丰富多彩。Avarietyofdiamondproductscanbeseenattheexhibition.在那个展览会上可以看到各种各样的钻石制品。11.clarificationn.addedinformationtomakesomethingeasiertounderstand澄清；说明E.g.Theyaskedforfurtherclarificationofthestatementsofthecompany.他们要求得到关于公司声明的进一步的解释。Thatnewspaperprintedclarificationsoftheincorrectstatementsabouttheeffectofthatmedicineonitsfrontpage.那家报纸在其头版澄清了对于那种药效的错误的声明。clarifyv.makesomethingeasiertounderstandbyexplainingitmorefully澄清；说明；使……明白E.g.Itisthepolicemen’sresponsibilitytoclarifymatters.澄清真相是警察的责任。Youaresupposedtoclarifyyourstandatthemeeting.你必须在会上说明自己的立场。12.blamev.Somesetphraseswith"blame":1)blamesomebodyforsomething:〔责备〕e.g.It'snotfairtoblameme—it'snotmyfaultthatwelost.2)betoblame: 〔是某人的过错〕 e.g.Youarenottoblameforwhathappened.事情的发生不是你的过错。3)onlyhaveoneselftoblame:usedtosaythatsomeone'sproblemsarehisownfault咎由自取e.g.Ifhefailshisexams,he'llonlyhavehimselftoblame.13.persistvi.(in)坚持不懈，执意1)持续；存留e.g.Onthetopofveryhighmountainssnowpersiststhroughoutthe.year 高山顶上积雪终年不化。2)(in)坚持(不懈)，执意[注意]persist和insist都有“坚持”的意思，persist与in连用，表示“坚持从事某行动”，可以表示不顾挫折困难地坚持，也被用来表示不听开导或劝告而顽固地坚持已见，如：topersistindoingthingsinone’sownway；insist与on连用，有“坚持某个意见”、“坚持要求”、“一定要”的含义，从句中要用虚拟语气，如：Heinsistedonareplyfromthemanager./Heinsistedthatthemanagergivehimareply.persistencen.坚持，固执D.UsefulExpressions1.这出于自己的喜好。Ithasbeenalaboroflove.2.有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更有音乐天赋一样。Somepeoplehaveabettersenseofhumorthanothersjustassomepeoplehavemoremusicaltalent.3.你又上了我的当。Ifooledyouagain.4.坚持不懈的努力determinedandpatienteffort5.它广为不同年龄和不同文化背景的人所喜爱。Itappealstoallagesandallcultures.6.几乎每一位滑稽说笑演员都以这样或那样的方式讲过下面这个笑话。Nearlyeverycomedianhasusedthefollowingjokeinoneformoranother.7.无论是在乡村的舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，或是在播送、电视上，随处都能听到相声。Cross-talkcanbeheardanywherefromsmallvillagestagestothelargestBeijingtheaters,andtoradioandtelevision.8.丁聪是位淘气话大师。DingCongisamasterofwordplay.我认为这不是幽默的过错。Idon’tthinkhumoristobeblamedforthat.E.Homeworkpost-readingexercisesPartThree&Four:FurtherDevelopment&TranslatingandWritingA.FurtherDevelopmentB.TranslatingActivities：处理英语长句的翻译技巧由于连词、冠词、介词等功能词的作用以及各种非谓语动词、谓语动词和代表不同逻辑关系的从句等结构形式的存在，使英语长句的特点表现为修饰语多，联合成份多，结构复杂，但是表达效果条理清晰，脉络清楚。例如：Wearefacedwithachoicebetweenusingtechnologytoprovideandfulfillneedswhichhavebeenregardedasunnecessaryor,ontheotherhand,usingtechnologytoreducethenumberofhoursofworkwhichamanmustdoinordertoearnagivenstandardofliving.我们面临着一种选择：要么利用技术来提供并满足一直被视为并无必要的各种需求，要么利用技术来缩短人们为了维持一定的生活水准而必须工作的时数。注意汉语长句的特点汉语长句字数较多，结构较复杂，含有多层意思。但是由于倾向于短句的使用，所以通过合理的安排，在表达效果上也能做到层次清楚，含义清晰，语气连贯。例如：你们将要进行考察的这座城市，曾经是闻名世界的四大文明古城之一。摆在你们面前的印刷品，会使你们对该城市有个根本概念：它如何形成；从初具雏形它就带着何种与生俱来的开展趋势；而这些趋势又如何使它在建筑风格上形成今天这种格局。Youwillhaveageneralideafromthehandoutwhichyouhaveinfrontofyouofhowthiscityoriginated,whichhadoncebeenoneoftheworld’sfourfamouscivilizedcitiesandintowhichaninvestigationisgoingtobemade;ofwhatdevelopmentaltrendswerebuiltintoit,asitwere,fromtheveryoutset;andofhowthesetrendshavemadewhatitistodayinitsarchitecturalstyle.翻译英语长句的步骤分析前提与原那么英译汉长句之间的转换在于分清原文的句子结构和所表达的概念、关系与功能。根据具体的分析结果，结合汉语表达的句式、关键连词与合理的逻辑顺序，通过一定的翻译技巧将原文译出。遵循英语长句翻译的两个分析原那么:分清主次：重点在于找准简单句的主干、并列句的侧重点及复合句的关系性质。把握语态：将英语被动句译成汉语被动句。翻译英语长句的步骤安排1.紧缩主干2.区分主从3.辨析词义4.分清层次5.调整搭配6.润饰选词以下介绍几种常见的翻译技巧，但是由于翻译长句是一种难度较高的综合技能，因此在实际翻译过程中，往往几种方式同时使用。1.顺译分段法2.拆译法3.倒置法4.插入法5.重组法C.WritingActivitiesWriteacompositiononeitherofthefollowingtopics.Useatlease6wordsorphrasesinyourcompositionfromthelistbelow.Yourcompositionshouldbenlessthan150words.Remembertowriteneatly.MyFavoritePastimeHowPeopleSpendTheirLeisureTimerelaxationtakeone’smindawayentertainmentillusionpursuedefinitelylimitedappealtoprofessionalentertaininglaughterinadvancerequireconcertalternativepopularityattractionfashionuniversalSampleHowPeopleSpendTheirLeisureTimeManypeopleareoftenverybusywithvariousthingsintheirworkortheirhomelifesotheyhavenotimeforentertainment.Butthisisreallybadforone’shealth.Soweshouldmakeanefforttolookforrelaxation.Aproverbsays,“AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.”Peopleindifferentregionsmayhavedifferentformsofactivities.InChinaoneofthemostpopularactivitiesistraveling,especiallygoingtotheremoteareaswhicharenotseriouslypolluted.Theseisolatedlocationsappealtotravelerswhowanttogetclosertonaturebecausetheyaretiredofstressfulcitylife.Otherpeoplewhocanaffordneitherthetimenorthemoneyfortravelwillstayathome,watchingTV,goingtothemoviesorconcerts,orinvitingsomefriendstohaveaparty.Childrenliketogotothepark,playcomputergames,andparticipateinsports.Youngwomenliketogoshoppingwhileyoungmenprefertostayathome,watchingTVanddrinkingtea.Thepopularityofpastimesvariesaccordingtoage,sex,personalityandfinancialsituations.Whateverone’spastimeis,I’msurethatafteritheorshewillfeelrelaxed,morerefreshedandreadytostartanewday’swork.Pastimesofferawaytotakeone’smindawayfromthestressesofeverydaylife.Unit3GenderDifferencesTopic:GenderRolesfromaCulturalPerspectiveTeachingAims:TheteachingofthistextaimstoenablestudentstoMasterthewordsdescribinggenderdifferencesImprovethestudents’abilitiesofcommunicationandmakingcommentsRequirements:Someimportantnewwordsandphrasesshouldbemastered;DotheexerciseinthetextbookMainteachingpointsVocabularyandPhrases：constituteincorporate…into…aspirationopenthedoortodimensionturnoutgenderbiasimpactparticipantsubordinationaccordancedepriveLanguageStructure:theanalysisofcomplexsentencesTeachingimportanceanddifficulties：Masteringattributiveclausesledbywho,whereandthat;2.Analyzingthestructureoflongsentences.MethodsofTeaching：Task-basedapproachandcommunicativeoneMulti-mediateachingequipmentGroupdiscussionLiveperformanceReference：NewCollegeEnglishBook(theThirdEdition),NewCollegeEnglishBookView,ListenandSpeak.TeachingproceduresPartOne:Preparation1.Dividingtheclassintosmallgroupstodiscussthetwocartoonsandaskonepersonofthegrouptoanswerthequestionsandgiveageneralpresentation.Learningthedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.Guidingthestudentstolearnthenewwordsandphrasesofthein-classreadingtext.PartTwoIn-classReadingPre-ReadingQuestionsbeforereadingWhat’sthetypicalimageofaman/womanintraditionalmold?SampleAmanshouldbemasculine.Heshouldbestrongandresponsibleenoughtoprotectwomen,childrenandtheoldinafamilyandinthesociety.Hecaresmoreabouthiscareerandsuccessthanhislooks.However,awomanshouldbefeminine,tender,considerateandsmart.Sheshouldspendmoretimeonhouseholdaffairs,onchildrenandtheoldathome.2.Isthereanygender-biasineducation?Ifso,what’sthesituation?Canyougiveanexampletoillustrateit?SampleThismaydeprivegirlsofthechanceofhands-onwork,avitallearningexperiencethatwouldaffecttheirentirelives.(AnotherexampleisthatthetypicalAmericanteachersassumethatboyswilldobetterinmathandsciencesubjectswhilegirlshavebetterverbalandreadingskills.Thisattitudeinteachingleadstoboys’problemsinreadingandgirls’lackofinterestsinscience.Accordingtothelastparagraph,howdoboysandgirlstreattheirschoolwork?SampleBoystendtobemoreindependent,analyticalororiginalintellectually.Whilegirlsaremoredependentonteachersandmoreconcernedwiththeformandneatnessoftheirworkthanwithitscontent.B.TextStructure1.Introduction(Para.1)Ithasbeenprovenrepeatedlythatthevarioustypesofbehavior,emotionsandintereststhatconstitutebeingmasculineandfemininearepatternedbybothheredityandculture.Development(Para.2-4)Thereisaculturalbiasineducationthatfavorsboysovergirls.Teacherscalledonmalesinclassfarmorethanonfemalestudents.(Para.2)Teachersassignedboysandgirlsdifferenttasksaccordingtostereotypedgenderroles.(Para.3)someinternationalnegotiations.Gender-biasededucationisalsoreflectedinthetypicalAmericanteacher’sassumptionthatboyswilldobetterinsciencesubjectswhilegirlstendtohavebetterverbalandreadingskills.(Para.4)Conclusion(Para.5)Educationalbiasbeginsathomeanddevelopsatschool,whichinturnreinforcesitsestablishedvaluesandturnsouteachgenderinitstraditionalandexpectedmold.C.Learningwordsandphrasesinthetext:(1)constitutev.toformormakeup;be组成，构成；形成，成为the50statesthatconstituteUSAYourattitudeconstitutesadirectchallengetomyauthority.toformallyestablishorappoint制定，设立；任命Governmentsshouldbeconstitutedbythewillofthepeople.辨析comprise[+n.]toconsistof(parts)包含，包括TheUnitedKingdomcomprisesEngland,Wales,Scotland,andNorthernIreland.(ofparts)toform组成FifteenseparatepublicscomprisedtheSovietUnion.〔2〕incorporate…into…tounite(onething)withsomethingelsealreadyinexistence结合；合并；收编incorporatetheletterintoherdiaryincorporateyoursuggestionintothenewplanThesmallcompanyisincorporatedintoHaierGroup.incorporate…with…合并Mr.Smith’scompanyisincorporatedwithothersmallcompanies.〔3〕aspirationn.aspirev.todirectone’shopesandeffortstosomeimportantaim追求，渴望；有志于anaspiringyoungactress[+to,after]Heaspiredafterapoliticalcareer/totheleadershipoftheparty;aspireaftertruth,aspiretofame[+to-v.]Sheaspirestobecomepresident.(4)openthedoortomake…possibleoravailable,offeropportunityto…向······开门Theestablishmentofjointventuresopenthedoortowiderinternationalcooperation.(5)subordinationn.subordinatev.[与to连用]toputinapositionoflessimportance使处于次要地位，使附属于······,放在······之下Hesubordinatedhiswishestothegeneralgoodofthegroup.subordinateadj.[to]ofalowerrankorposition;lessimportant下级的，次级的，附属的；不太重要的Allotherconsiderationsaresubordinatetoourneedforsteadyprofits.subordinaten.someonewhoisofalowerrankinajob,andtakesordersfromhisorherSUPERIOR(=thepersonhigherinrank)部属，部下，下级Hetreatshissubordinatesverybadly.(6)dimensionn.factor,element范围，方面differentdimensionstothatproblemHe’sagoodnewsmanandhehasthatextradimension.(7)turnout.toshutoff关，熄灭〔灯、煤气等〕turnoutthelighttoproduceormakesomething生产，制造Thefactoryturnsout300unitsaday.2)Theschoolhasturnedoutsomegoodscholars.tobefoundtobe最后结果是，最终成为Therookieturnedouttobethebesthitterontheteam.D.Masteringsentencestructureandgrammar:(1)Overthepastfewdecades,ithasbeenproveninnumerabletimesthatthevarioustypesofbehavior,emotions,andintereststhatconstitutebeingmasculineandfemininearepatternedbybothheredityandcultureTranslation:(在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。(2)“…thosestudentswhobecomeactiveclassroomparticipantsdevelopmorepositiveattitudesandgoontohigherachievement.”(ll.24-26)Translation:那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。Comments:Theword“develop”isusedfourtimesinthepassage.Theotherthreesentencesare:“…Americanboysdo,indeed,developreadingproblems…”(ll.44-45)“…anditisgirlswhodevelopreadingproblems.”(ll.47-48)“Insteadofbeingencouragedtodevelopintellectualcuriosityandphysicalskillsthatareusefulindealingwiththeoutsideworld…”(ll.54-56(3)…itwasobservedbyprofessorsandwomenstudentsalikethattheboyswere“takingover”theclassroomdiscussionsandthatactiveparticipationbywomenstudentshaddiminishednoticeably.(ll.28-30)Translation:教授们和女生们都发现男孩们正在接管课堂讨论，而女生们积极参与的程度那么明显下降。Comments:Youuse“alike”aftermentioningtwoormorepeople,groups,orthingsinordertoemphasizethatyouarereferringtobothorallofthem(4)Asanexampleofaself-fulfillingprophecy,Americanboysdo,indeed,developreadingproblems,whilegirls,whoaresuperiortoboysinmathuptotheageofnine,fallbehindfromthenon.(ll.43-46)Translation:结果，美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。(5)“…girlsarefilledwithfearsoftheworldoutsidethehomeandwiththedesiretobeapprovedoffortheir‘goodness’andobediencetorules.”(ll.56-58)Comments:Theverbphrase“approveofsomebody/something”means“feelorbelievethatsomebody/somethingisgood,acceptableorsatisfactory”.Sointhesentence,“withthedesiretobeapprovedof”means“girlshavethedesirethatotherpeoplewillapproveofthem”.And“fortheir‘goodness’andobediencetorules”indicatesthereasonsforotherpeople’sapproval.Translation:对女孩的教育使她们对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，而且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩加以认可。(6)Theselessonscarryoverfromthehometotheclassroom,wheregirlsaregenerallyobservedtobemoredependentontheteacher,moreconcernedwiththeformandneatnessoftheirworkthanwithitscontent,andmoreanxiousaboutbeing‘right’intheiranswersthaninbeingintellectuallyindependent,analytical,ororiginal.(ll.28-30)Comments:句中“where…ororiginal”是非限定性定语从句，修饰前面句中的名词classroom.Thephrase“carryover”means“tocontinuetoexistorapplyinanewsituation”.Translation:这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重的是作业的形式和整洁而不是内容，更在乎他们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力或创造能力的提高。E.HomeworkPartⅢFurtherDevelopment&TranslatingandWritingA.FurtherDevelopmentB.TranslatingActivities：P81-P83Translationpractice1.Asamatteroffact,inthelate1960s,whenmanyofthebestall-women’scollegesinthenortheasternunitedStatesopenedtheirdoorstomalestudents,itwasobservedbyprofessorsandwomenstudent