3 第二部分 第二讲　做出推理和判断-推理判断题-2020版江苏省高考英语大二轮复习语法基础

第二讲做出推理和判断——推理判断题[学生用书P71]推理判断题是历年高考英语阅读理解的命题集中点，包括推理和判断两个方面，属于深层理解题。近几年高考对推理判断题的考查量仅次于细节理解题，可见此类题目的重要程度。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种：推断隐含意义、推断目的意图、推断文章出处或读者对象、推断观点态度。高考江苏卷推理判断题题量统计考纲解读年份个数(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。201932018620173[学生用书P71]【考查特点】Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式：(1)Wecaninferfromthe(first/last)passagethat________．(2)Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat________．(3)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________．(4)Themainpurposeofthepassageis________．(5)Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?(6)What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?(7)Thewriterdevelopedthepassage/hismainideaby________．(8)Thefirst/lastparagraphservesasa(n)________．Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度：(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、目标读者。eq\a\vs4\al([考向1])推断隐含意义题——逻辑分析得结论推断隐含意义题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出合情合理的推理和判断，即考生不仅需要读懂原文，而且还要理解作者的弦外之音。其涉及的内容可能是文中某一句或某几句话，但做题的指导思想都要以文中提供的信息为依据。常见的设问方式：◆Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________．◆Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________．◆Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________．◆Whatcanweinferabout...?◆Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?◆Whatdoesthe...paragraphimply?[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)Whaleygottheideaofthissecond­gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.26．WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley’sprojectisto________．A．helpstudentsseetheirownstrengthsB．assessstudents’publicspeakingskillsC．preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobsD．inspirestudents’loveforpoliticseq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步确定题干中的关键信息infer_that_the_purpose_of_Whaley’s_project第二步定位到原文信息句，并找出体现观点态度的关键句Whaley_says_the_project_is_about_more_than_just_learning_to_read_and_speak_in_public._He_wants_these_kids_to_learn_to_boast(夸耀)_about_themselves._第三步进行合理推断得出答案Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，更重要的是让他们发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()第一步确定题干中的关键信息。第二步在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围，立足原文，再结合语境和生活常识进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。eq\a\vs4\al([考向2])写作意图题——文体特点看意图通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。常见的设问方式：◆Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?◆Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?◆Whatisthepurpose/intentionoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?◆Forwhatpurposedidtheauthorwritethepassage?◆Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto________．[典例](2018·浙江卷6月·A)In1812,theyearCharlesDickenswasborn,therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury—mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719—butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam­poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracy(识字)rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors,oftenwithsomethinglike“Byalady.”Novels,forthemostpart,werelookeduponassilly,immoralorjustplainbad.In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.TodayDickens’greatnessisunchallenged.Removinghimfromthepantheon(名人堂)ofEnglishliteraturewouldmakeaboutasmuchsenseastheLouvresellingofftheMonaLisa.HowdidDickensgettothetop？Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories,literatureisanumbersgame,andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60，000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage,from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf­dozenofthem.It’spartlytruethatDickens’styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It’spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial,politicalandscientificprogress.Butit’salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent,ambition,energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.23．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Torememberagreatwriter.B．TointroduceanEnglishnovel.C．Toencouragestudiesonculture.D．TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步确定题干中关键信息purpose第二步速读文章，试找出相关的关键句But_as_the_200th_anniversary_of_his_birth_approaches,_it_is_possible—and_important_for_our_own_culture—to_understand_how_he_made_himself_a_lasting_one._第三步与选项进行对比得出答案根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()写作意图通常有以下三种：1．toentertainreaders/totellanexperience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。2．topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors常见于广告。3．toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe常见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议类的文章。eq\a\vs4\al([考向3])观点态度题——依据措辞定态度高考英语阅读理解对观点态度类的设题越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加，考查作者对文中人、事、物或内容的观点或态度的题量较多。这对考生对文章的主旨大意和细节的理解提出了更高的要求，考生要利用多种阅读理解的技巧来仔细确定提干的关键信息，借此定位文中的原句并准确推断出答案。常见的设问方式：◆Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?◆Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?◆Whatistheauthor’sopinionon/about...?◆Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?◆Howdoestheauthorsoundin...paragraph?◆Howdoestheauthorsoundwhentellingthestory?◆Theauthorthinks...is________．◆Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbedescribedas________.[典例](2018·北京卷·D片段)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself­drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself­drivingcars...Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar­controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.50．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself－drivingcars?A．Doubtful. B．Positive.C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步确定题干中的关键信息the_author’s_attitude_to_the_future_of_self­driving_cars第二步定位到原文信息句，并找出进行推断的关键句首段中的Well,_the_future_is_apparently_now.和尾段中的The_car_of_the_future_is_coming._We_just_have_to_plan_for_it.第三步进行合理推断得出答案无人驾驶汽车的时代马上到来，准备好迎接它吧。由此推断作者对无人驾驶汽车的发展持积极乐观的态度。自主解答：Beq\a\vs4\al()1．注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。2．牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；notmentioned未提及的。(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。eq\a\vs4\al([考向4])文章出处或读者对象题——语言特色推出处或读者对象文章来源题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处和类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者预定的读者对象是什么人。常见的设问方式：◆Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?◆Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound?◆Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof________．◆Wherewouldthepassagemostprobablyappear?◆Thepassageisprobablyintendedfor________．◆Thetextiswrittenmainlyfor________．◆Whoaretheintendedreadersofthepassage?[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee­spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow­costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.31．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Aguidebook.C．Anovel. D．Amagazine.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步确定题干中的关键信息likely_from第二步定位到原文，寻找相关信息Researchers_from_Georgia_Tech_say_that_they_have_come_up_with_a_low­cost_device(装置)_that_gets_around_this_problem：a_smart_keyboard._第三步进行合理推断得出答案根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及关键词researchers，low­cost_device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道。科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。自主解答：Deq\a\vs4\al()从文章的内容或结构判断其出处：1．报纸：前面常会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。2．广告：格式特殊，容易辨认。3．产品说明：常含有操作方式、使用方法等。4．网页：常含有网页的典型用语，如click等。[学生用书P74](2019·江苏卷·C)Whocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheinternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople’sopinions.However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolutionrepresentedbytheinternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso“yesterday”thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin“post­industrialsociety”hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业),withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeinternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide”betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandinternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople’slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupinternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong­termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina“borderlessworld”.Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross­borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourunder­valuationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.【解题导语】对新科技作用的误判可能会误导人们对已有的技术的认识和使用，影响对社会的认知。61．Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto________．A．alackofconfidenceintechnologyB．aslowprogressintechnologyC．aconflictorpublicopinionsD．awasteoflimitedresourcesD解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However，theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用。故选D。62．TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould________.A．takepeople’sessentialneedsintoaccountB．maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC．ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD．providemoreaffordableinternetfacilitiesA解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Thequestion，however，iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksand...inruralvillages”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。63．Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A．Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B．Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C．Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D．Over­emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.B解析：细节理解题。根据第五段可知，随着通信和交通运输技术的发展，人们认为我们生活在一个“无国界的世界”，由此许多政府取消了一些必要的规则。故选B。64．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B．Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.C．Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.D．Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.B解析：推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段中的“However,ourfascination...wrongdirections.”可知，我们对最新技术的入迷，和对已经普遍存在的技术作用的低估会将我们引向错误的方向，即传统的技术在当今仍有着重要的作用。故选B。eq\a\vs4\al()一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推理判断题1．抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理。2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳答案。3．以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。[学生用书P75]A(2019·镇江高三期末考试)AtinyAlaskavillagehasexperiencedaboomintourisminrecentyearsaspolarbearsspendmoretimeonlandthanonArcticseaice.Morethan2，000peoplevisitedthenorthernAlaskavillageofKaktovikin2018toseepolarbearsinthewild.Thefarnorthcommunityliesinanareawhereincreasinglyhighertemperaturehasspedupthemovementofseaice,theprimaryhabitat(栖息地)ofpolarbears.Asicehasgraduallymovedtodeepwaterbeyondthecontinentalshelf,morebearsareremainingonlandtolookforfood.PolarbearshavealwaysbeenacommonsightonseaicenearKaktovik,butvillagersstartednoticingachangeinthemid­1990s.Morebearsseemedtostayonland,andresearchersbegantakingnoteofmorefemalebearsmakinghomesinthesnowonlandinsteadofontheicetoraisetheirbabies.U．S.FishandWildlifeServicebiologistsbeganhearingreportsoftheincreasingnumberofpolarbearsintheareaintheearly2000s.Asmoreattentionwasgiventotheplight(困境)ofpolarbearsaboutadecadeago,moretouristsstartedheadingtoKaktovik.“Thevillagehadfewerthan50visitorsannuallybefore2011，”saidJenniferReed,oftheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge.“Todaywe’retalkingabouthundredsandhundredsofvisitors,manyfromaroundtheworldeachyear，”Reedsaid.Mosttouristsvisitinthefall,whenbearsareforcedtowardlandbecauseseaiceisfarthestawayfromtheshore.BruceInglangasak,alocalhunterwhosometimesofferswildlife­viewingtours,saidhe’sbeenofferingpolarbeartourssince2004.Mostofhisclients(客户)arefromChinaandEurope,aswellasfromthelower48U．S.states.Manytouristsstayseveraldaysinthevillage,whichhastwosmallhotels.Thevillagershavebenefitedalotfromthat.Inturn,theyprovidemoreeffectiveprotectionforpolarbearswithfinancialsupportfromtourismdevelopment.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。气候变暖导致海冰融化，北极熊登陆，为阿拉斯加的一个小村庄带来了巨大的人气，促进了当地旅游业发展，当地人又用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供积极的保护。1．WhatcausesmorepolarbearstostayonlandinKaktovik?A．Foodshortage.B．Climatechange.C．Habitats’movementtoshore.D．Theirpreferenceforland.B解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thefarnorthcommunityliesinanareawhereincreasinglyhighertemperaturehasspedupthemovementofseaice,theprimaryhabitat(栖息地)ofpolarbears.Asicehasgraduallymovedtodeepwaterbeyondthecontinentalshelf,morebearsareremainingonlandtolookforfood.”可知，全球变暖加速了海冰融化，破坏了北极熊原本的栖息地，越来越多的北极熊待在陆地上以寻找食物。故选B。2．Howdidcommonpeoplefeelaboutmoresightofbearsonland?A．Excited. B．Puzzled.C．Concerned. D．Shocked.C解析：观点态度题。根据第三段的内容可知，随着越来越多的北极熊出现在陆地上，研究人员、生物学家等也越来越多地关注北极熊所处的这一困境，随后，更多游客前往Kaktovik。由此可推知，大众对更多北极熊登陆现象表示关注。故选C。3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．HotelsinKaktovikareindemandinautumn.B．Kaktovikhasabout50visitorsannually.C．Inglangasakmakesalivingasatourguide.D．Tourismaffectsthebalanceofnature.A解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Mosttouristsvisitinthefall”及“Manytouristsstayseveraldaysinthevillage,whichhastwosmallhotels.”可知，大多数游客会选择在秋季去Kaktovik游览，而且很多游客会在这个小村庄待上几天，而这个小村庄只有两个小旅馆，故可推知在秋季，Kaktovik的旅馆很抢手。故选A。4．Whichsayingcandescribethetext?A．Thefittestcansurvive.B．Afterastormcomesacalm.C．Thereisalwaysopportunityincrisis.D．Everycoinhastwosides.D解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，因为全球气候变暖，北极熊被迫登陆来寻找食物以生存下去，这本来是北极熊的困境，然而北极熊登陆却促进了一个小村庄旅游业的发展，这对小村庄来说是一个机遇，同时，村民又利用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供更多保护。因此D项“事物都有两面性”符合语境。故选D。B(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)Thosewhowanttolearnaforeignlanguage,orwanttheirchildrento,oftenfeeltheyareracingagainsttheclock.Peopleseemtogetworseatlanguagesastheyage.Childrenoftenlearntheirfirstlanguagewithoutanyinstruction,andcaneasilybecomemultilingualwiththerightexposure.Buttheolderpeopleget,theharderitseemstobe.Witnesstheroughedgesonthegrammarofmanyimmigrantsevenaftermanyyearsintheirnewcountries.Scientistsmostlyagreethatchildrenarebetterlanguagelearners,butdonotknowwhy.Someposit(认定)biologicalfactors.Isitbecauseyoungbrainshaveanextremekindofplasticity?Or,asStevenPinker,aHarvardpsychologist,argues,aninstinctforlanguagelearningspecifically,whichfadesasthebrainagesand(inevolutionaryterms)isnolongerneeded?Othersthinkchildrenhavespecialenvironmentsandencouragements,notmoreintelligentbrains.Theyhavestrongmotivationtocommunicatewithcaregiversandimitatepeers,andarenotafraidofmakingmistakesinthewayadultsare.Somebelieveany“criticalperiod”mayonlyapplytothesoundsofaforeigntongue.Adultsstrugglewithaccents:eightdecadesafterimmigratingtoAmericaandfouryearsafterservingastheSecretaryofState,HenryKissingerstillsoundsfreshofftheboatfromFürth—inwhatisneverthelesselaboratelyaccurateEnglish.Butgrammarisdifferent,andsomeresearchershaveconsideredthatwiththeirgreaterreasoningpowers,adults_are_not_really_a_underdog_relative_to_children.Onestudyfoundthatwhenadultsandchildrenareexposedtothesameteachingmaterialsforanewlanguageforseveralmonths,theadultsactuallydobetter.Mostsuchresearchhashadtorelyonasmallnumberofsubjects,giventhedifficultyofrecruitingthem;itishardtoknowhowmeaningfultheresultsare.NowalargenewstudyledbyJoshuaHartshorneofBostonCollege(withMr.PinkerandJoshuaTenenbaumasco­authors)hasgivenstrengthtothecriticalperiodhypothesis(假说).Thestudyingeniouslyrecruited670，000onlinetest­takersbyframingtheexerciseasaquizthatwouldguesstheparticipants’nativelanguageordialect.Thismadeitaviralhit.TherealpointwastotestEnglishlearners’knowledgeoftrickybitsofgrammar,andtoseehowthiscorrelateswiththeageatwhichtheirstudiesbegan.Doyoungerbeginnersdobetterbecausetheirearlierstartgavethemmorelearningtime,orbecausetheylearnedfasterinearlyyears?Itcanbehardtoteaseapartthesetwoquestions.ButtestingahugeamountofdataagainstanumberofpossiblelearningcurvesallowedMr.Hartshornetodopreciselythat.Manypreviousresearchershadpositedadrop­offataroundpuberty(青春期).Thenewstudyfoundittoberatherlater,justafter17.Despitethatlatercut­off,learnersmustbeginataroundteniftheyaretogettonear­nativefluency.Iftheystartat,say,14,theycannotaccumulateenoughexpertknowledgeinthecriticalperiod.Unfortunately,14orsoispreciselywhenmanystudents,especiallyinAmerica,arefirstintroducedtoanewlanguage.(Evenworse,thisisanagewhenchildrenareacutelysensitivetoembarrassmentinfrontofpeers.)Childrenwhostartatfivedon’tdonoticeablybetterthanthosewhostartattenovertheirlifetimes.Butthereisstillreasontobegininthefirstyearsofschool,asinDenmarkandSweden.Becausemasterytakesalongtime—perhaps30yearsuntilimprovementstops—thosewhobeginatfiveandareforcedtoreadandwriteEnglishatuniversitywillbythenhavemademuchmoreprogressthanthosewhotaketheplunge(作出决定)atten,eveniftheirlevelisroughlythesameby40.Theexistenceofthecriticalperiodisnotareasonforanyone11oroldertogiveup.Somepeopleremainexcellentlanguagestudentsintoadulthood.AndMr.Hartshornetestedsometrulysubtlefeaturesofgrammarthattakeyearstomaster.Alanguagelearnedeventoalowerlevelcanstillbeextraordinarilyusefulatworkorenjoyableduringtravelling.Butforpolicymakers,thepossibleeffectisclear.【解题导语】本文探讨的是关于语言学习“关键期”的问题。5．Accordingtothescientists,whichcannotexplainchildren’sbeingbetterlanguagelearners?A．Pleasantsurroundings.B．Powerfulmotivation.C．Biologicalfactors.D．Properinstruction.D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Someposit(认定)biologicalfactors...needed”“childrenhavespecialenvironmentsandencouragements”“Theyhavestrongmotivationtocommunicatewithcaregiversandimitatepeers...mistakes”可知，在科学家们看来，儿童能成为更好的语言学习者的原因可能是生理因素(他们大脑的可塑性和语言学习的本能更好)、环境因素(儿童能享有更好的语言学习环境和语言刺激)、自身因素(儿童有很强的与他人交流和模仿同龄人的积极性，并且不害怕犯错误)。故选D。6．WhyisHenryKissingermentioned?A．Tostresshisgreatachievementinlanguage.B．Toproveadultshavedifficultyimprovingaccents.C．Toexplainlanguageisnotabarriertoone’ssuccess.D．Toshowtheimportanceofmasteringaforeignlanguage.B解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中所举的基辛格的例子及“Adultsstrugglewithaccents”可知，此处主要是在突出语言学习中，成人在改善口音上有困难。由此可知，提及基辛格就是为了说明这一问题。故选B。7．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph4probablymean?A．Adultsarebetteratlogicalthinkingthanchildren.B．Adultshelpalotwithchildren’slanguagelearning.C．Adultsarenotreallyatadisadvantagecomparedtochildren.D．Adultshavemoretroublelearninggrammarthanchildren.C解析：句意理解题。根据第四段中的“withtheirgreaterreasoningpowers”“whenadultsandchildrenareexposedtothesameteachingmaterialsforanewlanguageforseveralmonths,theadultsactuallydobetter”可知，成人的推理能力比儿童的好，同样的时间内学习同样的语法知识，成人的学习效果要比儿童的好。由此可知，画线句的意思是“与儿童相比，成人不一定就处于劣势”。故选C。8．WhichstatementmayMr.Hartshorneagreewith?A．Age14isaturningpointforforeignlanguagelearners.B．Adrop­offinlearningresultsappearsaftertheageof17.C．Thecriticalperiodisofvitalimportanceingrammarlearning.D．Thecriticalperiodforlanguagelearningvariesfrompersontoperson.B解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Manypreviousresearchers...Thenewstudyfoundittoberatherlater,justafter17.”可知，Mr.Hartshorne主导的新研究发现，语言学习效果的下降出现在17岁之后，较之前研究者认为的出现在约青春期时要稍晚些。故选B。9．What’sthemainthemeofthepassage?A．It’snevertoolatetobegintolearnaforeignlanguage.B．Youshouldstartlearningearlytomasteranewlanguage.C．Languagelearningshouldstartatthebeginningofschool.D．Longerlearningperiodsleadtonative­likelanguagefluency.B解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，尤其是倒数第三段中的“learnersmustbeginataroundteniftheyaretogettonear­nativefluency”和倒数第二段中的“thereisstillreasontobegininthefirstyearsofschool”等信息可知，语言学习“关键期”的说法有其合理性，而要达到与当地人接近的流利程度，就应该早接触，早学习。故选B。10．Whatmaybediscussedinthefollowingparagraph?A．Theimpactthecriticalperiodhasonpolicymakers.B．Theapplicationofthecriticalperiodtopolicymaking.C．Theimportanceofthecriticalperiodinpolicymaking.D．Theattitudepolicymakersholdtowardsthecriticalperiod.A解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Butforpolicymakers,thepossibleeffectisclear.”可知，文章接下来可能会涉及语言学习“关键期”对政策制定者有什么样的影响。故选A。推理判断题[学生用书P145(单独成册)](建议用时：25分钟)A(2019·南京四校联考)I’vebeenavolunteerintheMacmillan@GlasgowLibrariesprogrammeforjustoverayear.IgotinvolvedbecauseIwaslookingforsomethingtovolunteerforafterIretiredfromwork.IthoughtbeingaMacmillanCancerInformationandSupportVolunteermightbeagoodwaytodothatbyusingsomeoftheskillsIlearnedatwork.Atonetime,IfeltImadearealdifferencewhenaladycameintousetheservice.Shewasveryupset,butshewasnotthepersonwithcancer.Itwasherpartner.Shehadlotsofthingsonhermind.We,togetherwithacounselor,hadachatabouthertohelpdealwithalltheemotions(情感)shefelt.Weknewwecouldarrangesomething,sowediscussedwithherwhatcouldbedoneforherfamily.Shewasrelievedthatwecouldgetsomethingarrangedforherandlikedthefactthatwemanagedtogettheballrollingduringhervisit.Thegoodthingabouthavingtheservicesinthelibraryisthattheenvironmentisnon­clinicalandthereforemorerelaxingthanthehospitalordoctor’ssurgery.Theteaminthelibraryarenotmedicallytrained.Thatmeanswedonotusebigwordsormedicaltermsveryoften.It’sgreatthatthepeoplewhovolunteerallworkwelltogether,helpingeachothertogetaresolution(解决)forpeoplewhocomein.It’sgoodtohavetheteamattheotherendofthephonewheneverwegetsomethingunusual.Itisapleasuretobeabletohelpasavolunteer.【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在本文中记叙了自己作为一名志愿者的经历。作者退休后，利用自己的技能去帮助那些需要帮助的人，并从中得到了快乐。1．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor?A．Heisaretireddoctor.B．Heisvolunteeringinahospital.C．Heisacounselorincancer.D．Hehasfoughtagainstcancerbefore.A解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者现在已经退休，而且有医学方面的技能；结合第三段的内容，可以推测出作者是一名退休医生。2．Whydidtheladyfeelupset?A．Becauseshewasaffectedbycancer.B．Becauseherhusbandsufferedfromcancer.C．Becauseshedidn’tknowhowtotreatcancer.D．Becauseshehadapoorrelationwithherhusband.B解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Shewasveryupset,butshewasnotthepersonwithcancer.Itwasherpartner.”和“wediscussedwithherwhatcouldbedoneforherfamily”可知，这位女士的丈夫得了癌症。注意：此处的“partner”表示“配偶”。3．Whatdoweknowaboutthevolunteers?A．Theydowellinteamwork.B．Theyreceivemedicaltraining.C．Theyallusedtobehelped.D．Theyoftenmeetunusualthings.A解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的首句“It’sgreatthatthepeoplewhovolunteerallworkwelltogether,helpingeachothertogetaresolution(解决)forpeoplewhocomein.”可知，所有的志愿者都能很好地共同工作，彼此帮助，为来求助的人提供好的解决方案。由此推知，他们具有很强的团队意识，善于团队合作。4．Whydoestheauthorwritethistext?A．Tocallonreaderstodovo