英语词汇学课件

Chapter2ThesourcesoftheEnglishVocabulary

TheEnglishpeopleareofamixedblood.AtthebeginningofthefifthcenturyBritainwasinvadedbythreetribesfromtheNorthernEurope:theAngles,SaxonsandJutes.ThesethreetribeslandedontheBritishcoast,drovetheBritonswestandnorthandsettleddownontheisland.Thesethreethreetribesmergedintoonepeople:theEnglishpeopleandthethreedialectstheyspokenaturallygrewintoasinglelanguage:theEnglishlanguage.Theworldhasnearly3,000languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.TheIndo-EuropeanismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,thenearEast,andIndia.Indo-EuropeanLanguageEasternSet

WesternSetArmenianAlbanianEasternSetBalto-SlavicIndo-IrannianBalto-SlavicCzechRussianPrussianPolishSlovenianLithuanianBulgarianIndo-IranianPersianBengaliHindiRomanyDerivedfromSanskritArmenianAlbanianArmenianAlbanianWesternSetCelticItalicGermanicHellenicCelticScottishIrishWelshBretonItalicItalianPortugueseSpanishFrenchRomanianNorwegianIcelandicDanishSwedishGermanicGermanDutchFlemishEnglishHellenicGreekAHistoricalOverviewoftheEnglishVocabularyEnglishcanberoughlydividedinto:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishModernEnglish.OldEnglish(4501150)MiddleEnglish(11501500)ModernEnglish(1500Now)Early:15001700Late:1700presentAftertheRomans,theGermanictribescalledangles,Saxons,andJutescame.Soontheytookpermanentcontroloftheland,whichwastobecalledEngland.Theirlanguage,historicallyknownasAnglo-Saxon,dominatedandalmosttotallyblottedouttheCeltic.CelticmadeonlyasmallcontributiontotheEnglishvocabularywithsuchwordsascragandbinandsomeplacenameslikeAvon,Kent,London,Themes.NowpeoplegenerallyrefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.TwoeventsintheOldEnglishPeriod:inthe6thcentury:LatinspeakingRomanmissionariescametospreadChristianityinBritain.TheintroductionofChristianityhadagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.Itbroughtmanynewideasandcustomsandalsomanyreligiousterms:abbot,candle,altar,amen,apostle.Inthe9thcentury:thelandwasinvadedagainbyNorwegianandDanishVikings.Theycamefirsttoplunder,thentoconquer.FinallytheysucceededinplacingaDanishkingonthethroneofEngland.Withtheinvaders,manyscandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Thesenewwordsdidnotidentifynewideasandobjects.TheywereeverydaywordsforwhichtheEnglishhadtermsandexpressions.Manywordswereexactlyalike,suchasfather,husband,house,life,man,mother,summerandwinter.Otherwordsweresomuchalikethattheywereusedinterchangeably.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish,suchasskirt,skill,window,leg,grasp,birth,they,their,themandegg.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.Therefore,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbsahscomplexendingsorvowelchanges,orboth.MiddleEnglishOldEnglishbegantoundergomuchchangewhentheNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066.TheNormanconqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.TheEnglishweredefeated,butnotkilledoff,norweretheydrivenfromtheircountry.Theywerereducedtothestatusofaninferiorpeople.NormanFrenchbecamethepolitespeech.Bytheendofthe11thcentury,almostallofthepeoplewhoheldpoliticalorsocialpowerandmanyofthoseinpowerfulchurchpositionswereofNormanFrenchorigin.Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgraduallycamebackintotheschools,thelawcourts,andgovernmentandregainedsocialstatusthankstoWyclifftranslationoftheBibleandthewritingsofChaucer.Between1250and1500about9,000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.Wecanfindwordsrelatingtoeveryaspectofhumansociety,e.g.Government,socialscales,law,religion,moralmatters,militaryaffairs,food,fashion,etc.Forexample:state,power,prince,duke,judge,court,crime,angel,mercy,peace,battle,pork,bacon,fry,roast,dress,coat.MiddleEnglishretainedmuchfewerinflections.Endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinctionofnumber,cameandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms.IfwesayoldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneoflevelledendings.ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics.ThisisknowninhistoryastheRenaissance.LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritageandofgreatscholarship,buttranslatorswererapidlymakinggreatliteraryworksavailableinEnglish.TranslatorsandscholarsborrowedheavilyfromtheLatinvocabularyoftheirsourcematerialsduringthisperiodandmanyLatinwordsbecamepartofEnglishvocabulary.Inthemid-seventeenthcentury,EnglandexperiencedBourgeoisRevolutionfollowedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandrosetobeagreateconomicpower.Withthegrowthofcolonization.Britishtentaclesbeganstretchingouttoeverycorneroftheglobe.Sincethebeginningofthelastcentury,esp,afterWorldWarII,theworldhasseenbreathtakingadvancesinscienceandtechnology.Manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas,etc.,yetmorewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.Classificationofwords:Englishwordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotionandintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.BasicWordStock:Allnationalcharacter:Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.Stability:Astheydenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.Stability,however,isonlyrelative.Productivity:Wordsofthebasicwordstockaremostrootwordsormonosyllabicwords;TheycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixesWaterlinewaterheadwaterfallwaterfrontwaterlockswatermanwatersidewaterskinwaterwaywaterproofwater-sicwater-skiwatermanshipwatered-downwatercartwater-ratewater-policewater-fast见：23页Footage,football,footpath,footer,footfall,footed,footloose,footling,footman,footing,footprintdoglike,doghood,dogcart,dog-cheap,dog-ear,dog-fall,dogfight,doghole,dog-paddle,dogsleepPolysemy:Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundergonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.见21页Collocability:Manywordsofthebasicwordstockhavestrongcollocability:见22页Achangeofheart,afterone’sheart,cryone’sheartout,eatone’sheartout,aheartofgold,atheart,breakone’sheart,crossone’sheart,haveone’sheartinone’smouth,heartandhand,heartandsoul,takesthtoheart,wearone’sheartuponone’ssleeve,withallone’sheart.Non-basicwordstock:1)usu.Wordstechnicalinsense:arthritiscerebritisalgebracalculus2.SlangItbelongstothesub-standardlanguage:cancerstick:cigarettedishthedirt:gossiporspreadrumoursaboutothersfeelnopain:bedrunkinthesoup:inserioustroublebringdown:disappointNativewordsandBorrowedwordsNativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,thesaxons,andtheJutes.Nativewordsdenotethecommonestthingsinhumansociety,theyareusedbyallpeople,inallplacesonalloccasions,andatalltimes.Theyarenotstylisticallyspecific.Theyareneutralinstyle:Begin(E)commence(French)brotherly(E)fraternal(F)answer(E)replay(F)fall(E)autumn(F)Borrowedwords(loanwordsorborrowings)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary.

见25页Borrowedwordsaredividedintofourkinds:denizens:theyarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.Change:changier(F)pork:porc(F)见25页Aliens:theyarewordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronounciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognisableasforeigninorigin.Decor:装饰blitzkrieg闪电战kowtow磕头bazaar集市statusquo现状intermezzo幕间剧Translation-loans:translationloansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.mothertongue:linguamaterna(L)longtimenosee(CH)surplusvalue:mehrwert(G)masterpiece:meisterstuck(G)blackhumour:humournoirSemanticloans:Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeanings.Semanticborrowingsalsorefertowordswhichhaveacquiredanewmeaningundertheinfluenceofotherlanguages.“Pioneer”oncesignifying”explorer”onlyor“persondoingpioneeringwork”hasnowtakenonthenewmeaningof“amemberoftheYoungPioneer”fromRussian“Fresh”hasadoptedthemeaningof“impertinent,sassy,cheeky”undertheinfluenceoftheGermanword“frech”.TheForeignElementsintheEnglishvocabulary

见27页TheScandinavianelementinEnglishAninterestingfeatureofthelanguageisanumberofDanishformsexistingsidebysidewiththeEnglishformsintheEnglishvocabulary见28页TheScandinavianwordsintoEnglishwerenotonlynouns,adjectives,butalsopronouns,prepositions,adverbs,andverbs.见29页WordsfromFrenchcanbedividedintotwogroups:1.FrenchloanwordsinthemiddleEnglishperiod2.FrenchloanwordsafterthemiddleEnglishperiod见32页1.FrenchloanwordsinthemiddleEnglishperiodconnectedwithgovernment:government,administration,state,crown,authority,courtconnectedwithreligion:religion,theology,prayer,dean,lesson,clerk,devotionWordsconnectedwithLawJustice,judgment,crime,evidence,proof,blame,arrest,Wordsconnectedwitharmy:Army,peace,enemy,arms,captain,defence,soldier,guard,WordsconnectedwithfashionandfoodDress,cloak,collar,button,boots,diamond,beef,pork,mutton,bacon,biscuit,cream,sugar,orange,lemon.Wordsconnectedwitharts,literatureArt,painting,learning,beauty,colour,figure,image,tragedy,title,story,pen2.FrenchloanwordsaftertheMiddleEnglishperiod:Thewordsareconnectedchieflywitharts,withfoodanddrink,withfashionandwithdiplomacy.见33页TheLatinElementintheEnglishVocabularyTheFirstperiodofLatininfluence:TherewasnoopportunityfordirectcontactbetweenLatinandOldEnglishinEngland,somanywordscameinthroughCeltictransmission.见35页Unit3WordFormation:compounding

Compoundingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.ThewordformedinthiswayiscalledcompoundA.Accordingtoorthographiccriterion,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:1)solid,suchasbedtime2)hyphenated,suchasabove-mentioned3)open,suchasreadingmaterialPhonologically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.`old/friends`new/friends`pure/scientistsSemantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedas“havingameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotsimplybeinferredfromthemeaningofitsparts.Adarkroomisnotjustaroomthatisdark,ratheraroomusedforphotographicprocessing.

1.NounCompoundsInpolitics:ahotline:atelephonelineforswiftcommunicationinemergenciesbetweenMoscowandWashington.(热线)hard-liner:apersonfollowinganuncompromisingorextremepolicyIneconomics:unitpricing:thepricingofacommodityexpressedperunitofweight,volume,etc.(单价与兑价分标法)siegeeconomics:extremelystricteconomicalmeasures(极其严格的节约措施)Inmilitaryfields:cruisemissile:alow-flyingsubsonicguidedmissile(巡航导弹)laserbomb:bombguidedbylaser激光导弹fox-bat(狐蝠式战斗机)Inscienceandtechnology:blackhole:ahypotheticalcelestialregionformedfromacollapsedstar.(黑洞)biologicalclock:inherentmechanismthatregulatescyclicphysiologicalprocessinalivingorganism.(生物钟)strobelight:higherintensityflashinglight频闪放电管Insociallife:identitycrisis:astateofpsychologicalconfusioninone'spersonality.个性危机grouptherapy:thetreatmentofagroupofpatientsinregularsessionswhereproblemsaresharedingroupdiscussion:小组疗法encountergroup:agroupofpeoplewhomeettodevelopunderstandingofothersbyhonestexchangeoffeelings,opinions,etc.交朋友小组shieldlaw:alawthatpretextsjournalistsfromforceddisclosureofconfidentialnewssources.新闻来源保障法answeringservice:acommercialservicethatanswerstelephonecallsforitsclients.营利性的代客接听电话的服务处demandscheduling:flightschedulingonthepartanairlineaccordingtothespecificdemandofapassenger.按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程.silencevow:avowtokeepsilenceaboutsomethingsecret保守秘密誓词heartbeat:Theheartbeats.revolvingdoor:thedoorthatrevolvesTheanalysisofthenouncompoundstructures:1.subject+predicate:2.predicate+object:pickpocket:topickthepockethousekeeping:tokeepthehouse3.Verb+adverbial:Therearefivekindsinthistype:a)aprepositionalphraseusedasanadverbial(a)Theadverbialrelationofplace:divingboard:divingfromtheboardlivingroom:liveinaroomwaitingroom:waitinaroom(b)Theinstrumentalrelationofanadverbial:sewingmachine:sewwithamachinewalkingstick:walkwithamachine参见2584.subject+object:steamboat:Thesteampowerstheboat.honeybee:Thebeeproduceshoney5.appositive:apeasantgirl:agirlwhoisapeasant

a:anoff-the-cuffopinion

临时想起的意见b:round-the-clockdiscussion

连续24小时的讨论会c:on-the-spotobservation

2.CompoundAdjectives:1)thecompoundadjectivescomingfromadverbials:d:theahead-of-schedulegeneralelection

提前举行的大选e:anoff-cameraannouncer

影屏外的播音员f:thefirston-sceneattempttodetectlifeonMars

实景考察a:aback-upgenerator

备用发电机b:astand-upcollar

竖领c:awalk-incloset

人可以走进去的大壁橱d:asee-throughshirt

透明的衬衫2)thecompoundadjectivescomingfromthephrasalverbs:3)thecompoundadjectivescomingfrominfinitivephrases:a:take-homepayb:across-borderraidc:akeep-fitclass（保健班）a:aneasy-to-paintportraitb:adifficult-to-operatemachinec:hard-to-get-atvolumes4)compoundadjectivescomingfromthecompressedattributiveclauses:d:acan't-be-put-downbooke:anever-to-be-forgotteneventf:hishigher-than-averagewagesThewomenhaveoutgrownthejumping-onto-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouseera.1)Thecommonwaytoformacompoundverbisbymeansofback-formation.Theback-formationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbydroppingthesupposedorimaginedaffixes:3:CompoundVerbs:d:air-condition:fromair-conditioninga:mass-produce:frommassproductionb:window-dress:fromwindow-dressing布置橱窗c:proof-read:fromproof-readere:edit:fromeditorf:automate;automationg:gloom:fromgoomyh:greed:fromgreedyI:towindow-shop:fromwindow-shopping:lookatdisplaysofgoodsinstorewindowswithoutenteringthestorestobuyanything.j:baby-sit:frombaby-sitting:careforchildren,usuallyduringashortabsenceoftheparents.2)Acompoundverbcanalsobeformedbymeansofanalogy:a:chain-drink:fromchain-smokeb:bottle-feed:feedfromabottle.frombreast-feed:feedfromamother'sbreastFromthestylisticpointofview:1.usu.usedascolloquialisms:e.g.a:Don'tnit-pickwithme.(findfaultwithme)b:Hesweet-talkedherintonotbeingsosore.(coaxbyflattery)

2.usu.usedinnewsreports:e.g.AfterleavingWashingtonhejob-hopped,servingbrieflyasoperatingvice-presidentofthebank.(job-hop:changejobsfrequently)hand-wash:towashbyhandcoldrinse:torinseinthecoldwater3.inadvertisements:warmiron:toironwithmoderateheatLinedry（一晾就干）drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）e.g.LeaveallthatoutandrememberonlythatHughHefinerisamanwhochain-drinksPepsis.Fromtheviewpointofcommunicativefunctionandcommunicativevalue:1)humorous:2)terse:a:Cansareflash-cookedforsixsecondsratherthansterilisedfor60minutes.(flash-cook:tocookbyaveryshortexposuretointenseheat)b:SofarIhavepress-shown18films.(press-show:showtothepressbeforepublicpresentation)e.g.Heannouncedaseriesofsurprisesummitmeetingsthatwillhavehimjet-hoppingfromislandtoisland.(jet-hop:travelfromplacetoplacebyjetcraft)3)vividandimpressive

Chapter4

Blending，BackformationandShortening

Blendingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblends.Frommorphologicalviewpoints,therearefourtypesofblending:botel:boat+hotel汽艇游客旅馆smaze:smoke+haze烟霾advertistics:advertising+statistics广告统计学1.Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondword:autocide:automobile+suicide

撞车自杀altiport:altitude+airport

高山短距起落机场ballute:balloon+parachute

减速汽球chunnel:channel+tunnel

海峡隧道lunacast:lunar+telecast

登月电视广播carbecue:car+barbecue

一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆的熔车装置jazzotheque:jazz+discotheque

爵士音乐夜总会lunarnaut:lunar+astronaut

登月宇宙航行员2.thewholepartofthefirstword+lastpartofthesecondword:

Nixonomics:Nixon+economics

尼克松的经济政策workfare:work+welfare

工作福利helipad:helicopter+pad

直升飞机升降场medicaid:medical+aid

美国的医疗补助方案medicare:medical+care

医疗照顾方案3.thewholeformofthesecondword+thefirstpartofthefirstword:Eurasian:Europe+Asian

欧亚混血儿motown:motor+town

汽车城psywar:psychological+warfare

心里战Amerind:American+Indian

美洲印第安人memcon:memorandum+conversation

谈话记录4.thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartofthesecondword:sitcom:situation+comedy

情景喜剧comint:communications+intelligence

通讯情报humint:human+intelligence

间谍情报comsat:communications+satellite

通讯卫星Thewordsformedinthiswayareoftenregardedasnoncewords.However,somewordshavebeenacceptedintostandardEnglishsuchasbrunch,smog,motel.

Itseemsinscientificfields,thisprocessofwordformationisespeciallyusefulinlexicalizingascientificconcept:telex:teleprinter+exchange

用户直通电报pulsar:pulse+quasar脉冲星skylab:sky+laboratory

空中实验室biorhythm:biological+rhythm

生理节奏mascon:mass+concentration

质量密集Someoftheblendsareespeciallyeffectiveincertaincontexts:e.gAlongtimeNixonbacker,heassumesadawkstanceontheproblem.dawk:dove+hawk介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物e.g.Thewholeareahavebeenturnedintoonehugeautopia.

autopia:auto+utopia

轿车适宜行驶的地区

BackformationBackformationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordisformedbydeletingthesupposedaffixes:1.Fromnounsa:peddle:frompeddlerb:burgle:fromburglarc:beg:frombeggard:orate:fromoratore:auth:fromauthorf:emote:fromemotiong:caretake:fromcaretakerh:free-associate:fromfree-associationi:enthuse:fromenthusiasm2.Fromadjectivesa:peeve:frompeevishb:gloom:fromgloomyc:frivol:fromfrivolousd:coseorcoze:fromcosye:laze:fromlazy

f:greed:fromgreedyg:grue:fromgruesome3.Bydroppingthesupposedprefixa:flappable:fromunflappable

易惊慌的b:ept:frominept

Shortening(Abbreviation)1.Clippedwords1)toclipthefrontpartofaword

a:phone:fromtelephoneb:varsity:fromuniversityc:chute:fromparachute2)toclipthebackpartofaworda:ad:advertisementb:exam:examinationc:mod:modernd:pro:professionale:demo:demonstrationf:exp.:expositiong:memo:memorandumh:lib:liberation3)toclipboththefrontandthebackpartsofaworda:flu:influenzab:Tec:detectivec:fridge:refrigerator4）Phraseclippings:pub:publichousepop-singer:popularsongsingerlube:lubricatingoilInitialises:Initialismsarewordsformedbytheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters:C.O.D:cashondeliveryEEC:EuropeanEconomicCommunityFBI:FederalBureauofInvestigatione.g.:exempligratia:forexampleAcronymsarewordsformedbytheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords:Acronyms:OPEC:OrganisationofPetroleumExportCountriesNATO:NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisationSALT:StrategicArmsLimitationTalksUnit5WordFormation:ConversionConversionConversionisamaintypeofword-formationassigningthebasetoadifferentwordclasswithnochangeofform.Forexample,theverbreleaseisconvertedtothenounrelease.IntheEnglishlanguageconversionisunusuallyprominentasaword-formationprocess.Ofcourse,conversion,likeothermaintypesofword-formation,istreatedasaprocessnowavailableforextendingthelexicalresourcesoftheEnglishlanguage.Therearetwokindsofconversion:fullconversionandpartialconversion.Fullconversionisconversionasalreadydiscussedabove.Partialconversionisconversion,whereawordofonewordclassappearsinafunctionwhichischaracteristicofanotherwordclass.Insuchstructuresasthewealthy(wealthypeople),theignorant,thekind,thewicked,etc.,theadjectiveispartiallyconvertedtonounstatusinthatitissyntacticallyinaposition…characteristicofnounsratherthanadjective.Butthatisnotfullconversionbecauseonecannotsay:”sawtwowealthies”,norcanonesay:”Isawawealthy.”Thetypesofconversioncontainthreemajorwordclasses:nouns,verbsandadditives.Conversionfromnountoverbandfromverbtonounarethemostproductivecategories.Conversioncanbeclassifiedintofourcategoriesaccordingtowordclasses.Conversiontonoun:Therearetwotypesofconversiontonoun.1)De-verbalThistypeincludesthefollowingkinds.Thede-verbalnounsmaybeused:1)todenotethestateofmindorsensation.Desire:v.Tolongfor,towishn.stronglonging,earnestwishdismay:v.Tofillwithdismayn.strongfeelingoffearandhopelessness

doubt:v.Tohesitatetobelieven.uncertaintyofmind.Love:v.Tohavestrongaffectionordeeptenderfeelingfor.n.warm,kindfeeling;fondness.Smell:v.Tobeawareofthroughthesenseofsmell.n.thatoneofthefivesensesspecialtothenose.

Taste:v.Tobeawareofthetasteofsomething.n.sensebywhichflavourisknown.Want:v.Torequire,tobeinneedofn.needThedeverbalnounsofthiskindareusedstativelytocountornoncountnounsb)todenoteaneventoractivity:attemptv:totry,tomakeastartatdoingsomethingn.efforttodosomething.Fall:v.Tocomeorgodownfreelyn.actoffalling

hit:v.Togiveablown.blowlaugh:v.Tomakesoundsormovementsofthefaceandbody,showingamusement,joy.n.soundmadeinlaughing,actoflaughing.Release:v.Toallowtogo,tosetfree.n.releasingorbeingreleased.Search:v.Toexamine,tolookcarefullyat.n.actofsearching

swim:v.Tomovethebodythroughwaterbyusingarms,legs,fins,thetail,etc.n.actorperiodofswimmingThedeverbalnounsofthiskindareuseddynamically.c)asobjectofthegivenverb:answer:Foreignlanguagesaretaughtthroughquestionsandanswers(thatwhichisanswered).Bet:Iwilllayyouabet(somethingislaid,staked,orpledgedtypicallybetweentwopartiesontheoutcomeofacontestoracontingentissue)Catch:Herhusbandwasagoodcatch(thatwhichiscaught).Theysayhe’sgotafortuneinthebank.Find:animportantarchaeologicalfind(thatwhichisfound.)d)assubjectofthegivenverb:bore:Hebecameabore(onethatcausesboredom)atlast.cheat:Acheatisapersonwhocheats.coach:Acoachisapersonwhotrainsathletesforcontests.e)asinstrumentofthegivenverb:cover:putthecover(somethingwithwhichtocoverthings)onthekettleandthewaterwillboil.Wrap:Theword“wrap”(agarmentorpieceofmaterialwhichisusedasacovering)asanounisusuallyusedinthepluralform.Itmeans“shawl(s),rug(s),coat(s),cloak(s),neckerchief(s),etc,’;useoftransparentfilmasawrap(materialforcoveringorpackingsomething).Wrench:whereisyourwrench(spanner)?f)asmannerofthegivenverb:walk:Icanknowhimatoncebyhiswalk(mannerofwalking).throw:aspotlightwithathrowof500feet(manneroftraveling).

lie:thelie(thewayorpositioninwhichsomethinglies)oftheland.g)asplaceofthegivenverb:divide:aperiodmarkingthedivide(so