语法基础知识复习讲义介词和介词短语（学生版）

专题五介词和介词短语专题五介词和介词短语介词是一种虚词，用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。知识梳理知识梳理第一部分介词考点一：时间介词★★★一、at、in与on时间介词用法例子at用于具体的时间点（钟点时刻）前at6：00在六点atnoon在正午atnight在晚上in用于年、月、世纪、季节或泛指一天的上午、下午、晚上等前inMay在五月insummer在夏天inthemorning在早上inthetwenty­firstcentury在21世纪on用于具体日期或具体某天的早上、下午、晚上前，星期或节日前onAugust1stlastyear在去年的八月一号ontheeveningofJune22nd在六月二十二号晚上onthesecondSunday在第二个星期天onWomen’sDay在妇女节【注意】在以this,that,next,last,every等开头的表示时间的词或词组前不用介词如：IwillgoshoppingwithTomthisSunday.这个星期天我将和汤姆去购物。【知识拓展】in还用于表示“在多久以后”，构成“in+时间段”结构，常用于一般将来时态。如：Theywillfinishtheworkinanhour.一个小时后他们将完成这项工作。二、by与to时间介词用法例子by+时间点“到…为止”by+将来的时间点，用一般将来时Wewilllearn300wordsbytheendofthisterm.by+过去的时间点，用过去完成时Myfatherhadreadthreenovelsbylastmonth.to表示时间范围，通常与from连用，意为“”from5:00to9:00从5点到9点fromMondaytoFriday从周一到周五三、after与before时间介词含义例子afterShallwegoforawalkaftersupper?晚饭后我们去散步好吗？beforePleasewashourhandsbeforemeals.饭前请洗手。★四、since、from与for时间介词用法例子since意为“”，表示从过去某时直至现在，后接过去的时间点或从句（一般过去时），主句用时WehavelearnedEnglishsincefiveyearsago.IhavelivedheresinceIwasfouryearsago.from说明开始的时间，不说明某动作或情况持续多久Ibegantolearndancingfromfiveyearsold.for表示动作延续贯穿整个过程，后接时间段，主句用时Ihavestudiedinthisschoolfortwoyears.★★五、until/till（1）用在肯定句中，表示“直到……为止”，句中（主句）的谓语动词用延续性动词，表示该动作或状态一直持续到till/until所表示的时间为止。（2）用在否定句中，句中（主句）的谓语动词用短暂性动词，表示该动作直到till/until所表示的时间才发生。常用于not...till/until结构，表示“直到……才”。【特别提醒】till不能用于句首，也不能用在以not开头的短语或从句里，而until可以。Eg.UntilnowIhavealwayslivedalone.直到现在我仍一直独自生活。基础练习Notuntil9:00yesterdayeveningdidwefinishthework.直到昨晚9点，我们才完成这项工作。基础练习一、用at、in、on、for、since填空1.Jimwasborn____________August23rd,2012.2.Samhasbeenlikethis____________threedays.3.DickhasbeeninChina____________2021.4.GrandmaWangusuallygetsup____________sixo’clock.5.It’swarmandwindyinmyhometown____________spring.二、单项选择1.ThereisgoingtobeanEnglishmovieinourschool__________theeveningofJune30.A.at B.in C.for D.on2.Let’smeet________4o’clock________Sundayafternoon.A.at;in B.in;in C.at;on D.in;on3.________Julythisyear,the31stWorldUniversityGameswillstartinChengdu.A.At B.On C.In D.By4.Mumwon'tletSimongooutunlesshepromisestobeback________10o'clocktonight.A.till B.before C.as D.since5.Don'tstayinsidesuchasunnymorning.Let'sgoouttoenjoythegentlewindandsweetflowers.真题演练A.on B.in C.from D.at真题演练一、单项选择1.(2023·云南中考)—Hi,Mike.WhenistheSpaceDayofChina?—Itfalls______April24everyyear.

A.atB.inC.onD.for2.（2023·重庆八中校考模拟）________June1st,kids________14usuallydressuptocelebrateChildren’sDay.A．In;over B．In;under C．On;over D．On;under3.（2023·河北秦皇岛·统考三模）—Couldyoutellmewhentheplaystartstoday?—Itstarts_________8:00p.m.A．on B．in C．by D．at4.（2023·辽宁盘锦·校联考三模）Peopleusuallyadmirethemoon________thenightoftheMidAutumnFestival.A．on B．in C．at D．to5.（2023重庆八中三模）TianZhou6spaceshipwassuccessfullysentupintospace________21:22pm,onMay10th.A．in B．during C．for D．at考点二：方位介词（短语）★★一、at、in、on与to的“位置”不同介词用法举例图解记忆at用于较小的场所前Welikestayingathomeonweekends.in表示“”Wehadadayoutinthecountry.表示两者是“包含”关系JapanisintheeastofAsia.on表示“”Thereisabookonthedesk.表示两者是“相切”关系CanadaliesonthenorthofAmerica.to表示“”ThisroadleadstoLondon.表示两者是“相离”关系JapanistotheeastofChina.二、outside与inside介词用法举例outside表示“”BencouldhearstrongwindsoutsidehishomeinAlabama.inside表示“”Thentheyheardanoldwoman’svoicefrominsidethehouse.★三、表示“附近”的beside、near和nextto介词(短语)用法举例beside表示“在……旁边”,指较近的距离Hestoodbesidetheentrance.near表示“在……附近”,指较近的距离,但一般比beside所指的距离远Myhouseisneartherailwaystation.nextto表示“靠近,紧挨着,贴近”,它所指的距离最近Ourhouseisnexttothepostoffice.【特别记忆】上述几个词(短语)从近到一般近到最近的顺序为：>>四、表示“在……上方”的over、above与on介词用法举例图解记忆over在物体的正上方，反义词是“”Thereisabridgeovertheriver.在河上有一座桥。above在……上方，不一定垂直，反义词是“”Theplaneisflyingabovetheclouds.飞机在云层上飞行。on在……上面，两个物体是接触的Thereisapenonthedesk.桌子上有一支钢笔。★★五、across,over与through“穿越”有别介词用法图解记忆across从物体的（表面/内部/上方）穿过，“横过;穿过”over从物体的（表面/内部/上方）穿过，“越过;跨过”through从物体的（表面/内部/上方）穿过，“穿过;通过”►Becarefulwhenyougoacrossthestreet.过马路时要小心。►Jacktoldmethathecouldjumpoverthedesk.杰克告诉我他能跨过桌子。►Thesunlightesthroughthewindow.阳光透过窗户照射进来。★六、between与among“在……之间”的数量不同介词用法举例图解记忆between一般用于两者之间,常构成“between...and...”结构MarysitsbetweenLucyandLily.玛丽坐在露西和莉莉之间。among一般用于三者或三者以上之间Theteacherstandsamongthestudents.老师站在学生们中间。七、infrontof与inthefrontof“在……前面”的空间范围不同【记忆口诀】“有the在内，无the在外”介词短语用法举例图解记忆infrontof在物体（内部/外部）的前面Marystandsinfrontofthebus.玛丽站在公交车前。inthefrontof在物体（内部/外部）的前面MaryandLucysitinthefrontofthebus.玛丽和露西坐在公交车前面。基础练习基础练习across,through,over一、选词填空（可重复使用）across,through,over1.Doyouthinklightcanpass____________water?2.Thethiefranaway____________thewall.3.GrandmaWangiswalking____________thestreet.4.Theboyswent____________theforestquickly.bbetween,among1.Thereisasmallhouse____________thetrees.toto,in,on1.Thereisabigtree____________thetopofthemountain.2.HebeiProvinceis____________thenorthwestofShandongProvince.3.Theteamstayed____________spaceforsixmonths.4.We’llstay____________Beijingforaweek.5.Allroadslead____________Rome.6.Shanghaiis____________theeastofNanjing.二、单项选择1.—WhereisTom?—Heisplayingfootball___________theplayground.A.of B.to C.on D.from2.Thehigh­speedtrain___________QingdaoandBeijingtravelsfasternow.Thetrainridetakesonlyaboutthreehours.A.from B.among C.in D.between3.Tomygreatjoy,myfamilyisalwaysmewhateverIdecidetodo.A.behind B.to C.from D.against4.Awomanstoodthewindow,watchingthechildrenplayinggamesinthegarden.真题演练A.pastB.throughC.acrossD.beside真题演练一、单项选择1.（2023·四川凉山·模拟预测）—ItisknowntousallthatTaiwanisanimportantpartofChina.—Yes,itlies________thesoutheastofChina.A．on B．to C．in D．at2.（2023·重庆一中校考三模）Withthesunshineshining________thewindow,everythingintheroomlookssobright.A．against B．through C．across D．between3.（2023·辽宁铁岭·校联考一模）Mingmingistallerthanmeandhesits________meintheclassroom.A．among B．from C．between D．behind4.（2023·云南昆明·统考二模）GiantpandaYaYaarrived________ShanghaiPudongInternationalAirport________April27th,2023fromMemphis,Tennessee.A．in;in B．on;at C．at;on D．in;on★★考点三：方式介词（by、in、on与with）介词意义或用法举例byby+表示交通工具的名词,意为“乘,坐”Hegoestoschoolbysubway.by+v.ing形式,表示“通过……方式”IlearnEnglishbyreading.inin+语言类名词,表示“用……语言”ThenoveliswritteninEnglish.in+颜色,表示“穿……颜色的衣服”onon+radio/TV等通讯工具,表示“通过……”HelikestowatchsoccergamesonTV.withwith+某种工具、身体部位名词,表示“用……”Weseewithoureyesandlistenwithourears.基础练习基础练习一、用恰当的介词填空1.CanyousingHappyBirthday____________Chinese?2.PonyMa,theChairmanofTencentpany,hasmademuchmoney____________theInternet.3.Marialivesfarfromherschool.Sosheusuallygoestoschool____________bus.4.Cutit____________aknife.真题演练真题演练一、单项选择1.（2023·浙江·模拟预测）Oh,it’syou,Ella!Yourvoicesoundsquitedifferent________thephone.What’shappening?A．from B．in C．on D．by2.（2023·福建省福州铜盘中学校考模拟预测）—Howdoyourelaxinyourfreetime?—________doingsportsandwatchingmovies.A．By B．At C．On3.（2023·甘肃武威·统考模拟预测）Afterwork,wecanrelaxourselves________eatingwatermelonsandwecancutwatermelons________knives.A．by;by B．with;by C．with;with D．by;with考点四：其他常见介词★一、besides与except介词意义或用法举例besides表示“除……之外(还有)”,含有“加”的意思We’llallvisitthemuseumbesidesJim.except表示“除……之外”,从整体中除去一部分,含有“减”的意思WeareallhereexceptJimbecauseheisill.★★二、with与without介词意义或用法举例with表示伴随,意为“和……一起”Heoftenplayssoccerwithhisfriends.表示“具有;带有”TheSmithsliveinabighousewithasmallgarden.without表示“无;没有”Wecan’tlivewithoutwater.三、其他介词介词意义或用法举例as意为“作为;以...的身份”,后常接职业、职务等名词Asastudent,youshouldstudyhard.for表示对象、用途等,意为“给;对;供”It’sabookforchildren.表示目的,意为“为了”Let’sgoforawalk.against意为“反对;倚,靠;与.......对抗”WewillplaybasketballagainstClass3.like意为“像......;跟......一样”Thelittlegirllookslikeherfather.about意为“关于;大约”Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800language.toward(s)意为“朝;向”Marywalkstowardsme.基础练习基础练习with,as,besides,for,except,without选词填空（可重复使用）with,as,besides,for,except,without1.Allthestudentswenthome____________Tonybecausehedidn’tfinishhishomework.2.Thewoman____________twochildrenwasMrsGreen.3.Simongotuplatethismorning.Hehurriedtoschool____________breakfast.4.____________John,wealsowenttoHongxingFarm.5.Here’sabirthdaygift____________you,Bob.6.Heworksinthispany____________asecretary（秘书）.7.Theteachercameintheclassroom____________asmileonherface.8.Allthestudentstookpartinthesportsmeeting____________Tom.9.Wildanimalsareourfriends.Weshouldn’tkillthem____________foodorclothing.真题演练真题演练单项选择1.（2023·山东东营）Bees(蜜蜂)canhelpplantsgrow.________bees,wewouldn’thaveenoughfood.A．From B．Like C．Except D．Without2.(2023·连云港)TheinstrumentEyeHarpisspeciallydesigned________disabledpeopletoplaymusicwitheyes.

A.in B.as C.for D.over3.(2023·武汉中考)PleasebringMsSteentotheweleparty________tellinghersothatshecanbesurprised.

A.about B.from C.without D.for4.（2023·安徽）Dowhateveryoucanforthemunity,________lookingaftertheoldorteachingkidsart.A．with B．under C．like D．over5.（2023·福建）Thetoyis________mylittlebrother.Iboughtityesterday.A．for B．from C．by第二部分介词短语考点一：in常考短语insilence沉默地，无声地insilence沉默地，无声地 insurprise吃惊地____________及时____________处于困境中intotal总共 inmon共同的inclass在课堂上____________处于危险中inahurry匆忙地____________事实上____________最后 ingeneral一般而言intheway挡道，妨碍inneed在危难中；在危急中inorder整齐；井然有序inpain处于痛苦中____________亲自 ____________公开地infrontof在……前面(指外部)inthefrontof在……前面(指内部)考点二：on常考短语onbusiness出差onbusiness出差 onduty值日onfoot步行 onsale出售；降价出售 onthephone在中____________准时____________在路上 onTV在电视上onpurpose故意考点三：from常考短语acrossfrom在……对面acrossfrom在……对面fromnowon从今/此以后；今后from...to...从……到……fromthenon从那时起考点四：by常考短语________________________偶然地 bychance偶然____________亲手 ____________错误地考点五：of常考短语aheadof在……前面aheadof在……前面____________因为；由于____________首先hundredsof成百上千；许多；大量____________代替；而不是kindof稍微；有点儿lotsof大量；许多millionsof数以百万计 ofcourse当然；自然plentyof很多的；足够的thesymbolof...……的象征thenumberof...……的数量考点六：to常考短语________________________根据；按照；据……所说；视……而定closeto接近nextto紧靠……的旁边；贴近；最接近____________幸亏；由于；因为tobehonest(作插入语)老实说；说实在的____________令某人惊喜/吃惊的是……考点七：与动词的相关搭配buy...for...为……买……buy...for...为……买……fill...with用……填满____________与……交谈regard...as把……当作……o...把……放进……happento偶然发生speakto与……讲话preferto...更喜欢……____________在……中扮演角色考点八：与形容词的相关搭配________________________缺席____________与……不同beseparatedfrom和……分开____________对……害怕beshortof短缺becertain/sureof对……有把握befondof喜欢befullof充满____________对……感到自豪betiredof对……感到厌倦beanxiousabout对……感到焦虑becrazyabout对……热衷____________对……有把握beworriedabout对……担忧bemadat对……愤怒____________在……方面擅长____________与……相似beangrywith对……生气befamous/known/well­knownfor因……而著名be/getreadyfor为……做好准备____________对……有好处____________迟到besorryfor为……感到遗憾bethankfulfor对……心存感激bethirstyfor渴望____________对……感兴趣beweakin在……方面薄弱begoodto对……好bekindto对……和蔼bebusywith忙于……befilledwith充满……besatisfied/pleasedwith对……感到满意____________对……有耐心