糖尿病护理英文

演讲人：日期：糖尿病护理英文目录IntroductiontoDiabetesMellitusBasicPrinciplesofDiagnosticCareMedicalTherapyforDiabetesMellitusLifestyleModificationsforDiabetesPreventiveMeasuresagainstDiabeticComplications01IntroductiontoDiabetesMellitusDefinitionDiabetesMellitusisachronicmetabolicdisordercharacterizedbyhyperglycemiaresultingfromdefectsininsulinsecretion,insulinaction,orbothDefinitionandTypesofDiabetesDefinitionandTypesofDiabetes01TypesofDiabetes02Type1Diabetes:Resultsfromtheautoimmunedestructionofbetacellsinthepancreatic,leadingtoabsoluteinsulindeficiency03Type2Diabetes:Characterizedbyinsulinresistanceinmuscle,liver,andfatcells,combinedwithrelativeinsulindeficiency04GestationalDiabetes:IncidentsduringpregnancyandiscurrentlyresolvedafterdeliveryEpiologyDiabetesisaglobalhealthproblemaffectingmillionsofpeopleworldwideThevalidityofdiamondsisincreasingrapidly,specificallyindevelopingcountriesEpidemiologyandRiskFactorsRiskFactorsFamilyhistoryofdiamondsObesityandphysicalinactivityEpidemiologyandRiskFactorsAdvancedageEthnicity(cervicalradialandethicalgroupshavehigherrisks)HistoryofGestationalDiabetesEpidemiologyandRiskFactorsInsulinResistanceIntype2diabetes,cellsbecomeresistanttotheeffectsofinsulin,leadingtohyperglycemiaBetaCellDysfunctionIntype1diabetes,thebetacellsinthepancreaticaredestroyed,resultinginabsoluteinsulindeficiencyIntype2diabetes,betacelldysfunctionmayalsocontributetohyperglycemiaComplicationsChronichyperglycemiacanleadtomicrovascular(e.g.,retinopathy,neurophysiology,neurophysiology)andmicrovascular(e.g.,cardiovasculardisease,stroke)compositesPathophysiologyofDiabetesDiagnosisDiabetesisdiagnosedbasedonplasmaglucosecriteria,boththefastplasmaglucose(FPG)orthe2-hourplasmaglucose(2-hPG)valueduringanoralglucosetolerancetest(OGTT)ScreeningScreeningfordiamondsisrecommendedforindividualswithriskfactorssuchasobjectivity,familyhistoryofdiamonds,orhistoryofgeographicdiamondsScreeningtestsmayincludeFPG,randomplasmaglucose,orA1C(glycatedhemoglobin)measurementsDiagnosisandScreeningMethods02BasicPrinciplesofDiagnosticCareMultidisciplinaryteam01Ateamofhealthprofessionals,includingnurses,doctors,patients,andpharmaceuticals,worktogethertoprovidecomprehensivecarefordiabeticpatientsHolisticcare02Themanagementapproachconsidersthephysical,psychological,social,andculturalneedsofthepatientPatientcentered03Careistailedtotheindividualpatient'sneeds,preferences,andvaluesComprehensiveManagementApproachGoalSettinginDiabeticTreatmentEncouraginghealthyeatinghabits,regularphysicalactivity,smokingprocess,andstressmanagementLifestylemodificationTheprimarygoalistoachieveandmaintainoptimalbloodglucoselevelstopreventordelaytheonsetofdiabetesrelatedapplicationsGlycemiccontrolManagingbloodpressureandcholesterollevelstoreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseasesCardiovascularriskreductionUnderstandingdiamondsEducatingpatientsaboutthenatureofdiamonds,itstreatmentoptions,andtheimportanceofself-managementTrainingpatientstouseglucoseandinterprettheirresultstoadjusttheirtreatmentplanaccordinglyForpatientsrequiringinsulintherapy,teachingpropertyinjectiontechniques,storagemethods,anddosageadjustmentEducatingpatientsonfootcare,eyecare,andothermeasurestopreventdiabetesrelatedcomplicationsSelfmonitoringofbloodglucoseInsulinadministrationPreventingcomplicationsPatientEducationandSelfManagementSkillsTrainingPlannedvisitsRegularcheckupswithhealthcareproviderstoassessglycomiccontrol,monitorforapplications,andadjusttreatmentplansasneededFootexamsRegularfootinspectionsandassessmentstoidentifyearlysignsoffootulcersorotherdiabetesrelatedfootproblemsEyeexamsAnnualdilatedeyeexamstocheckforsignsofdiabeticretinopathyandothervisionthreadingconditionsLaboratorytestsPeriodicbloodteststomonitorbloodglucoselevels,hemoglobinA1c,lipidprofile,kidneyfunction,andotherrelevantparametersRegularFollowupandMonitoring03MedicalTherapyforDiabetesMellitusReduceglucoseproductionbytheliverandincreaseinsulinsensitivityBiguanidesSimulatethepancreastoproducemoreinsulinSulfonylureasSimilartosulfonylureasbutwithashorterdurationofactionMeglitinidesIncreaseinsulinsensitivitybytargetingfatcellsThiazolidinedionesOralHydraulicAgents(OHA)TypesofInsulinRapidacting,shortacting,intermediateacting,andlongactingInsulinsareavailabletomatchdifferentpatientneedsInsulinAdministrationInsulincanbeadministeredviasystolic,insulinpen,orinsulinpump,dependingonpatientpreferenceandclinicalneedsInsulinDosageAdjustmentDosageisadjustedbasedonbloodglucosemonitoringresults,die,andphysicalactivitylevelsInsulinTherapyContinuousGlucoseMonitoring(CGM)Adevicethatmeasuresglucoselevelsinreal-time,helpingpatientsandhealthcareprovidersmakeinformedtreatmentdecisionsAutomatedInsulinDelivery(AID)Alsoknownasanartificialpancreat,thistechnologyautomaticallyadjustsinsulindeliverybasedonCGMreadingsPatientEducationandSupportOngoingeducationandsupportarecriticalforpatientstounderstandtheirconditions,managetheirdiabeteseffectively,andpreventcomplicationsAdaptiveTherapyforBetterGlycemicControlCardiovascularDiseaseDiabetesincreasestheriskofcardiovasculardisease,soit'sessentialtomanagebloodpressure,cholesterollevels,andotherriskfactorsRetinopathyRegulareyeexamscandetectearlysignsofdiabeticretinopathy,aleadingcauseofblindnessinadultsNeuropathyGoodglycomiccontrolcanhelppreventordelaythedevelopmentofdiabeticneuropathy,whichcancausepain,numbness,andweaknessintheextremesNephropathyRegularkidneyfunctiontestsandbloodpressurecontrolarecriticalforpreventingordelayingtheprogressionofdiabetickidneydiseaseManagementofComorbiditiesandComplications04LifestyleModificationsforDiabetesUnderstandingcarbohydrateportsizesandhowtheyaffectbloodsugarlevelsCarbohydratecountingEmphasizingmonosaturatedandpolyunsaturatedfatswhilelimitingsaturatedandtransfatsHealthyfatintakeRecommendingleanproteinsourcessuchasfish,poultry,andlegendsProteinrecommendationIncreasingfiberintakethroughwholegrains,fruits,vegetables,andlegendsforbetterbloodsugarcontrolFiberintakeDietaryChangesandNutritionalRecommendationsEngaginginmodalintensityairborneexercisesuchaswalking,swimming,orcyclingforatleast150minutesperweekAerobicexerciseIncorporatingstrengthtrainingexercisesatleasttwiceaweektoimprovemusclestrengthandmetabolismStrengthtrainingPerformingflexibilityexercisessuchasyogaortaichitoimproverangeofmotionandreducestressFlexibilityexercisesSchedulingrestperiodsbetweenphysicalactivitiestopreventhypoglycemia(lowbloodsugar)BalancingactivityandrestPhysicalActivityGuidelinesforDiabetes010203SmokingprocessAdvisingpatientstoquitsmokingtoreducetheriskofdiabetesrelatedcomplicationssuchasheartdiseaseandstrokeLimitedalcoholconsumptionRecommendinglimitedalcoholconsumption(nomorethanonedrinkperdayforwomenandtwodrinksperdayformen)andavoidingsugarmixeddrinksMonitoringbloodsugarlevelsAdvisingpatientstomonitortheirbloodsugarlevelsbeforeandafterdrinkingalcoholtoensuretheyarewithinasaferangeSmokingCessationandAlcoholConsumptionAdviceRelaxationtechniquesTeachingpatientsrelaxationtechniquessuchasdeepbreaking,progressivemusclerelaxation,andmindfulnessreviewtoreducestresslevelsCopingstrategiesHelpingpatientsidentifyanddevelopCopingstrategiestomanagestresssituationseffectivelySocialsupportEncourcingpatientstoseeksocialsupportfromfamily,friends,orsupportgroupstohelpthemscopewiththeemotionalchallengesofdiamondsRegularcheckupsAdvisingpatientstoscheduleregularcheckupswiththeirhealthcareprovidertomonitortheirdiabetesmanagementandaddressanyconcernsorissuespromptlyStressManagementTechniques05PreventiveMeasuresagainstDiabeticComplicationsRegularphysicalexamsConductcomprehensivephysicalexamstoassessforsignsofapplicationssuchasneurological,neurological,andretinopathyBloodglucosemonitoringEncouragepatientstomonitortheirbloodglucoselevelsregularlyandadjusttreatmentplansaccordinglyPatienteducationEducatepatientsontheimportanceofearlydetectionandtheroleofscreeninginpreventiveapplications010203ScreeningforEarlyDetectionofComplicationsDailyfootinspections:Advisepatientstoinspecttheirfeetdailyforsignsofredness,