高一下学期英语上教版（2020）专题训练导学案8听说训练summarywriting2

上教版高一下英语专题训练8：听说训练+summarywriting2教师日期学生课程编号课型专题课题听说训练+summarywriting2教学目标1)训练听力长篇中的速记与推理技巧2)训练学生快速应答和听短文回答问题题型3)训练短文缩写中不同体裁文章的缩写技巧4)帮助学生发现问题、提高综合运用语言和解析题目的能力教学重点1)听力中的速记与推理判断2)听说要点及处理方法3)不同体裁文章的缩写4)综合能力的提升及问题的解决教学安排版块时长1听说训练40分钟2专题复习30分钟3综合能力限时训练45分钟4师生总结5分钟5课后作业30分钟听说训练2+summary2听说训练2+summary2听说听说训练=1\*ROMANI．Listening(A)Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Death B.Flying C.Height D.Givingapublicspeech12.A.Somepeoplewereafraidofliftsandmovingstairs.B.Deathfrightenedonlyasmallnumberofpeople.C.Somanypeoplewerefrightenedofheights.D.Sofewpeopleadmittedtofearoffinancialproblems.13.ADeepwater. B.Insects. C.Darkness D.Earthquake.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Studentsdonotpayforschool. B.Studentsstudyanddomanualworkatschool.C.Studentsworkfortuitionatschool. D.Schoolsmakemoneybyplantingvegetable.15.A.Everyweek. B.Everyday. C.Everysummer. D.Everyautumn.16.A.Developinggoodworkinghabits. B.Learningtheimportanceofproduction.C.Trainingstudentstobeexpertsintastingvegetables.D.Increasingthenation’sproduction.(B)Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Inthemiddleofthehall. B.Atthebackoftheroom.C.Nexttothegate. D.Attheinformationdesk.12.A.Speakwithoutpermission. B.Notedowntheagenda(议程).C.Readtheagendacarefully. D.Fillouta“SpeakerCard”.13.A.Justsharetheideaswiththepartnerinthemeetingroom.B.Interruptthespeakerwheneverhejusttalksnonsense.C.Keepquietwhensomebodyelseisgivinghisopinions.D.Talkonthecellphoneinalowvoiceduringthemeeting.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.6a.m.8a.m.,9p.m.11p.m.. B.5a.m.7a.m.,5p.m.7p.m..C.5a.m.6a.m.,5p.m.6p.m.. D.6a.m.7a.m.,8p.m.9p.m..15.A.Tomakethetowncleanerandbettertheenvironment.B.Toreducetheamountofthewaste.C.Tointroduceanewresourcerecyclingpany.D.Totrysomenewwayouttodecreaseitsnegativeeffects.16.A.Theyhavetohelpcleanthestreetsforawholeday.B.Theyhavereachedanagreementwiththelocalresidents.C.Theytravelalottolookafterfamilybusinesses.D.Theyebackhomelateandmissthewastecollectiontime.(C)Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Toincreasepeople’syearlyine. B.Todeveloppublictransport.C.Toimprovepeople’sworkefficiency. D.Todecreasetrafficonthestreets.12.A.12Euros. B.25Euros. C.50Euros. D.600Euros.13.A.Bycollectingtraffictickets. B.Byusingasmartphoneapplication.C.Byreinvestingfineswisely. D.Byemploying50workers.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Alawyer. B.Astudent. C.Ateacher. D.Apolitician.15.A.Tobesoldatahigherprice. B.Tomeettheneedsofdifferentpeople.C.Tomakepeopleselfconscious. D.Toleaveadeeperimpressiononreaders.16.A.It’sgoodtoreadonpublictransport. B.It’swrongtoseewhatothersarereading.C.Mostpeoplepretendtobeanintellectual. D.Don’tjudgeapersonbywhathereadsinpublic.教师教师小结______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________自我自我总结______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________时间：______________________学生签字______________________=2\*ROMANII．Speaking1.快速应答此部分主要为考察日常生活中最主要的语言功能，在历届上海高考口试中其考点一般可分为12项，这12项为：

Greetings问候

Asking

Introductions介绍

Saying

Goodbye告别

Making

Requests

and

Giving

Instructions请求

Giving

Thanks致谢

Asking

for

Permission允许

Showing

Agreement

or

disagreement同意不同意

Giving

Invitations发出邀请

Asking

Direction问题

Expressing

Good

Wishes祝愿

Requesting

and

Offering

Help请求与帮助

Making

Apologies道歉

在听到考题时，应弄清这个句子的类型：是一般疑问句，还是特殊疑问句；是陈述句，还是祈使句。对特殊疑问句应抓住：第一个词——疑问词，这决定了你的应答句的内容。第二个词——助动词，它决定了你的应答句的时态或语态。当然，其他的词也起了不同的作用，但相比之下，这两个词所提供的信息尤为重要。如上述例句：“Howareyougoingtostation?”第一个词how告诉了你应答句的内容有关“方式”——去车站的方式。第二个词“areyougoingto”告诉了你的应答句应用begoingto作动词谓语。再如：“Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme!”这是一句祈使句。情景是：别人请你做事，但又担心你会忘记。你的应答句要告诉对方“我不会忘记的”。由于汉语思维的干忧，不少学生会讲成：“Yes,Iwon't.”大家都知道，这是错句。既然你不会忘记做某事，那就应该是否定形式。这样你的应答句就必须是：“No,Iwon't.”1.Q:Youwon’tbelateagain,willyou?2.Q:Idon’tfeellikeeatinganythingthesedays.3.Q:We’rehavingapartythisweekend,wouldyoucaretoe?4.Q:Whyit’syou!Howareyoudoing?5.Q:IapologizeforwhatIsaidjustnow.6.Q:Makesureyoulockthedoorwhenyouleave.7.Q:Whataboutjoiningusinthegame?8.Q:Goodbyeandthanksagainforawonderfultime.9.Q:Mygod,I’veleftmywalletathome.10.Q:Ihavebeenwaitingherefor20minutes,butthebushasn’teyet.11.Excusemebutcouldyoupleasetellmewherethenearestbankis?12.Q:Whydidn’tyouetoschoolyesterday?13.Q:IheardthatJackfailedhisfinalexam.14.Q:Thankyouforyourhelp.15.Q:Whydon’tyoutraveltoHongKongduringtheholiday?16.Q:Whatdoyoulikereadinginyoursparetime?17.Q:Imissedthelastbusandhadtowalkhomelastnight.18.Q:Pleasegivemyregardstoyourparents.19.Q:Iwishyouwouldn’thaveyourradioonsoloud.20.Q:Idon’tfeellikeeatinganythingthesedays.2.听短文回答问题练习1.Q1.Whyisthespringbreakthisyearconsideredtobespecial?Q2.Doyoupreferthiskindofholiday?Why?练习2.Q1.WhataretheprogramsmentionedbySusanatthePopWorldofBCDInternational.?Q2.Doyoulikelisteningtoradio?Whyorwhynot?教师教师小结______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________自我自我总结______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________时间：______________________学生签字______________________专题复习专题复习SummaryWriting分体裁缩写概述写作的模式 概述可采用“主题句+支撑句”的模式来写。不同文体阅读材料概述的写作模式如下表：文体主题句支撑句记叙文(多采用要素串联法)故事本身(核心主人公、核心事件，结果)故事的意义议论文(多采用主题概述法)文章论点文章论据说明文(多采用段意合并法)说明的对象/观点/现象解释/分述课堂精讲Narrative方法点拨：串连要素法记叙文的概要，一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who;when;where;what;how;why)，也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素，然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话即可。当然，不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素，但“某人做了某事,结果如何”是应当包括的。因此，要写好概要，须找到以下两个问题的答案：(1)谁做了什么？(whodidwhat)(2)结果如何？(whatwastheresult)如果是夹叙夹议的文章，还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育。WhenIwasquiteyoung,myfamilyhadoneofthefirsttelephonesinourneighborhood.Irememberwellthepolishedoldcasefastenedtothewallonthelowerstairlanding.Theshinyreceiverhungonthesideofthebox.Ievenrememberthenumber:105.Iwastoolittletoreachthetelephone,butIusedtolistenwithfascinationwhenmymothertalkedtoit.Oncesheliftedmeuptospeaktomyfather,whowasawayonbusiness.Magic!ThenIdiscoveredthatsomewhereinsidethewonderfuldevicelivedanamazingpersonhernamewas“InformationPlease”andtherewasnothingshedidnotknow.Mymothercouldaskherforanybody’snumber;whenourclockrandown,InformationPleaseimmediatelysuppliedthecorrecttime.Myfirstpersonalexperiencewiththisgenieinthereceivercameonedaywhilemymotherwasvisitinganeighbor.Amusingmyselfatthetoolbenchinthebasement,Iaccidentallyhitmyfingerwithahammer.Thepainwasterrible,buttheredidn’tseemtobemuchusecryingbecausetherewasnoonehometooffersympathy.Iwalkedaroundthehousesuckingmythrobbingfinger,finallyarrivingatthestairwaythetelephone!Climbingup,Iunhookedthereceiverandheldittomyear.“InformationPlease,”Isaidintothemouthpiecejustabovemyhead.Aclickortwo,andasmallclearvoicespokeintomyear,“Information.”“Ihurtmyfinger…”Icriedintothephone.Thetearscamereadilyenough,nowthatIhadanaudience.“Isn’tyourmotherhome?”camethequestion.“Nobody’shomebutme.”Isobbed.“Areyoubleeding?”“No,”Ireplied.“Ihitmyfingerwiththehammerandithurts.”“Canyouopenyouricebox?”sheasked.IsaidIcould.“Thenchipoffalittlepieceoficeandholdittoyourfinger.Thatwillstopthehurt.Becarefulwhenyouusetheicepick,”sheadmonished.“Anddon’tcry.You’llbeallright.”AfterthatIcalledInformationPleaseforeverything.IaskedherforhelpwithmygeographyandshetoldmewherePhiladelphiawas,andtheOrinoco,theromanticriverthatIwasgoingtoexplorewhenIgrewup.Shehelpedmewithmyarithmetic,andshetoldmethatmypetchipmunkIhadcaughthimintheparkjustthedaybeforewouldeatfruitandnuts.keypointskeywordsandphrasesmaincharacterssettingtheplotthebeginningthedevelopmenttheclimaxtheendSummary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(B)Expository方法点拨：我们根据说明文的不同类型，分别给出三种参考模板1.描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”2.针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”3.介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”Inschoolsandathome,mostofUShavebeenscolded(责备)orevengotpunishedfordaydreaming.Themajorityofpeoplesaythatbydaydreamingwewasteourtimeandenergyonsomethingunproductive.Butmanymedicalstudieshaveshownsomethingdifferent.They’vestressedthefactthatdaydreamingworkswondersonourimagination,creativityandsituationhandlingtechniques.Infact,manyproblemscanbeeasilysolvedifwedaydream.Thetopmostbenefitofdaydreamingisthatyourmoodgetstherightimprovement.Byseparatingyourselffromtheworldaroundyou,youtendtoenjoythelonelinessinyourmindandgetpeacefromdaydreamingasyouthinkaboutsomethingthatcalmsyoursenses.Whenyoustartimaginingthings,youwillforgetallthestressandtension(紧张).Instead,youwillgethappinessfromitandthishappinesswillturnintoasourceofenergythathelpsyouworkinagoodmood. Manypsychologistshavesaidthatpeoplewhodaydreamtendtohaveasharpermemory.It’strue.Whenyou’redaydreaming,you’lltendtogetcarriedawaytoimaginevarioussituations,eitherrealorunreal.Youtendtoactdifferentlyindifferentsituations,tryingtosatisfyyourmindbydoingwhatyouwantinyourdreams.Whenyourmindgetssatisfied,you’reinabetterpositiontoconcentratemoreonyourwork.Sincedaydreamingactivates(激活)thenervesofyourbrain,youtendtohavehigherattentivenessandyourabilitytorememberthingswilldevelop.Whenyoudaydream,youautomaticallyimagineyourselfasyourheartsaysandtherefore,yougettoknowyourselfbetter.Youalsostartrealizingthemistakesyou’vemadeinlifeandtryingyourbesttoavoidrepeatingthem.Suchimaginationtechniqueshelpyoutoconnectyourselfwithyoursoul.structurekeywordsortopicsentencetopiccharacteristic/benefitsSummary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(C)Argumentative议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论，因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(thetopicsentences)、支撑句(supportingsentences)和结论句(conclusionsentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。方法点拨：概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)Duringthelastfewyears,thenumberofchainstoreshasgreatlyincreasedinbigcitiesinChina.Nowadays,withinashortwalkalongabusystreet,youarelikelytofindachainstoreofsomekindafastfoodrestaurant,abakeryoraconveniencestore.Chainstoreshavebeepartofpeople’sdailylives.TheymaypopintoaBreadTalktobuyasweetrollforbreakfastontheirwaytowork.TheymayvisitaLianhuaSupermarketintheeveningtobuysomefoodfordinner.Forabirthday,theymightcelebratewithfriendsataLittleSheepHotpotRestaurant.AttheweekendtheymaygotoGomeAppliancestobuyaDVDorMP3player.Chainstoreshavebeesopopularthatsomepeopleincludethemasafactorwhendecidingwheretolive.Whyhavechainstoresgrownsofastinnumberandinfluence?Meetingthecustomers’needsistheanswer.Openedinconvenientlocations,thestoresareusuallynextdoortopeople’shomesandclosetobusstopsorundergroundstations.Theyofferawiderangeofproductsinaclean,welllitandrelaxingenvironment.Everystoreinachainoperatesinthesamewayastheothersdo.Thatway,everyoneknowswhattoexpectincasetheyshopthere.Thepricesarereasonabletoo.ItseemsthatchainstoresareaweledevelopmentinChina.Theyarecertainlyanewforcechangingpeople’swayoflife.structurekeywordsortopicsentenceintroductionargumentanalysisconclusionSummary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【随堂检测】(A)WhenIwasyoung,itwasn’ttheparentallovethatfilledmythoughtsinthespring.Itwasbaseball.Ilovedeverythingaboutthegamethecrackofabat,theexcitementofchasingagroundballacrossshortgreengrass,evenwatchingthegamesonouroldblackandwhiteTV.Yetlookingbacknow,nothingwasquiteasimportanttomeastheannualritual(老规矩)ofplayingcatchwithmydad.Dadwasnevermuchofabaseballfan,butasgreenleavesbegantoshootonbarebranchesandwarmthreturnedtotheair,hewouldgrabhisoldmitt(棒球手套)andheadouttotheyardwithmejustthesame.Therewassomethingbeneficialaboutplayingcatchwithhim,thehumoftheballasitsailedthroughtheair,andthefriendlypopasithittheleathernetting.Wemayhavebeen50feetapart,buttheflightofthatballconnectedus,formingasstrongarelationshipasanyfathersontalkevercouldhave.IwasneverthestarofmyLittleLeagueteam,yetDadnevercaredaboutthat.Everyyear,hewouldbeoutthere,waitingtofieldanyfalsethrowIsenthisway.AsIgrewolder,Irealizedthatourgamewasareflectionofourrelationshipthatevenifaproblemdidn’tinvolveagloveandaball,DadwouldalwaysbetheretohandleanythingIthrewinhisdirection.Hisdevotiontoourspringtimeritualshowedhisdevotiontomenotonlytomyloveofbaseballlbutalsotomylife.I’veoftenhearditsaidthat“thedevilisinthedetails.”NowIrealizethatinmyrelationshipwithmyfather,lovewasinthedetails.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(B)TheseriousdeclineinthehealthofChinesestudentsiscausingconcernamongparents,schoolsandexperts.Thenextgeneration'sfutureisindangerandthereisaneedtounderstandthecausesoftheproblemandfindasolution.Inthelast10years,studieshavefoundanalarmingincreasein:ObesityThenumberofoverweightmiddleschoolstudentshasdoubled.Poordiet,especiallytheovereatingofjunkfoodandtheoverdrinkingofsoftdrinks,andthelackofphysicalactivityareidentifiedasthemainreasonsforthisproblem.PooreyesightMorestudentsnowwearglassesandfromanearlierage.Longhoursofstudyandheavyuseofputersandmobilephonesaremostmonlyblamed.StressStudentsfeelundermorepressuretosucceedthaneverbefore.Thelonghoursofstudyandhomeworktheymustdotoachievesuccess,pluspressurefromparentsandschoolsarethemaincauses.SomehavesuggestedincludingPhysicalEducation(P.E.)intheGaokaoasapossiblesolutiontostudents'healthproblems.Theysaythiswillforcestudentstobemoreactive,playsportsandthereforeloseweight.Others,however,opposetheidea,sayingthataddingonemoretesttotheGaokaowouldonlyincreasestudents'workloadandstressandwouldactuallyworsentheiroverallhealth.Althoughthereisnoeasyanswer,allagreethatsomethingmustbedonetostoptheseriousdeclineinstudents'health.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(C)ShouldChinaEncouragePrivateCars?Withthelivingstandardsrisingrapidly,moreandmoreChinesepeoplecanaffordcars.Buttheincreaseofprivatecarsproducesunfavorableeffectsinmanyaspects.IthinkprivatecarsshouldnotbeencouragedinChina.PrivatecarshavetoberestrictedinChina.Tobeginwith,thesharpincreaseofprivatecarsworsensthealreadyterribletrafficsituationinChina.Chinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.Thenumberofvehiclesisincreasingmuchmorerapidlythanbuildingroads.MasstransportationvehiclesaremoresuitablemeanstosolvethetrafficproblemsinChina.However,moretrafficjamswillhappen,whichisreallyapublichazardtoallofus.Thenumberofprivatecarsinurbanareasshouldbelimitedwhilethenumberofbusesshouldbeincreased.Secondly,privatecarscontributetoairpollution.AlotofbigcitiesinChinaarenowplaguedbyseriousairpollution.Itpeoplearetohavecarsoftheirown,thealreadycontaminatedatmospherewillgetevendirtier.Finally,moreandmoretrafficaccidentsoccurduetopoordrivingskillsofinexperiencedprivatecarowners.Inshort,Chinashouldnotencourageprivatecars.Asfarasthegreatdemandformeansoftransportisconcerned,wecandevelopmasstransportationsystemtotaketheplaceofprivatecars.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(A)Theteacherwhodidthemosttoencouragemewas,asithappens,myaunt.ShewasMyrtleC.Manigault,thewifeofmymother’sbrotherBill.ShetaughtmeinsecondgradeatallblackSummerSchoolinCamden,NewJersey.Duringmychildhoodandyouth,AuntMyrtleencouragedmetodevelopeveryaspectofmypotential,withoutregardforwhatwasconsideredpracticalorpossibleforblackfemales.Ilikedtosing;shelistenedtomyvoiceandpronounceditgood.Icouldn’tdance;shetaughtmethebasicdancingsteps.Shetookmetothetheatrenotjustchildren’stheatre,butadultediesanddramasandherfaiththatIcouldappreciateadultplayswasnotdisappointed.Myauntalsotookdownbooksfromherextensivelibraryandsharedthemwithme.Ihadbooksathome,buttheywereallseriousclassics.EvenasachildIhadastronglikingforhumour,andI’llneverforgetthejoyofdiscoveringDonMarquis’sArchy&Mehitabelthroughher.Mostimportant,perhaps,AuntMyrtleprovidedmyfirstopportunitytowriteforpublication.Awriterherselfforoneoftheblacknewspapers,shesuggestedmynametotheeditorasa"youthcolumnist”.Mycolumn,begunwhenIwasfourteen,wassupposedtocoverteenagesocialactivitiesanditdidbutitalsogavemethefreedomtowriteonmanyothersubjectsaswellasthehabitofgatheringmaterial,thedisciplineofmeetingdeadlines,and,aftergraduationfromcollegesixyearslater,asolidcollectionofpublishedmaterialthatcarriedmynameandwasmypassporttoaseriesofwritingjobs.TodayAuntMyrtleisstillanenthusiasticsupporterofher"favouriteniece".Likeadiamond,shehasreflectedabright,multifaceted(多面的)imageofpossibilitiestoeverypupilwhohascrossedherpath.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(B)Therearenowmanyproductsandservicesonthemarketwhicharesimilarincontentthoughproducedbydifferentpanies.Itisvital,therefore,forapanytodistinguishitselffromitspetitorsbyhavingastrongpanyimagewhichisimmediatelyrecognizable.Logosarepartofthisimage.Theyaresymbolswhichoftenincludeanameorinitialstoidentifyapany.Thelogoestablishesavisualidentityforthepany,justasdifferentgroupsofyoungpeopleexpresstheiridentitythroughhairstylesandclothes.Allgroupsfromallculturesandthroughouttheageshaveusedcolorsandsymbolstoshowtheiridentity.Indifferentcultures,differentcolorscarrydifferentmeanings.Somecolorsmaybeconnectedwithcoldnessinonecultureandwithwarmthinanother;somecolorsrepresentlifeinoneculturebutdeathinanother.Internationalpanieshave,therefore,tomakesurethattheirlogoswillnotbemisunderstoodindifferentcountries.Thelogosoflargeinternationalpaniesareinstantlyrecognizablethroughouttheworld.OneofthemostfamouslogosisthatofCocaCola.Thedesignofthewords“CocaCola”hasnotchangedsince1886,althoughthesurroundingdesignhasbeenchangedfromtimetotime.Manypanieshave,overtheyears,renewedtheirlogostofitinwithcontemporarydesignandtopresentmorepowerfulimages.Logosareusedonpackagingandbrochuresaswellasontheproductitself.Theymayalsoappearinnewspapersorontelevisionaspartofanadvertisingcampaign.paniesneedtohaveastrongcorporateidentity.Thelogohelpstopromotethisimageandtofixitinthemindsoftheconsumers.Logos,therefore,needtobeoriginalandtohaveimpactandstyle.Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(C)“DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?”LindseywhisperstoTori.Withhereyesshining,toribrags,“YoubetIdid,Seantoldmetwodaysago.”WhoareLindseyandToritalkingaboutItjusthappenedtobeyourstruly,AdamFreedmam,Icantellyouthatwhatthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)noteventrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话).Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopicbreakups,troubleathome,evendroppingoutthatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcruelliescancausepain.Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thatanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor(传言)canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe“ingroup”.Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority(优越感).Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,the