困扰世界的三种病毒详解

困扰世界的三种病毒Zikaissuchamildillnessthatmostpeopledon'tknowtheyhaveit.Butinthepasttwoyears,asearchofbabiesbornwithextremelysmallheadsshowedtheworldthatZikaisanythingbutharmless.寨卡病毒症状较为温和，以至于大多数病毒感染者毫无察觉。但在过去的两年中，关于小头畸形新生儿的调查则向全世界表明：寨卡病毒绝对不是无害的。ThevirusoriginatedinUgandamorethan60yearsago,andrecentlyemergedinBrazil,thensurgednorthtoFloridaandpossiblytoTexas.60多年前，寨卡病毒首次被发现，其源头在乌干达，最近巴西出现疫情，随后疫情进一步肆虐、向北传到了美国佛罗里达州，同时，在德克萨斯州发现疑似病例。Dr.AnthonyCostello,withtheWorldHealthOrganization,saidevenoneaffectedchildhasaverybigimpactonthecommunityandafamily'sabilitytocope.世界卫生组织安东尼.科斯特洛博士表示，无论是对整个社会还是对一个家庭来说，一名感染寨卡病毒的孩子都会对其应对能力产生极其重大的影响。"It'sapublichealthproblemofhugeconcernfortheworld.Sixty-ninecountrieshaveseenZikavirusemergeinthelasttwoyears.Wearetalkingaboutavirusthatcausesbraindamageandpotentiallylifelongdisability,whichisahugeblowtofamilies.""这事关公众健康，对全世界来说都是一个大问题。两年来，69个国家曾出现寨卡病毒传播。我们此刻提及的这种病毒，能造成脑部损伤，并有可能导致病毒感染者终身残疾，这对家庭是一个巨大的打击。"Rightnow,doctorscanonlyadvisewomennottotraveltoareaswherethevirusisspreading,toavoidmosquitobitesortodelaypregnancy.ThereisnovaccineagainstZika,butonecouldbeavailablein2018.目前，医生只能建议妇女不要前往已经出现寨卡病毒疫情的地区旅行、避免蚊虫叮咬，或者建议她们推迟怀孕。寨卡病毒至今没有特效疫苗，但有可能在2018年研制成功。2016年困扰世界的三种病毒InNigeria,thepoliovirusre-emergedintheviolence-wrackednorthernpartofthecountry,whereit'shardtoensureeverychildgetsvaccinated.ThreechildrenwerediagnosedwiththediseasejustwhenNigeriawasthoughttobeclosetobecomingpolio-free.尼日利亚北部地区暴力活动频发，脊髓灰质炎病毒（又称小儿麻痹症）再次侵袭了该地区，在那里，很难保证所有孩子成功接种疫苗。正当人们认为尼日利亚即将摆脱脊髓灰质炎病毒之时，三个孩子被确诊为小儿麻痹症。Thevirusalsoexistsinanotherconflictzone:alongtheborderofPakistanandAfghanistan.Thosebehindtheeffortsaytheyaredeterminedtoeliminatethedisease.Poliocaseshavedecreasedbyover99percentsince1988,fromabout350,000casesthentolessthanthreedozenin2016.这种病毒同样出现在另一冲突地区，即：巴基斯坦和阿富汗边界一带。疫苗研发专家称，他们正在努力，并决心消除这一病毒。自1988年以来，小儿麻痹症病例下降超过百分之九十九，从1988年的35万例病例降至2016年的不到36例病例。AtthebeginningofDecember,theNationalInstitutesofHealthannouncedthestartofamajortrialofanexperimentalvaccineagainsttheAIDSvirus.12月初，美国国立卫生研究院宣布开始一项重大试验，以研发出有望遏制艾滋病毒的实验性疫苗。"AnHIVvaccineisnotgoingtobeeasy.Wemaynotevenknowifwe'regoingtogetavaccine."FaucidescribedtheadvancesinAIDStreatmentasnothingshortofspectacular."研制出对抗艾滋病毒的疫苗极不容易。我们甚至不知道能否成功。"费希把在治疗艾滋病方面取得的进展，描述为"不折不扣的伟大成就。""Today,thecombinationsoftherapieswehaveforindividuals—forsomeonewhoisintheir20sandgetsinfectedandcomesinandgetsonacombinationofdrugs—youcouldpredictthattheycouldliveanadditional50years(Fivezero).Thatisoneofthemostextraordinaryadvancesinthetransitionfrombasicresearchtoanapplicableinterventioninanyfieldofmedicine.""目前，我们为个人提供综合疗法，假如患者在20多岁感染艾滋病毒，综合服用相应药物，我们就能预测他们的寿命可以延长50年。这将是最为非凡的进步之一，并会实现从基础研究到实际运用于医学领域的转变。Ifaneffectivevaccinecanbefound,itcouldfinallymeantheendforavirusthathasinfectedmorethan70millionpeopleandkilled35millionpeopleoverthepasthalf-century.如果能够发现有效疫苗，这就真正意味着艾滋病毒的彻底终结，半个世纪以来，艾滋病毒感染者超过7000万人，迄今已造成3500万人死亡。ManyKenyansweresurprisedaftertheeducationministerreleasedresultsofthecountry's2016universityentranceexam.Just15percentofthemorethan500,000studentswhotooktheexampassedit.Theresultsaremuchlowerthanlastyear.Somepeoplebelievetheresultsarelowerbecauseofficialstookactiontoreducecheatingonthetest.Thenumberofstudentswhoreceivedthehighesttestgradein2016droppedby95percentcomparedtooneyearearlier.Inoneschool,with202students,everyonereceivedthehighestgradein2015.Butin2016,only141studentsintheentirecountrydid.Thetestresultswerereleasedtwomonthsearlierthanexpected.Kenyanmediareportssayeducationofficialsreleasedtheresultsearlyaftersomeschoolofficialspressuredthemtogivetheirstudentshighgrades.Someprincipalshavebeenaccusedofofferingpaymentsof$100to$160toexaminerstogivetheirstudentshighgrades.JohnMugoworksatanon-profitgroupcalledTwawezaEastAfrica.Hesayseducationofficialswillbeforcedtoansweralotofquestionsbecauseofthetestresults."Questionsarebeingraisedonwhetherthose,thoseheadsorthemanagement,shouldbebroughttoaccounttothepublic.Whathappened?Iftheywereinvolvedinmassiveirregularities,thenIthinkweshouldnotjustkeepquiet.Theyshouldbemadetoaccount.Butthen,thentheotherquestionthatKenyanshaveisquality.Arestudentsreallylearningorhavewebeendrillingthemtojustpassthetest,suchthatwhenthetestchangesslightly,thentheyallfail?"EducationexpertTomkinBarazasaystheuniversityentranceexamisnowcredible,andthetestresultsbelievable.Butthereisanotherquestionthatmustbeanswered."Butnow,welookathowmanystudentswhowereaffected,wherearewegoingtohavethem?Theministryshouldcomeupwithawaytoensurethatatleastthemajorityofthestudentsatleastgosomewhere..."GeorgeMagohaisthechairmanoftheKenyaNationalExaminationsCouncil.Hesaysstudentscanbesuccessfuleveniftheydonothavehighgrades.Kenya'sministryofeducationsaiditwilltakeacloselookattheproblemaftertheshockingtestresults.I'mLucijaMillonig.Thenewspapershadbeencutopeninthemiddlesothepupilscouldputthemontheirheads.报纸的中间被剪开了，这样学生们就可以将其戴在头上。ThepicturehassparkedadebateamongChinesesocialmediausers.照片在中国社交媒体用户中引发了一场争论。Somepraisedtheteachers'creativity,suchas'xianmuzixi'whosaidonWeibo'itreallyworks'.一些人称赞老师们的创意，比如，网友“xianmuzixi”在微博上表示“这种方法真管用”。However,manyotherssuggestedthatitwouldharmstudents'dignity.不过，不少网友认为该做法会损害学生的尊严。'ZhaoJiaxuan'wroteunderthesamepostonWeibo:'It'snolongeramatterofpreventingcheatinginexams,it'sseriousdistrustofstudents.Itcouldbringgreatpsychologicaldamagetostudents.'“ZhaoJiaxuan”在同一篇微博下写道：“这已经不是考试作不作弊的问题了。这么做是严重的不信任学生，会给学生的心理造成多大的伤害啊。”'Timemachine-2009'agreed:'Iftheteachersupervisedtheexamcarefullystandinginthefrontoftheclassroom,itwouldbeeasytocatchcheaters.Thereisnoneedtodothisatall.'“Timemachine-2009”表示赞同：“如果监考老师小心地站在教室前边，很容易看到谁作弊。根本不需要这么干。”'Chunfengyida'said:'IfeelsadabouttheChineseeducation.'“Chunfengyida”说：“为中国教育感到悲哀”。Ontheotherhand,somepeoplepointedoutthatthenewspaperswouldactuallymakeiteasierforthestudentstocheat.另外，有些人指出，实际上这种方法会方便学生作弊。Weibouser'XiRuogu'said:'Itwouldbeeasiertocopyfromnotesas(theteacher'sview)wasblocked.'微博用户“XiRuogu”说：“这样抄小抄更容易，因为（老师的视线）被挡住了。”'YanGuiling'joked:'Whatiftheanswerswereonthenewspaper?'“YanGuiling”戏称：“如果答案就在报纸上怎么办？”Afollow-upreportonPeople'sDailyOnlinesuggestedthatthepicturehadbeentakenattheChuzhouExperimentalSchoolinChuzhou,人民网的补充报道称，这张照片拍摄于安徽省滁州市滁州实验学校。Aspokesmanfromtheschoolexplainedtothereporterthatitwasnotanexambut'agame'betweentheteachersandthestudents.一位校方发言人向记者解释称，这并非一场考试，而是老师和学生之间的一场“游戏”。Theschoolsaidbyusingthemethodtheteachershopedtohelpthestudentsde-stressbeforetheupcomingfinalexam.学校表示，老师们希望在期末考试来临之际通过这种方法帮助学生减压。Accordingtotheschool,allofthestudentswerewillingtoparticipateinthegame.据校方称，所有学生都愿意参与这个游戏。其实，这样的反作弊方式并非滁州实验中学的首创。早在2013年，泰国某大学教授为防学生作弊，就发明了一种类似的纸质“头盔”：看你怎么作弊监考老师出高招：头顶报纸挡视线PupilsinChinaoftenendureintensepressurebeforeexamsastheyareexpectedbytheirfamiliestostayatthetopoftheclassatalltimes.中国学生在考前通常承受着巨大的压力，因为家长希望他们的成绩一直名列前茅。ChineseauthoritieshaveinthepastreleasedpicturesoftheJamesBond-stylecheatingtechnologyusedbystudentsduringthecompetitiveexams.中国官方曾经公开过学生在竞争激烈的考试中使用的007式作弊科技的照片。Theseincludedsophisticatedveststhatlinkuptoabutton-holecamerahiddeninapenorwatch,usedtobeamoutimagesoftheexampapertosomeoneoutsidethehallwithareceiver.其中包括连接到笔或者手表上的针孔摄像机的精密背心，借助针孔摄像头可将试卷图像通过接收器传给考场外的某个人。看你怎么作弊监考老师出高招：头顶报纸挡视线Thepersonoutsidethenlooksuptheanswertothequestion,andrelaysitbacktoamobilephonehiddenonthepupilintheexamhall.外面的人查到问题答案后，将答案回传到考场内考生藏在身上的手机上。看你怎么作弊监考老师出高招：头顶报纸挡视线Thespeechispickedupviathemobile,andthensentontoahiddenearpiece.语音信息通过手机接收，然后被发送到隐形耳机上。看你怎么作弊监考老师出高招：头顶报纸挡视线Inrecentyears,officialshavelaunchedacrackdownonthosehelpingstudentscheatduringthe'gaokao',theannualuniversityentranceexamination.近年来，官方已经开始对在高考中帮助学生作弊的行为展开打击。高考是一年一度的大学入学考试。Inthepastcriminalgroupshavebeenfoundtobesellingstolenexampapersandlaunchingcyberattacksonexamboardwebsites.过去曾有犯罪团伙兜售偷盗来的考卷，还对考试机构的网站发起网络攻击。不过，不仅作弊技术变得越来越发达，为了保障所有考生的权益，监考官们也在坚持不懈地提高反作弊技术。比如：这位占领制高点俯瞰一切的老师。看你怎么作弊监考老师出高招：头顶报纸挡视线再比如：让作弊者“无从下眼”的答题卡。看你怎么作弊监考老师出高招：头顶报纸挡视线Lastyear,educationalauthoritiesofcentralChina'sLuoyangcityuseddronestostopstudentscheatinginthehigh-pressure'gaokao'.去年，中国中部城市洛阳市的教育局曾在紧张的高考考场出动无人机防止考生作弊。据报道，无人机能“全频捕捉”无线电信号，并实施跟踪、定位。附近一旦出现可疑信号，地面监控站上便会产生相应的波动，且通过定位，系统可以迅速、准确地为工作人员提供发射源所在的参考位置。TownsandcitiesacrosstheeastofVladimirPutin'svastempirecould'collapse'inthecomingdecadesbecauseofthawingpermafrost.随着永久冻土的逐渐消融，弗拉基米尔•普京手中巨大帝国的东部城镇在未来几十年间可能会轰然倒塌。Groundthatwasoncesolidiscrumblingduetoclimatechange,andtheimpactforbuildingsacrossArcticandSiberianregionswillbe'devastating'by2050,saysanewUS-Russianreport.一篇美俄的最新报道称，由于气候的变化，曾经坚固的土地开始破裂，截止到2050年，北极地区和西伯利亚地区的建筑将会受到毁灭性的影响。ProblemsareexpectedevensoonerinAnadyr,thecapitaloftheextremeeasternregiononChukotka,whereChelseatycoonRomanAbramovichonceservedasgovernor.阿纳德尔很快就会面临难题。阿纳德尔是俄罗斯东部楚科奇自治区首府，切尔西大亨罗曼•阿尔卡季耶维奇曾任区长。Hereproblemscanbeexpectedbythemid-2020s,astheycaninSalekhard,atownwhichstraddlestheArcticCircle,gatewayRussia'slargegassuppliesontheYamalpeninsula.预计21世纪20年代中期，阿纳德尔将遇到问题。横跨北极圈的萨列哈尔德城是亚马尔半岛上俄罗斯大量天然气供应的枢纽，它也面临着同样的威胁。Atrisktoofromastarkweakeningofthe'bearingcapacity'ofthegroundareRussia'sdiamondcapitalYakutskandnickelminingcityNorilsk.俄罗斯钻石之都雅库茨克和镍矿开采城诺里尔斯克的土地承受能力显著下降，也面临危险。ThethawhasmajorimplicationsforRussiasinceasmuchas63percentofRussianterritoryisunderpinnedbypermafrost.俄罗斯63%的领土都是靠永久冻土支撑，因此冻土消融对俄罗斯影响十分重大。Itisalreadyhittingbuildingsinnorthernregions,makingthemunsafe,andhascausedrailwaylinestobecomecrooked,renderingthemuseless,reportedTheSiberianTimes.据《西伯利亚时报》报道，北部地区的建筑物已经受到影响，十分不安全，铁轨也因此变弯，无法再投入使用。Theanalysissaysaworst-casescenariocouldleadtoa75-95percent'reductioninbearingcapacitythroughoutthepermafrostregionby2050'.分析称，最糟糕的情况将导致“到2050年，永久冻土地区的承受能力下降75%到95%”。Theauthorsconclude:'Thiscanhaveadevastatingeffectoncitiesbuiltonpermafrost.'作者们总结说：“对于建立在永久冻土上的城市来说，这会产生毁灭性影响。”Thawingofpermafrost'canpotentiallyleadtodeformationandcollapseofstructures',withresidentiala