巧用构词法记忆初中英语单词及切割机安全操作规程

巧用构词法记忆初中英语单词初中生学习构词法基础知识也是非常有好处的，那就是它可以使我们能够轻松认识更多单词，以一种巧妙的方式扩大词汇量，短期内记住更多的单词。今天，就和小简老师一起来学习构词法的基础知识吧！英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。一.转化法在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。

1.动词转化为名词

●Letmehavea

try.

让我试试。●Theyareonlyallowedtosellsoft

drinks

atschool.在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。2.名词转化为动词

●He

shouldered

hiswaythroughthecrowd.

他用肩膀推开人群前进。●Thesmellfromthekitchenmadehismouth

water.从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。3.形容词转化为动词●Wewilltryourbestto

better

ourlivingconditions.

我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。●Theytriedto

perfect

theworkingconditions.他们努力改善工作条件。4.形容词转化为名词●Hedidn’tknowthedifferencebetween

right

and

wrong.他不辨是非。●The

old

inourvillagearelivingahappylife.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。5.形容词转化为副词●How

long

haveyoulivedthere?你在那儿住多久了？6.个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词●Warmclothesarea

must

inthemountains.穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。●Lifeisfullof

ups

and

downs.人生有得意时也有失意时。●Hisargumentcontainstoomany

ifs

and

buts.他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。二.合成法由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词一般看其词，知其意。1.合成名词●名词/代词+名词

newspaper

blood-test

she-wolf●动词+名词

typewriter

pickpocket

daybreak●形容词+名词

greenhouse

highway

●副词+名词

overcoat

outside●名词+v.-ing/v.-ing+名词

handwriting

reading-room

freezing-point

●动词+副词/副词+动词

breakthrough

get-together

outbreak

outcome●名词+介词+名词

sister-in-law

editor-in-chief

2.合成形容词●名词+形容词/形容词+名词

world-famous

duty-free

large-scale

long-term●副词+形容词

over-anxious

evergreen●名词+过去分词

man-made

sun-burnt●名词+现在分词

peace-loving

English-speaking●形容词+现在分词

good-looking

easy-going

●副词+过去分词

well-informed

widespread●副词+现在分词

hardworking

far-reaching●形容词+名词+ed

warm-hearted

absent-minded●数词+名词+ed

three-legged

ten-storied●数词+名词

one-way

five–star●数词+名词+形容词

ten-year-old

800-meter-long●名词+to+名词

face–to-face

door-to-door

3.合成动词●名词+动词

baby-sit

sleepwalk

●副词+动词

outnumber

underestimate

overwork●形容词+动词

whitewash4.合成副词●形容词＋名词

meanwhile

anyway●形容词＋副词

everywhere

anyhow●副词＋副词

however●介词＋名词

beforehand

overhead●介词＋副词

forever

5.合成代词●代词宾格＋self/selves

herself

themselves●物主代词＋self/selves

myself

yourselves

●形容词＋名词

anything

nothing6.合成介词●副词＋名词

inside

outside●介词＋副词

without

within●副词＋介词

into三.派生法由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。1.前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。（1）表示否定意义的前缀●un-

unhappy

unfinished

undress

●dis-

disagree

disbelieve●in-[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir-(在字母r前)]

inaccurate

illegal

impolite

imbalance

irregular●mis-

misbehave

mislead

mistake

●non-

nonstop

nonsmoker（2）表示其他意义的前缀●en-

“使……”enrich

enlarge

encourage●inter-

“相互”international

intercontinental●re-

“再，又，重”rethink

retell

recycle●tele-

“远程的”telescope

telephone

telegraph●auto-

“自动的”automatic

automobile●co-

“共同”coworker

cooperatecoexist●anti-

“反对，抵抗”antiwar

antifreeze

antinuclear●multi-

“多”multistorymulticultural

multicolor●bi-

“双，二”bicyclebilingual

bilateral●micro-

“极小的，微小的”microwave

microcomputer●over-

“太多，过分”overwork

overdo

overestimate●self-

“自己，本身”self-centeredself-confident

self-control●under-

“在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline,underground,

underestimate,underrate2.后缀（1）形容词后缀●-able

“可……的，具有……的”acceptable

drinkable

knowledgeable

reasonable

●-al

“与……有关的”physical,magical,political●-an

“属于某地方的人”American

African

●-ern

“方向”southern,northern,eastern●-ful/less

“（没）有……的”helpful,useful,

homeless,hopeless●-ish

“如……的；有……特征的”foolish

childish

selfish●-ive

“有……倾向的”active

attractive

expensive●-en

“由……制成的”golden

wooden

woolen●-ous

“有（性质）的”famous,dangerous,poisonous●-ly

“有……性质的”friendly

yearly

daily●-y

“构成形容词”noisy

dusty

cloudy（2）名词后缀●-er/or

“表人或用具”

farmer,baker,visitor,professor,cooker,container●-ese

“某国（人）的”Chinese,Japanese●-ian

“某国、某地人；精通……的人”musician,Asian,Russian,technician●-ist

“某种主义或职业者”physicist,scientist,communist，socialist●-ess

“表女性，雌性”hostess,actress,princess●-ment

“行为或其状态”government,movement,achievement●-ness

“性质，状态”illness,sadness,carelessness●-tion

“动作，过程，结果”invention,organization,translation●-ance/ence

“抽象；行为、性质、状态”importance,appearance,absence,existence●-th

“性质、情况”

depth,warmth,truth

●-ful

“（满的）量”handful,spoonful,mouthful●-(a)bility

“抽象、性质、状态”possibility,disability,reliability●-al

“过程、状态”survival,arrival,approval●-y

“性质、情况”modesty,delivery,honesty●-dom

“处于……状态；性质”freedom,boredom●-age

“状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage,storage,marriage（3）动词后缀●-fy/ify

“使得；变得”

simplify,beautify,purify●-en

“使成为；变得”

shorten,deepen,sadden●-ize

“使成为”

apologize,realize,specialize（4）副词后缀●-ly

“方式，程度”

freely,truly,angrily●-ward(s)

“向……”

towards,forward,upwards（5）数词后缀●-teen

“十几”

fourteen,eighteen,thirteen●-ty

“整十位数”

forty,fifty,sixty●-th

“序数词”

twelfth,twentieth切割机安全操作规程一、切割前准备1、使用前必须认真检查设备的性能，确保各部件的完好性。2、电源闸刀开关、锯片的松紧度、锯片护罩或安全挡板进行详细检查，操作台必须稳固，夜间作业时应有足够的照明亮度。3、使用之前，先打开总开关，空载试转几圈，待确认安全无误后才允许启动。4、操作前必须查看电源是否与设备额定电压相符，以免错接电源。二、切割操作规程1、切割机工作时务必要全神贯注，不但要保持头脑清醒，更要理性的操作电动工具。严禁疲惫、酒后或服用兴奋剂、药物之后操作切割机。2、电源线路必须安全可靠，严禁私自乱拉，小心电源线摆放，不要被切断。使用前必须认真检查设备的性能，确保各部件完好。3、穿好合适的工作服，不可穿过于宽松的工作服，更不要戴首饰或留长发，严禁戴手套及袖口不扣而操作。4、加工的工件必须夹持牢靠，严禁工件装夹不紧就开始切割。5、严禁在砂轮平面上，修磨工件的毛刺，防止砂轮片碎裂。切割时操作者必须偏离砂轮片正面，并戴好防护眼镜。装夹工件时应