第1讲-句子结构

Grammarsentencesstart!句子成份★句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（subjectgroup）谓语部分（predicategroup）★句子成份：主·谓·宾·表补定·状·3/11/20243主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．Thegirlisbeautiful.Theyaregoodfriends.Toseeistobelieve.Readingisuseful.Whathesaidisright..主语(Subject)：3/11/20244谓语(Predicate)：

谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.3/11/20245表语(Predicative)

表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．Iamateacher.Sheishappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Seeingisbelieving.3/11/20246宾语(Object)宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodguy.3/11/20247宾语补足语(objectivecomplement)在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.Leavethedooropen.WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.Makeyourselfathome.Isawhimenterthehall.Thebosskeepsthemworkingallday.Iheardmynamecalled.3/11/20248状语(Adverbial)状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．Hediditcarefully.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.3/11/20249定语(Attributive)定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．Theblackbikeismine.What’syourname?Abrokenvase.Ihave5books.Asleepingboy.Theymadepaperflowers.TheboyintheroomisJack.Ihavesomethingtodo.Itisaswimmingpool.判断下列句中的主语Iwanttoplayfootball.Doinghomeworkneedtobecareful.Threeisenough.LiMing,TomandIwenttothezooyesterday.ItisusefultohaveanEnglishdictionary判断下列句中的谓语Shedoesn’twantacupoftea.Ourschoolistryingtobebetter.Alotofstudentscamehere.YoushouldstudyChinesehard.挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn’tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？有哪几种常见的句型结构？3/11/202419句子类型简单句并列句复合句种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework第２种Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０He

playsviolin.第３种Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐWearestudents第４种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen.第５种S+V+O+OCHemademelaugh

简单句的5种基本句型1、主+谓（s+v）在此结构中，谓语动词是不及物动词（IntransitiveVerb)。

Heruns.Shelistenscarefully.2、主+系+表（s+v+p）课本主+动+补在此结构中，常见的系动词(LinkingVerb)包括：be动词和（look/smell/sound/taste/feel/get/become/turn）Sheisateacher.(n.作表语)Thenumberistwo.（num.作表语）Thebikeishers.（pron.作表语）Ittastesgood.（adj.作表语）

除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem等。become,get,grow,turn,go,等remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。3、主+谓+宾(s+v+o)在此结构中，谓语动词是及物动词（Transitiveverb)。因此有宾语。Shesawafilm.Ilikethisbook.4、主+谓+间宾+直宾（s+v+o1+o2）在此结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，常见的后接双宾的动词有：give/show/buy/ask/bring/send……Shegavemeabook.Isendhimacard.

间宾直宾但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：

Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for

的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。巩固练习：1．Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

3．请把那本字典递给我好吗？4．他把车票给列车员看。

MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.

Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.

Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?

Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.5、主+谓+宾+宾补（s+v+o+c）可作补足语的有形容词、副词、介词短语……Theymadethegirlangry.IcallherChunLin.

说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。Thesunkeepsuswarm.

Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.

3/11/202429

用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.3/11/202430

巩固练习：1．我们叫她Alice.2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。

3．他们把小偷释放了。4．我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都能听到他大声的朗读英语。WecallherAlice.

Allofusconsideredhimhonest.Theyhavesetthethieffree.

Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.

Theguardsorderedustoleaveatonce.

EverymorningwehearhimreadEnglishaloud.

英语基本句型6Therebe

句型

说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：

Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.

Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：现在有thereis/are…

过去有therewas/were…

将来有therewillbe…；thereis/aregoingtobe...

现在已经有therehas/havebeen…

可能有theremightbe...

肯定有theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...

过去曾经有thereusedtobe…

似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…

碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…巩固练习：1．这个村子过去只有一口井。2．客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3．天气预报说下午有大风。

4．灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。

5．战前这儿一直有家电影院的.

Therewasonlyawellinthevillage.

AmongthegueststhereweretwoAmericansandtwoFrenchmen.

Theweathermansaysthere’llbeastrongwindintheafternoon.

Thelightison.Theremustbesomeoneintheoffice.

Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar.名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句Ⅲ.复合句Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Hesaidthathedidn’tlikeher.状语从句分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1)时间状语从句Waituntilyouarecalled.Whenspringcame,leavesturngreen.常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,assoonas,whenever等2)地点状语从句Putitwhereyoufoundit.Sitdownwhereveryoulike.常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere3)原因状语从句AsIdidn’tknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman.常用的关联词有：because,as,since4)结果状语从句IwasinthebathsothatIdidn’thearthetelephone.常用的关联词有：so,sothat,suchthat,that

5)目的状语从句I’llshowyousoyouwillseehowit’sdone.常用的关联词有：so,sothat,inorderthat6)条件状语从句Ifitsnowstomorrow,wewillbuildasnowman.常用的关联词有：if,unless,incasethat,onconditionthat…常用的关联词有：though,although,ifevenif,eventhough,7)让步状语从句ThoughI’mfondofmusic,Ican’tplayanyinstrument.常用的关联词有：as,asif,asthough,how常用的关联词有：so,sothat,asfaras,solongas8)方式状语从句Hedidjustasyoutoldhim.9)程度状语从句Solongasyouneedme,I’llstay.名词性从句1)主语从句*Whathesaidisnotknown.*Thatweshallbelateiscertain.*Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.*Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet!

2）表语从句*Thatiswhathewantstobuy.

*Theproblemisthatwhowecangettoreplaceher?*Thereasonisthathehasliedtomeseveraltimes.3)宾语从句*Iunderstandthatheiswellqualified.*Hesaidthathedidn’tlikeher.

*Idon’tknowifyoucanhelpme.4)同位语从句*WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldn’tcome?*Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.*Mothermadeapromisethatshewouldbuymeanewcoat.theideaThequestionapromise划分句子成分Youwilltellyourfriendthatyou’vegottoschool.2.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.1.You

willtell(your)friend

thatyou’vegottoschool.2.But[asthemoongavefartoomuchlight],I

didn’tdareopen

awindow.主语谓语间宾定语直接宾语原因状语主语

谓语宾语复合句：

Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfar

fetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.

【参考译文】当艺术上的一项新运动达到一定流行程度时，最好先弄清该运动倡导者的目的，因为，无论他们的创作原则在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬，在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。并列句

Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.【参考译文】

与你谈话时，可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经历和你的其他资历是否在雇佣你以后会给他带来好处。你的"资历"和能力必须有条不紊、合理连贯地展示出来。定语从句Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.

通过雇用大量的职业人才，这一变化满足了新时代的技术要求，防止了效率下降--在过去，这种效率下降经常使家族公司在充满活力的创业者之后的第二代或第三代毁掉全部财产。1.主谓不一致

Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.

→

Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo)

2.数的不一致Wisemanseek

opportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem.

[j1]wiseman前面应加上a/the单数可数名词不可单独存在，要么加限定词，要么变复数

[j2]seek应改为seeks3-时态错误ManypeoplethoughtthattheInternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.

thought→think4.代词错误Wecanusecomputerstodoeverythingyou

like

you→weIfwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyou

alone.

两个you都改成us翻译：

1.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.2.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospects,evenastheydos