试论从《论语》看孔子关于教师发展的若干思想中英文对照

////试论从《论语》看孔子关于教师发展的若干思想中英文对照TrytotalkaboutfromtheanalectsofConfucius,Confuciusideasaboutteachers'developmentofseveralcontrastinbothChineseandEnglish一、“一日三省”：需有教学代写论文反思心A,"adayofthreeprovinces:teachinggenerationtowriteanessayreflectingontheheart“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”［1］18是孔子的一句名言。长期以来，教育界把“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”看做是针对学生学习而言的，其实，在当前的形势下，对"Learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost,thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous"[1]18isafamoussayingofConfucius.Foralongtime,educators"learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost,thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous"asforthestudenttostudy,actually,inthecurrentsituation,right中小学教师更有启发意义。现在许多中小学提出培养“研究型教师”，提倡教师应当具有一定的科研能力，要求把日常教学活动与教学科研结合起来，对教师的综合素质提出了更高Primaryandsecondaryschoolteachersmoreenlighteningsignificance.Nowmanyelementaryandmiddleschoolsputforwardtocultivateresearch-typedteachers",advocatestheteachershouldhaveacertainscientificresearchability,requestedthedailyteachingactivitiescombinedwithteachingandresearch,toteacher'scomprehensivequalityhigher的要求。这就要求教师一方面要努力掌握先进的教学理论和教学方法，另一方面则应把这些理论和自己在日常教学活动中遇到的问题紧密结合起来加以思考，研究，“学然后知不足Oftherequirements.Thisrequirestheteacherontheonehand,trytograsptheadvancedteachingtheoryandteachingmethod,ontheotherhand,shouldtakethesetheoriesandtheirproblemsindailyteachingactivitiescombiningthinking,research,"learnandknow，教然后知困”。孔子的学生曾子提出的“吾日三省吾身”［1］3，孔子提出的“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而自省也”［1］39，“择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之”［1］72，“子,teachandthenstuck."studentofConfuciuszengzi"Ithreeprovinces,mybodyis"putforwardbythe[1]3,Confuciusputforwardthe"virtue,seeemulatingandintrospection,"[1]39,"itsgoodqualitiesfromit,itsshortcomingsaretobenot"[1],72,"thechild绝四：毋意，毋必，毋固，毋我”［1］87等等，都是强调要虚心学习，以人为鉴，不断自省的。当然，自省只是检查过失，并不是目的，目的是把检查出来的过失加以改正，他指Uniquefour:nosense,nowill,no,notme"[1],87,etc.,areemphasizedtolearnfromthem,toguide,constantwork.Ofcourse,introspectionisonlycheckthefault,andisnotthegoal,thepurposeistocheckoutthemistakestocorrect,referringto出，“过而不改，是谓过矣”［1］68，“过则勿惮改”［1］6。孔子并非不许别人有过失，而是反对隐瞒过失而不改，只要正视过失，迅速改正，才可以“不贰也”，也正如子贡,"anddon'tchange,is"yi"[1],68,"isnotfearschange"[1]6.Confuciusdoesnotforbidothershavefaults,butopposedconcealedfaultanddonotchange,aslongasthefacefault,quicklycorrect,canbe"no."also,aszigong所说，“君子之过也，如日月之食焉；过也，人皆见之；更也，人皆仰之”［1］203。孔子还提出，“君子有九思：视思明，听思聪，色思温，貌思恭，言思忠，事思敬，疑思问Says,"thegentlemanhasalso,asthefoodoflovehow;also,theysee;themorealso,everybodyisbackof"[1],203.Confuciusalsoproposedthat"thegentlemanhas9:SiMing,listentochung,colortemperature,andthought,speech,sincerity,amthinking,doubt,ask，忿思难，见得思义”［1］177，要求考虑自己的言行诸方面，也可以作为教师内省的内容。因此，教学反思作为教师专业发展的一种路径或策略，主要目的并不在于获取外在的Andthoughthard,seerighteousness"[1]177,requirements,consideringhiswordsanddeedsofalsocanbeusedasthecontentofteachers'introspection.Thus,teachingreflectionasapathorstrategiesofteacherprofessionaldevelopment,themainpurposeisnottogetoutside、技术性的知识，而在于通过这种或那种形式的“反思”，促使教师对自我和自己专业活动直接相关的物、事有更为深入的“理解”，发现其中的“意义”，以追求促成“反思性实,technicalknowledge,butinthisorthatformof"reflection",encourageteacherstoselfandtheirprofessionalactivitiesthatdirectlyrelatedtothecontent,morein-depth"understanding",foundthatthe"meaning",inpursuitof"reflective践”［2］。Practice"[2].二、“学无常师”：应在交往中教与学2,"impermanence":shouldbeincontactintheteachingandlearning孔子的教师素质论是全面的，自然没有忘记怎样处理师生之间以及师师之间的关系。首先，在处理与学生之间的关系问题上，孔子提出，“当仁，不让于师”［1］170。《论Confucius'theoryofteachers'qualityisacomprehensive,naturalnotforgethowtodealwithbetweentheteachersandstudents,andtherelationshipbetweenthedivisiondivision.Firstofall,理智取向的教师专业发展和实践及反思取向的教师专业发展更具有独特的优势。Rationalorientationofteachers'professionaldevelopmentandthepracticeandreflectionorientationofteachers'professionaldevelopmenthasuniqueadvantages.三、“学而不厌”：要懂得“终身学习”Three,"tobeinsatiableinlearning":wanttoknow"lifelonglearning"1994年至1997年，有两次世界性的终身学习会议召开，会议强调，“终身学习是21世纪人类的生存概念”［3］。其实，终身教育思想在中华民族的传统文化中早已存在。孔子From1994to1997,therearetwoworldwidelifelonglearningconference,themeetingstressedthat"theconceptoflifelonglearningisthesurvivalofmankindinthe21stcentury"[3].Infact,lifelongeducationideaalreadyexistinthetraditionalChineseculture.Confucius一生都在孜孜不倦地学习，他“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲不逾矩”［1］12；年近半百时，他还感叹地说：“加我Spenthislifediligentlystudy,his"Ihavefiveandtenvolunteersfromlearning,thirty,fortyandperplexity,fiftyandaround50,60andsixties,theseventyratherthanplacingnobounds"[1]12;Innearly60years,healsolamented:"addme数年，五十以学《易》，可以无大过矣。”［1］71《史记·孔子世家》也记载，孔子晚而喜《易》，读《易》至韦编三绝，可见其好学不倦的精神。在孔子看来，作为一个教师，Foryears,50tolearneasily,canbenogreaterthan."[1]shi-ji71Confuciusaristocraticfamily"alsorecords,Confuciusandlaterxi"easy",read"easy"tostudydiligently,isthespiritofthefast.InConfucius'opinion,asateacher,必须博古通今，不但要了解过去，还要知晓现实。他称自己无非是“学而不厌，诲人不倦”［1］66而已。他曾经自信地说：“十室之邑，必有忠信如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。”Mustbeeruditeandinformed,notonlytounderstandthepast,butalsoknowthereality.Hesaidheis"tobeinsatiableinlearning,teaching"[1],66.Heoncesaidconfidently:"theroomtencity,therewillbeafaithfulhow,suchashighashighstudiousalso."［1］53他的好学曾达到“发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至”［1］71的地步。孔子指斥那种“无而为有，虚而为盈”的态度，并且说：“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也，[1]hisstudiousreached53"FaFenWangShi,withlotus,don'tknowtoold"[1],71.Confuciusinorderthat"notohave,buttosurplus"attitude,andsaid,"knowforknow,response,andisalso,”［1］19，同时指出，“好仁不好学，其蔽也愚；好智不好学，其蔽也荡；好信不好学，其蔽也贼；好直不好学，其蔽也绞；好勇不好学，其蔽也乱；好刚不好学，其蔽也狂”［"[1]19,atthesametime,pointsoutthat"benevolenceisbadtolearn,itscrumblingfoolalso;Thinkbadtolearn,itsallabout;Goodletternotgoodlearn,itsallthievesalso;Goodstraightnotgoodstudy,itsallheavealso;Goodyongnotgoodlearn,theirhousesalsodisorderly;Goodjustnotgoodtolearn,itsallalsocrazy"1］184。孔子的学生子贡也说：“日知其所云，月无忘其所能，可谓好学也已矣。”［1］203教师需要具备终身学习的意愿和能力，对于专业教师来说，只有人人终身学习，才能1)184.Confucius'studentzigongsaid:"day,isknownbyitsmonthnoforgetitcan,indeedastudioushas."[1]203teachersneedtohavethewillingnessandabilityoflifelonglearning,forprofessionalteachers,onlyeverybody,lifelonglearningability实现其发展的连续性。所以，广大的教师应该像孔子那样有“学如不及，犹恐失之”［1］83的意识。四、“温故知新”：教师不应只是教书匠Achievethecontinuityofitsdevelopment.So,theteachersshouldhavelikeConfucius"oflearningsuchas,fearoflossof"theconsciousnessof83[1].Four,"theview":teachersshouldnotonlyteacher如果说知过必改还只是行为上的自省，能者为师倡导的只是向别人学习，那么，在必须实施终身学习，经常更新知识的同时，教师还需要尝试教育科研。“子曰：温故而知新，IfZhiGuoBiGaiisintrospectiononbehavior,thosewhoknowmoreactasteachersadvocateistolearnfromothers,so,mustbeimplementedinlifelonglearning,constantlyupdatetheknowledgeatthesametime,teachersalsoneedtotrytheeducationscientificresearch."Confuciussaid:consider,可以为师矣。”［17］这其中包含着三层含义：一是指不仅要了解掌握过去的知识，还要认识当今社会的实际；二是指从已知到未知，建立新旧知识间的联系；三是指温故创新［4Canfortheteacher."[17]whichcontainsthreemeanings:onereferstonotonlyunderstandtheknowledgeofthepast,butalsopracticalintoday'ssociety;thesecondisfromtheknowntotheunknown,therelationshipestablishedbetweentheoldandnewknowledge;three[4.Therefore,innovationreferstothetemperature］。教育活动本身是一种极具复杂性与创造性的实践活动。教师面对的永远是不同年龄、不同水平、不同性格的学生，在教学过程中，教师也要不断遇到新的问题、新的情境，也就].Educationactivityitselfisakindofhighlycomplexityandcreativepractice.Teacherisalwaysfacedwithstudentsofdifferentage,differentlevel,differentpersonality,intheteachingprocess,teachersshouldalsobeconstantlynewproblems,newsituation,also是说，教育教学过程中的诸要素变化和发展永远是复杂的、不可预知的。为此，就需要教师不断地设计、采用新的教学方案，创造性地处理教学中的各种问题。Istosay,educationteachingtheessentialelementsintheprocessofchangeanddevelopmentisalwayscomplicatedandunpredictable.Therefore,requiresteacherstoconstantlydesignandadoptanewteachingplan,dealwiththeproblemsofteachingcreatively.这个命题和他的学思结合的思想是一致的。温故而不能知新，就是学而不思；不温故而欲知新，就是思而不学；只有学思的结合，才能做到温故知新。Thisthesiscombinedwiththethoughtsandhisthoughtsareconsistent.Isnotnew,learningwithoutthought;Don'ttemperaturetorealizethenewso,thoughtwithoutlearningis;Onlylearntothink,candoitthere.五、“诲人不倦”：克服教师发展之职业倦怠Five,"evangelistic":toovercomethejobburnoutofteacherdevelopment孔子一生能“学而不厌，诲人不倦”，努力于他的教育事业，一个重要的原因就是他对教育事业的热爱和忠诚。他说：“爱之能勿劳乎?忠焉能勿诲乎?”［1］147孔子虽然在Confuciuslifecan"beinsatiableinlearningandteaching",andstrivetoinhiseducationcareer,animportantreasonisthatheloveeducationcareer,andloyalty.Hesaid:"lovecannotpain?Loyaltydon'thowto?"Confuciusthoughin147[1]政治上不得志，有时生活困难，工作受到挫折，但是他还能“饭疏食饮水，曲肱而枕之，乐在其中”［1］71。其“乐业”精神真是难能可贵。他的学生子贡说：“学不厌，仁也，Politicallyfrustrated,sometimeslivingdifficulties,setbacksinwork,buthecanalso"ricesteamfeedwater,brachialandpillow,enjoy"[1],71.The"happy"spiritiscommendable.Hisstudentzigongsaid:"canlearn,benevolence,also诲不倦，圣也。”［5］“诲人不倦”的精神是他对学生忠与仁的精神的表现，是作为教师的负责精神的表现。“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者”［1］61，作为一个教师Histireless,SANalso."[5]thespiritof"teaching"ishisperformanceofstudentsinthespiritof"loyalty"and"benevolence",isasateacherisresponsibleforthespirit."Knowofaswell,goodthanofjoy"[1]of61,asateacher，首先应该热爱自己的事业。只有认识到自己事业的重要性，才会积极地献身于这一事业，工作起来才会主动积极，发挥潜力，想方设法做好本职工作。“诲人不倦"正是教师区别,firstofallshouldlovetheircareer.Onlyrealizetheimportanceoftheirownbusinesses,andactivelydedicatedtothecause,theworkwillbeinitiativeandpotential,tocompletesthelaborofduty.Teachersof"teaching"isdifference于其他行业的显著特征，是教师对职业忠诚的最好评判。目前，教师的职业倦怠问题已引起人们注意。教师的职业倦怠严重影响着教师的身心健康，对学生的健康成长、教育事业的Thesalientfeaturesinotherindustries,isthebestjudgetoloyaltytoprofessionalteachers.Atpresent,teachers'jobburnoutproblemhasarousedpeople'sattention.Theteacher'sjobburnouthasseriouslyaffectedtheteachers'physicalandmentalhealth,forthehealthygrowthofthestudents,educationcareer顺利发展也将产生消极影响。因此，教师的信念和职业理想是教师在压力下维持心理健康的重要保证。Thesmoothdevelopmentwillproducenegativeinfluence.Therefore,teachers'beliefsandprofessionalidealteacherisunderpressuretomaintaintheimportantguaranteeofmentalhealth.六、“不令而行”：教师发展之师德教育Six,"don'tmakeit":theethicseducationofthedevelopmentoftheteachers学校教育，育人为本。古往今来，“传道、授业”从来就是教育的一个整体。长期以来，浮躁的社会心态和功利性驱使着人们把升学率作为评价学校教育成败的唯一指标，从而Schooleducation,educationforthis.Throughtheages,"preaching,putting"hasalwaysbeenofeducationasawhole.Long-termsince,blunderingsocialmentalityandutilitariandrivingpeopletograduationratesasevaluationindex,thesuccessorfailureoftheschooleducationonlyto淡化了德育在学校教育中的地位。而德育恰恰是教师职责的一个重要组成部分。孔子教育成功的重要原因之一是他个人人格的感化。“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从”［Playeddownthestatusofmoraleducationinschooleducation.Andthemoraleducationisteachers'dutyisanimportantpartof.OneimportantreasonforthesuccessoftheConfuciuseducationwashisinfluenceofpersonality."Thebodyis,don'tmakeit,itsacrookedstick,althoughmakenotfrom"[1］136。这几句话虽不是专对教师说的，但也包含着做教师的应有的规范。又说：“不能正其身，如正人何?”［1］138孔子不仅这样说，事实上也是这样做的。教师是学生的榜样1)136.Thesewordsisnotdesignedforteachers,butalsocontainsthenormsshouldbeasateacher.Sayagain:"can'tisthebody,suchaswhatisman?"138[1]Confuciusnotonlythat,infactdoso.Teacherisanexampletothestudents，自己的一言一行都会直接影响到学生的健康成长。子贡称赞孔子教人“正身以矣”，荀子赞扬孔子“早正以待”。孔子严格要求自己，做到忠恕信实，言行一致，克己教人，改过,ownalineandsaywilldirectlyaffectthehealthygrowthofstudents.Zigongpra