中考英语写作论证与证据拓展方法与实例讲授

中考英语写作论证与证据拓展方法与实例讲授2024-02-06汇报人：XXCATALOGUE目录introductionBasicconceptsofargumentationandevidence拓展方法之因果链分析ComparativeanalysisofexpansionmethodsExampledemonstrationmethodforexpandingmethodsCATALOGUE目录Exampleteaching:AnalysisofEnglishwritingquestionsinthemiddleschoolentranceexamination总结回顾与备考建议CHAPTERintroduction01Toenhancestudents'abilitytoargueandprovideevidenceinEnglishwriting,specificallyforthemiddleschoolentranceexamination.PurposeArgumentationandevidenceexpansionarecrucialskillsforacademicwriting,yetoftenneglectedinEnglishlanguagelearningatthemiddleschoollevel.BackgroundPurposeandbackgroundCoursestructureThecoursewillbedividedintoseveralmodules,eachfocusingonadifferentaspectofargumentationandevidenceexpansion.TeachingmethodsAvarietyofteachingmethodswillbeused,includinglectures,groupdiscussions,andwritingworkshops.LearningoutcomesBytheendofthecourse,studentswillbeabletoidentifyandanalyzearguments,developtheirownarguments,andprovidesupportingevidenceintheirwriting.CourseOutlineIntroductionCHAPTERBasicconceptsofargumentationandevidence02Argumentationistheprocessofpresentingreasonsandevidencetosupportorrefuteaclaimorthesisstatement.ItplaysacrucialroleinEnglishwritingforthemiddleschoolentranceexaminationasithelpstopersuadethereaderanddemonstratethewriter'sunderstandingofthetopic.DefinitionandroleofargumentationFactualevidence:presentingverifiablefactsandstatisticstosupportanargument.Experttestimony:quotingexpertsinthefieldtolendcredibilitytoanargument.Eachtypeofevidencehasitsownstrengthsandweaknessesandshouldbeusedappropriatelydependingonthecontextandpurposeofthewriting.Anecdotalevidence:usingpersonalexperiencesorstoriestoillustrateapointorargument.TypesofevidenceandtheirapplicationinwritingEvidenceisthefoundationofargumentation,asitprovidesthenecessarysupporttobackupclaimsandassertions.Withoutsufficientevidence,argumentationbecomesweakandunconvincing.Therefore,writersneedtocarefullyselectandpresentrelevantevidencetoeffectivelysupporttheirargumentsandpersuadetheirreaders.ElaborateontherelationshipbetweenargumentationandevidenceCHAPTER拓展方法之因果链分析03因果链定义因果链是指一系列相互关联、具有因果关系的事件或行为，其中一个事件是另一个事件的原因或结果。构建步骤首先，确定要分析的主题或问题；其次，列出与该主题或问题相关的所有可能的原因和结果；最后，将这些原因和结果按照时间顺序或逻辑关系排列，形成完整的因果链。因果链概念及构建步骤分析学生成绩下降的原因。可以构建如下因果链：学生缺乏学习动力（原因）→不认真学习（结果）→成绩下降（结果）。通过这个因果链，可以清晰地看出学生成绩下降的内在逻辑关系。举例1探讨环境污染对健康的影响。可以构建如下因果链：工业排放污染物（原因）→环境污染（结果）→人体吸入有害物质（结果）→健康问题（结果）。这个因果链揭示了环境污染对健康的潜在危害。举例2因果链在论证过程中应用举例在构建因果链时，要确保每个原因和结果之间都存在合理的因果关系，避免将不相关或弱相关的事件联系在一起。确保因果关系的合理性要确保因果链涵盖了所有相关的原因和结果，避免遗漏重要信息。注意因果链的完整性在论证过程中，要避免使用过于绝对或武断的词汇，如“一定”、“必然”等，以免引发逻辑错误。谨慎使用绝对性词汇在构建因果链时，要检查自己是否存在潜在的偏见或假设，这些因素可能会影响因果链的客观性和准确性。检查潜在的偏见或假设TipsforavoidingcommonlogicalerrorsCHAPTERComparativeanalysisofexpansionmethods04Comparativeanalysisisaresearchmethodthatcomparestwoormorerelatedobjectstoidentifytheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.InEnglishwritingforthemiddleschoolentranceexamination,comparativeanalysiscanbeusedtocomparedifferentargumentationandevidenceexpansionmethods,helpingstudentsunderstandtheirrespectiveadvantagesanddisadvantages.Throughcomparativeanalysis,studentscanlearntoselectthemostappropriateexpansionmethodforagiventopicandwritingstyle.IntroductiontothePrincipleofComparativeAnalysisMethod01Whenselectingcomparisonobjectsfordiscussion,itisimportanttoensurethattheyarecloselyrelatedtothetopicandwritingstylebeingdiscussed.02Studentsshouldalsoconsidertherepresentativenessandtypicalityofthecomparisonobjects,aswellastheirabilitytoillustratethekeypointsoftheargumentationandevidenceexpansionmethodsbeingcompared.03Itisrecommendedtoselectcomparisonobjectsthatarefamiliartostudentsandeasytounderstand,suchasexamplesfromtextbooksorreal-lifescenarios.HowtoselectsuitablecomparisonobjectsfordiscussionWhenpresentingcomparisonresults,studentsshouldclearlystatethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheargumentationandevidenceexpansionmethodsbeingcompared.Itisimportanttoprovidesufficientevidenceandexamplestosupportthecomparisonresults,ensuringthattheyareobjectiveandconvincing.Studentsshouldalsoanalyzethereasonsforthesimilaritiesanddifferences,helpingthemunderstandtheunderlyingprinciplesandcharacteristicsofthedifferentexpansionmethods.Finally,studentsshouldsummarizethecomparisonresultsandprovidetheirownopinionsandsuggestionsbasedontheanalysis.ComparisonresultpresentationstrategyCHAPTERExampledemonstrationmethodforexpandingmethods05Examplescanhelpstudentsbetterunderstandabstractconceptsorcomplexmethodsbyprovidingconcreteinstances.EnhanceunderstandingVividandinterestingexamplescanstimulatestudents'interestinlearningandmaketheteachingprocessmoreengaging.StimulateinterestByassociatingabstractknowledgewithspecificexamples,studentscanmoreeasilyrememberandrecalltheinformation.FacilitatememoryExplanationoftheadvantagesofusingexamplestodemonstratethemethodRelevance01Chooseexamplesthatarecloselyrelatedtothetopicandcaneffectivelyillustratethekeypoints.Authenticity02Ensurethattheexamplesareauthenticandcredibletoenhancetheirpersuasiveness.Diversity03Includeavarietyofexamplestocatertodifferentlearningstylesandinterests,andtoprovideamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthetopic.HowtochooseappropriateexamplestosupportviewpointsClearexplanationPresentexamplesinaclearandconcisemanner,explainingtheirrelevanceandsignificancetothetopic.InteractivediscussionEncouragestudentstoactivelyparticipateinthediscussionandanalysisofexamplestodeepentheirunderstanding.AvoidoveruseWhileexamplesarebeneficial,overusingthemcanbedistractingandmaydilutethefocusofthelesson.Therefore,itisimportanttostrikeabalancebetweentheoreticalexplanationandexampledemonstration.ExamplepresentationmethodandprecautionsCHAPTERExampleteaching:AnalysisofEnglishwritingquestionsinthemiddleschoolentranceexamination06TitlerequirementsThetitleoftheEnglishwritingquestioninthemiddleschoolentranceexaminationusuallyrequiresstudentstoexpresstheirviewsonacertaintopic,oftenrelatedtotheirdailylivesorsocialissues.ContentoverviewThecontentofthewritingusuallyinvolvesnarrative,argumentation,andsometimesexpositoryelements.Studentsareexpectedtopresenttheirideasclearly,supportthemwithevidence,andconcludeappropriately.Titlerequirementsandcontentoverview论证结构搭建和证据选择策略Agoodargumentativeessayshouldhaveaclearstructure,includinganintroduction,bodyparagraphs,andaconclusion.Eachbodyparagraphshouldfocusononemainpointandprovideevidencetosupportit.论证结构搭建Whenchoosingevidence,studentsshouldconsideritsrelevance,authority,andsufficiency.Relevantevidenceisdirectlyrelatedtothepointbeingmade,authoritativeevidencecomesfromreliablesources,andsufficientevidenceprovidesenoughinformationtosupportthepoint.证据选择策略高分范文欣赏Readinghigh-scoringessayscanhelpstudentsunderstandwhatmakesagoodessay.Theseessaysusuallyhaveclearstructures,well-developedarguments,andeffectiveuseoflanguage.要点一要点二启示Fromhigh-scoringessays,studentscanlearnhowtodeveloptheirownarguments,useevidenceeffectively,andimprovetheirlanguag