英语国家概况(澳大利亚)课件

Chapter16

AustraliaGeography&HistoryGeographyLocationandSizeGeographicRegionsClimateMajorCities英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Location&SizeSize—Withatotalareaof7.7millionsquarekilometers,Australiaisthesixthlargestcountryintheworld,afterRussia,Canada,China,theU.S.andBrazilLocation—AustralialiesintheSouthernHemisphere,betweentheIndianOceanandthePacificOcean.Thecountryissurroundedbyseaonallsides英语国家概况(澳大利亚)GeographicRegion

WesternPlateautheEasternHighlandsCentral-EasternLoelands英语国家概况(澳大利亚)MountKosciuszko(科修斯科山)

SouthwestinCanberraofnewsouthwalesThehighestpointinAustraliaandOceania2228metersabovesealevelPolandexplorerschmitz,laikayfoundthemountainin1839,andthepolishheronamedafter(1746-1817).英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Murray-DarlingBasin

(墨累达令流域)3370kilometerslong,watershedcoversone7ofthelandareaofAustralia,isAustralia'smostimportantagriculturalarea.Thenameofthisriverbasinisfromthebasin'stwomajorrivers,theMurrayanddarlingrivers.英语国家概况(澳大利亚)LakeEyre(艾尔湖)ThelowestpointinthecountrySome12metersbelowsealevel英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Climate1、SouthernHemisphereJanuaryandFebruaryarethehottestsummermonthsJuneandJulyarethecoldestwintermonths2、Varygreatlyfromregiontoregiontropicalarea—hotallyearwithoutwintertemperateregionsofthesouth:enjoyamoderateclimate,withhotsummersandmildwintersThecoldestareasarethehighlandsandplateausofTasmaniaandthesoutheasternportionofthemainland.英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Climate3、Australiaiswidelyknownas"theDryContinent"duetoitslowrainfall.ThearidityofAustraliastemsfromitsproximitytotheequator.4、ThehotanddryconditionsofAustraliabringaboutrecurringdroughtsacrossthecountry.The1895to1903droughtisconsideredAustrali'sworstdraughtintermsofseverityandscale.英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Canberra:BetweenSydneyandMelbourn.ThenameCanberraoriginallymeansmeetingplaceintheAboriginallanguageSydney:thecapitalcityofNewSouthWales;Australia'slargestandoldstcity.Melbourne:thecapitalcityofVictoria;Australia'ssecondlargestcityBrisbane:thecapitalofQueenland;Australia'sthirdlargestcityMajorCities英语国家概况(澳大利亚)HistoryEarlyHistoryDiscoveryandExplorationEuropeanSettlementColonizationTheRoadTowardFederationAustraliainthe20thCentury英语国家概况(澳大利亚)EarlyHistory1.TheAborigineswerethefirstinhabitantsofAustralianfromsoutheastAsiaatleast50,000yearsagoandtheymainlylivedinthenortherncoast,thesoutheastandTasmania.2.Thereasonwhytheymigratedisthatitwasaperiodwhenlowsealevelspermittedthesimplestformsoflandandwatertravel.3.Thewayoftheirliving:anomadicorsemi-nomaniclife4.TheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtoolandtheyhadauniquerelationshipwiththeenvironment,theirreligiousbeliefswerefirmlylinkedtothelandandthoselivingthings.MajorCitiesPerth:thecapitalofWesternAustralia;Australia'sfourthlargestcity;thelargestcityintheWesternAustralia;Adelaide:thecapitalofSouthAustralia;Australia'sfifthlargestcity;Darwin:thecapitaloftheNorthernTerritory;theonlylargecityinnorthernAustralia英语国家概况(澳大利亚)FiresTickFarmingTheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtool,theyclearedareasusingfireinordertostimulatethegrowthofgrazingpasturesanddriveoutsmallanimalsthattheycouldeasilycapture,whichiscalledfirestickingfarming.DiscoveryandexplorationDiscovery:ThefirstEuropeansightingofAustralianwasin1606bytheDutchnavigatorWillemJanszooandhesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsula(约克角半岛）.Exploration:1.Development:Duringthe17thcentury,theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastline.Butwiththeincreasingknowledgeofthecontinent,nofurtherdetailedexploration.2.Capture:theEnglishcaptain,JamesCook,namedtheeasterncoastofAustralianNewSouthWalesandformallyclaimeditforBritain.Discoveryandexploration英语国家概况(澳大利亚)EuropeanSettlementCauses:

theindustrialrevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietyalmostentirelydependentonagriculturetoatown-centeredoneengagedincreasinglyincommercialmanufacturing.However,therapidpopulationgrowthinLondonandotherareasalsobroughtaboutvarioussocialproblems.

TherisingcrimeratecompelledBritaintofindsomewheretohousethepopulationofitsovercrowdedprisons.英语国家概况(澳大利亚)PenalSettlements1783:theAmericanRevolutionendedandAustraliawasestablishedasanewpenalsettlementatBotanyBayinAustralia.Difficulty

initialfailuresinfarming.SolutioncaptainjohnMacarthurbeganbreedingfinemerinosheepfortheirwool.EuropeanSettlement英语国家概况(澳大利亚)FirstpermanentcolonyThegroupfoundtheBotanyBayisanunsuitablechoice,sotheymovednorthtoSydneyonJanuary26,1788,adatenowcelebratedasAustraliaday.Here,PhillipestablishedBritain’sfirstpermanentcolony.Newcolonies:HobartinTasmania(1804)BrisbaneatMoretonBay(1824)AlbanyinWesternAustralia(1826)EuropeanSettlement英语国家概况(澳大利亚)ColonizationNewcolonies:newsouthWales(1788),Tasmania(1852),westernAustralia(1830),southAustralia(1836),Victoria(1851),Queensland(1859)Growthofsheepgrazing:bothfarmingandminingindustriesunderwentrapiddevelopment.Large-scalegrazingalsodevelopedinthe1830sand1840swhennewsettlersestablishedhugesheepruns.Goldrush:duetothegoldrush,whichmadeadramaticcontributiontothegrowthoftheeconomy,thepopulationexpandedrapidly.英语国家概况(澳大利亚)TheRoadTowardFederation1889:NSWbeganthemovementtoreplacetheFederalCouncil.HenryParkesannouncedthatthecolonywouldsupportanewformoffederalism1900:thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasestablished英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Australiainthe20thCentury

“WhiteAustraliaPolicy”In1901,thesixcoloniesofAustralia

adoptedafederalconstitutionandbecomeaself-governingdominionofBritishEmpireIn1901,passimmigrationRestrictionAct0torestrictnon-Europeanimmigrants英语国家概况(澳大利亚)WWI:disastertoAustralia

a:1.FollowBritainintothewarinAugustat1914

2.TotalAustralianmen—3million;330,000

volunteeredtothewar

b:NationalistPartywasresignedandsubsequently

foundedbyWilliamHughes

c:1.ANZAC---theAustraliantroops,joinedbyNew

Zealandforces,wascalledAustralian-NewZealandArmyCorps2.April,25becametheAnzacDayin1915

d:

Benefits:

1.Agricultureandminingindustrieswerebooming2.RapidindustrialgrowthintheyearsfollowingthewarAustraliainthe20thCentury英语国家概况(澳大利亚)Interwaryears:TheGreatDepression

a:

In1923,economicdevelopmentplan:”men,moneyandmarkets”

b:TheGreatDepressionofthe1930s

1.mainexternalcause----thecollapseofwoolandwheatpricesandcessationofoverseasloans

2.asecessionistmovementdevelopedinWesternAustralia

Australiainthe20thCentury英语国家概况(澳大利亚)TheDevelopment

InSep.1951-----ANZUSTreaty

In1972,TheWhitlamgovernment1983—1996,theAustralianLaborgovernment

UnderBobHawkeandPaulKeating

In1996,theHowardgovernment

InNov.1999---apublicreferendum

TheSydneyOlympicGames&theSydney

1ParalympicGamesAustraliainthe20thCentury英语国家概况(澳大利亚)WWII:FollowedBritaintothewarinSep.1939InMay&June1942,JapanattackedSydne