越南统计总局（General Statistic Office of Vietnam）：越南可持续发展目标2.4.1指标调查-农业生产和可持续农业占农业面积的比例

GENERALSTATISTICSOFFICE

SURVEYRESULTOFSDG2.4.1INDICATOR

INVIETNAM

Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture

STATISTICALPUBLISHINGHOUSE-2021

Membersofthecompilationboard:

Agriculture,ForestryandFisheryStatisticsDepartment

GeneralStatisticsOffice

Email:nonglamthuysan@.vn

Website:.vn

PREFACE

Measurementofsustainabledevelopmentgoals-indicator2.4.1on“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture"isintegratedinthe2020Mid-termRuralandAgriculturalSurvey.ThisisthefirsttimeGeneralStatisticsOffice(GSO)hassurveyed,calculated,andannouncedtheresultsofSDGindicator2.4.1.VietNamisoneofthefirstcountriesintheworldtopublishpublicationsonSDGindicator2.4.1.VietNamplanstoaddSDGindicator2.4.1totheVietNamNationalStatisticalIndicatorSystemwiththeevaluationcycleofevery5years.ThisisalsoaneffortoftheStatisticsSectorinparticularandVietNamingeneralinmonitoringsustainabledevelopmentgoalssetbytheUnitedNations.

InformationonSDGindicator2.4.1wascollectedbyGSOin2020rightafterFAOfinalizedthemethodologyin2019.Thenumberofsamplesusedtocalculatethisindicatoris33,376households,correspondingtoanagriculturalproductionlandareaof22,214.88hectares.

TheresultsofSDGindicator2.4.1showthatpromotingsustainableagriculturaldevelopmentinVietNamisnecessaryandurgentforagreen,responsibleagriculture,ensuringincreasedeconomicvalueandimprovedlivelihoodsforfarmersandsolvingenvironmentalproblems,climatechange,socialsecuritywiththekeyasdevelopmentofcircularagriculture,organicagriculture,inclusiveecologicalagriculture…

GSOhopesthispublicationwillmeettheinformationneeds

for

policy

monitoring,management,direction,administration,planning,making,research,projectdevelopment,andimplementation

ofactionplansforgovernments,localities,domesticandinternationalorganizations,andindividuals,aswellassuggestpracticalsolutionstoacceleratetheprogressofimplementationofsustainabledevelopmentgoals.Inaddition,GSOalsolooksforwardtoreceivingvaluablecommentsfromreaderstocontinuouslyfinalizeandimprovethemethodologyanddataqualityaswell.

GENERALSTATISTICSOFFICE

CONTENT

Page

PREFACE

3

LISTOFTABLES

7

LISTOFFIGURES

8

ABBREVIATIONS

9

CHAPTERI.CONCEPT,MEASUREMENTMETHOD,DATASOURCES

11

1.1.Conceptsandstepsinvolvedinconstructingtheindicator

11

1.2.Measurementmethod

13

1.3.Datasourcesandsamplestructure

19

CHAPTERII.RESULTSOFECONOMICDIMENSIONMEASUREMENT

23

2.1.Farmoutputvalueperhectare

23

2.2.Netfarmincome(NFl

30

2.3.Riskmitigationmechanisms

33

CHAPTERIII.RESULTSOFENVIRONMENTALDIMENSION

MEASUREMENT

39

Prevalenceofsoildegradation

39

3.2.Variationinwateravailability

43

3.3.Managementoffertilizers

46

3.4.Managementofpesticides

52

3.5.Useofagro-biodiversity-supportivepractices

61

Page

CHAPTERIV.RESULTSOFSOCIALDIMENSIONMEASUREMENT

67

4.1Wagerateinagriculture

67

4.2.Foodinsecurityexperiencescale(FIES

67

4.3.Securetenurerightstoland

72

CHAPTERV.DASHBOARDSANDRECOMMENDATIONS

79

5.1.DashboardofSDGindicator2.4.1

79

5.2.Recommendations

90

APPENDIX.Questionnaire

95

REFERENCES

110

Page

LISTOFTABLES

Table1.Listof11subindicatorsforSDGindicator2.4.1

measurement

16

Table2.Farmoutputvalueperhectareofarableland

inVietNaminperiod2010-2020

24

Table3.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Farmoutputvalue

perhectare"byregion

25

Table4.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Netfarmincome”

byregion

32

Table5.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Riskmitigation

mechanisms”byregion

35

Table6.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Prevalenceofsoil

degradation”byregion

42

Table7.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Variationinwater

availability"byregion

44

Table8.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Managementof

fertilizers”byregion

49

Table9.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Managementof

pesticides"byregion

55

Table10.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Useofagro-

biodiversity-supportivepractices"byregion

63

Table11.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“FoodInsecurity

ExperienceScale(FIES)”byregion

70

Table12.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Securetenure

rightstoland”byregion

74

Page

LISTOFFIGURES

Figure

1.Quartilesof“Farmoutputvalueperhectare”

in2019byregion

27

Figure

2.Percentageofrice-growinghouseholdsinthetotalnumberofhouseholdswithagricultural

productionlandin2020byregion

28

Figure

3.Percentageofagriculturallandareaand

householdsusingpesticidesin2020

56

Figure

4.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture”

inVietNamin2020

80

Figure

5.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture”

inRedRiverDeltain2020

81

Figure

6.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture”in

Northernmidlandsandmountainareasin2020

83

Figure

7.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalarea

underproductiveandsustainableagriculture”

inNorthCentralandCentralcoastalin2020

84

Figure

8.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture”

inCentralHighlandsin2020

86

Figure

9.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture"

inSouthEastin2020

87

Figure

10.Dashboardof“Proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture”

inMekongRiverDeltain2020

89

ABBREVIATIONS

GSO

GeneralStatisticsOffice

FAO

FoodandAgricultureOrganization

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoals

CN

Wholecountry

DBSH

RedRiverDelta

TDMNPB

Northernmidlandsandmountainareas

BTB&DHMT

NorthCentralandCentralcoastalareas

TN

CentralHighlands

DNB

SouthEast

ĐBSCL

MekongRiverDelta

CHAPTERI

CONCEPT,MEASUREMENTMETHOD,DATASOURCES

1.1.Conceptsandstepsinvolvedinconstructingtheindicator

1.1.1.Backgroundanddefinitionofindicator

SDGindicator2.4.1“Proportionofagriculturallandareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture"istheindicatorusedtoevaluateSDGtarget2.4“By2030,ensuresustainablefoodproductionsystemsandimplementresilientagriculturalpracticesthatincreaseproductivityandproduction,thathelpmaintainecosystems,thatstrengthencapacityforadaptationtoclimatechange,extremeweather,drought,floodingandotherdisastersandthatprogressivelyimprovelandandsoilquality",underSDG2“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture".

Indicator2.4.1isdefinedasthe“proportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture”whichisexpressedbythefollowingformula:

Areaunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture

SDG2.4.1=—

Agriculturallandarea

Thisimpliestheneedtomeasureboththeextentoflandunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture(thenumerator),aswellastheextentofagriculturallandarea(thedenominator).Thenumeratoristheconcernandaproblemthatrequiresanappropriatelymethodologicalapproach.

1.1.2.Stepsinvolvedinconstructingtheindicator

Thefollowingstepsareusedtocalculateandmeasuresustainableagricultureindicator.Althoughthesestepsarepresentedinalinearfashion,inpractice,extensivediscussionandresearchmayrequireseveralstepstoberepeated.Thisisespeciallyimportantwithsteps3,5,and6below.Thedescriptionofthemethodtoevaluatesustainableproductionresultsdependsoneachsubindicator,butatthesametime,theselectionofsubindicatorsshouldbecloselylinkedwithdatacollectioninstrument:

Step1-Determiningthescopeoftheindicator:ThescopeofIndicator2.4.1istheagriculturalfarmholding,andmorepreciselytheagriculturallandarea'ofthefarmholding,i.e.landusedprimarilytogrowcropsandraiselivestock.Forestry,fisheriesandaquacultureactivitiesmaybeincludedtotheextentthattheyaresecondaryactivitiesconductedontheagriculturalareaofthefarmholding,forexamplerice-fishfarmingandsimilarsystems.

Step2-Determiningthedimensionstobecovered:Indicator2.4.1includesenvironmental,economicandsocialdimensionsinthesustainabilityassessment.

Step3-Choosingthescaleforthesustainabilityassessment:Indicator2.4.1isfarmlevelwithaggregationtohigherlevels.

Step4-Selectingthedatacollectioninstrument(s):Itisrecommendedthatindicator2.4.1becollectedthroughafarmsurvey

′Includeslandforannualcropsandperennialcrops.Landforgrowingannualcropsincludeslandforgrowingpaddyandotherannualcrops.

Step5-Selectingthethemeswithineachdimension,andchoosingasubindicatorforeachtheme:Thesubindicatorsshouldsatisfyanumberofcriteriarelatedtoreflectedthemes.

Step6-Assessingsustainabilityperformanceatfarmlevelforeachsubindicator:Specificsustainabilitycriteriaareappliedinordertoassessthesustainabilitylevelofthefarmforeachthemeaccordingtotherespectivesub-indicators.

Step7-Decidingtheperiodicityofmonitoringtheindicator:Itisrecommendedtobecollectedatleasteverythreeyears.

Step8-Modalityofreportingtheindicator:Thesetofsubindicatorsarepresentedintheformofadashboard.Thedashboardapproachoffersaresponseintermsofmeasuringsustainabilityatfarmlevelandaggregatingitatnationallevel.

1.2.Measurementmethod

1.2.1.Definingthemesandsub-indicators

Therearemanypotentialthemesunderthethreeeconomic,environmentalandsocialdimensionsofsustainability,andwithineachthemethereareoftenmanymeasurablesubindicators.Therefore,thekeyconsiderationsintheselectionofthemesarerelevanceandmeasurability.

Intermsofrelevance,therelationshipbetweentheassociatedsubindicatorandsustainableagricultureoutcomesatfarmlevelshouldbestrongandclear.Regardingmeasurability,

onlya“core”setmeasurementisselected.

ofthemesexpectedin

andsubindicators,(forwhich

themajorityofcountries)are

MeasurementofIndicator2.4.1isthereforeoperationalizedthroughacoresetof11themesforglobalreportingpurposes.

Selectingthemostappropriatesubindicatorforeachthemeisadistinctstepintheprocess.Foranygiventheme,theremaybemultiplesubindicatorsthatarerelevantand/ormeasurable.Consequently,inselectingthesubindicatorsforIndicator2.4.1,thefollowingsixkeycriteriahavebeenconsidered:

·Policyrelevance:theindicatormustbeeasilyunderstood(reasonswhyitisselected)andtheresultseasilyinterpretedbypolicymakers(isagriculturalproductivityandsustainabilityincreasedandwhy?Whichpoliciesneedstobeimplementedtoaddresstheissue?).

·Universality:theindicatormustberelevantforallcountriesintheworld,bothdevelopinganddeveloped.

·Internationalcomparability:thewayindicatorsare

computedmustensurecomparabilityacrosscountriesinorderto

ensureglobalreporting.Comparability,however,doesnot

necessarilymeantheuseofabsolutestandards.Forinstance,agriculturalwagesmaybecomparedwiththenationalminimumwagerate,evenifthesewageratesvaryfromonecountrytoanother.Similarly,compliancewithnationalenvironmentalstandardsornationallyrecognizedcertificationsystemscanbeconsideredincomputingenvironmentalsub-indicators,evenifnationalcriteriavaryfromonecountrytoanother.

·Measurability:manythemesareimportantproductivityandsustainabilityissues,buttheirmeasurementisdifficult,complexor

wouldinvolvecoststhatcannotbesustainedintheframeworkofaregularmonitoringexercise.Totheextentpossible,alternativemeasureshavebeenproposedtomaintainindicatorsthatareconsideredrelevantwhileofferingfeasiblemeasurementsolutions.

●Costeffectiveness:costeffectivenessisrelatedtomeasurability.Thecostassociatedwithindicatormeasurementhavesystematicallybeenconsideredinrelationwiththeaccuracyandreliabilityoftheresultsobtainedthroughdifferentmeasurementoptions.

●Minimumcross-correlationbetweensub-indicators:Thesetofeleventhemesandsubindicatorsaremeanttohavelowcross-correlationbetweenthem.Highcross-correlationwouldimplythattwoormoresub-indicatorscapturethesamesustainabilityissue.Inthiscase,theinclusionofonesinglesubindicator,insteadofseveral,wouldbesufficienttoadequatelymeasureagriculturalsustainabilityperformances.

1.2.2.Listofsubindicators

Thelistofselectedthemesandsub-indicatorsisshowninTable1.Thereare11themesincluded.ThemethodologyforthecompilationofthesubindicatorsandfordefiningtheassociatedsustainabilitycriteriaisdescribedindetailinthespecificresultsforeachindicatorinthefollowingChapters.

Table1.Listof11subindicatorforSDGindicator2.4.1measurement

No.

Dimension

Theme

Subindicator

Referenceperiod

1

Economic

Landproductivity

Farmoutputvalueper

hectare

Lastcalendaryear

2

Profitability

Netfarmincome

Last3calendars

year

3

Resilience

Riskmitigationmechanisms

Lastcalendaryear

4

Enviromental

Soilhealth

Prevalenceofsoi

degradation

Last3calendars

year

5

Wateruse

Variationinwater

availability

Last3calendars

year

6

Fertilizerpollutionrisk

Managementoffertilizers

Lastcalendaryear

7

Pesticiderisk

Managementofpestiscide

Lastcalendaryear

8

Biodiversity

Useofbiodiversity

supportivepractices

Last3calendars

year

9

Socia

Decentemployment

Wagerateinagriculture

Last3calendars

year

10

Foodsecurity

FoodinsecurityexperiencescaleFIES

Last12months

11

Landtenure

Securetenurerightstoland

Lastcalendaryear

1.2.3.Assessingproductivityandsustainabilityperformancethrougheachsub-indicator

Foreachsub-indicator,criteriatoassesssustainabilitylevelsaredeveloped.Theconceptofsustainabilityimpliesanideaofcontinuousprogressandimprovementtowardsimprovedperformanceacrossallthemes,whichcanthereforebeindividuallymoreorlesssustainable.Inordertocapturetheconceptofcontinuousprogresstowardssustainability,a“trafficlight”approachisproposed,inwhichthreesustainabilitylevelsareconsideredforeachsub-indicator:

-Green:desirable;

-Yellow:acceptable;

-Red:unsustainable.

Whileacertainlevelofsubjectivityisunavoidable,thisapproachallowsidentification,foreachtheme,ofconditionsofcriticalunsustainability(red),conditionsthatcanbeconsidered“ideal”(green)and,inbetween,intermediateconditionsthatareconsidered"acceptable"butwouldneedtobescrutinizedintermsofpossibleimprovements(yellow).Thisapproachalsoacknowledgesthetradeoffsthatexistbetweensustainabilitydimensionsandthemesandtheneedtofindanacceptablebalancebetweenthem.

Eachsubindicatorisassessedattheleveloftheagriculturalfarmholding.Thesustainabilitylevelisthenassociatedwiththeagriculturallandareaoftheagriculturalholding.Allsub-indicatorsforagivenagriculturalfarmholdingrefertothesameunderlyingagriculturallandarea.

1.2.4.Measurementformula

ThevaluesforreportingIndicator2.4.1canbecalculatedfromthedashboardof11sub-indicatorsasfollows:

where:

SDG241u=proportionofagriculturallandareathathaveachievedthe"desirable"level.

Slan=proportionofsub-indicator"n"thatisclassifiedas“desirable".

“min”referstotheminimumlevelofSlanatnationallevelacrossall11sub-indicators.

SDG241aistheproportionofagriculturalareaforwhichallsub-indicatorsaregreen.

where:

SDG241a+d=proportionofagriculturallandareathathave

achievedatleastthe"acceptable"level.

Slan=proportionofsub-indicator“n"thatisclassifiedas“desirable”.Slan=proportionofsub-indicator“n"thatisclassifiedas“acceptable”.“min”referstotheminimumlevelof(Slan+Slan)atnationallevelacrossall11sub-indicators.

SDG241a+distheproportionofagriculturalareaforwhichallindicatorsareeithergreenoryellow,anacceptablesituation,butthatcouldbeimproved.

where:

SDG241u=proportionestimatedbydefaultofagriculturalarea

thatis"unsustainable".

Slun=proportionofsub-indicator“n”thatisclassifiedas

“unsustainable”.

“max”referstothehighestvalueofSlunacrossall11sub-indicatorsatnationallevel;

SDG241,istheproportionofagriculturalareaforwhichatleastonesub-indicatorisunsustainableandisthereforeclassifiedas

unsustainable.

TheperformancesofcountriesovertimecanbemeasuredbythechangeinthevalueofSDG241aandSDG241a+d.Anincreaseovertimeindicatesimprovement,whiledecreaseindicatesdegradation.

1.3.Datasourcesandsamplestructure

1.3.1.Datasources

DataformeasuringSDGindicator2.4.1werecollectedin63provincesandcitiesnationwideinthe2020TheMid-termRuralandAgriculturalSurvey,theinformationcollectiondurationisfromJuly1sttoJuly20thin2020.ThesurveyquestionnaireisappliedwithCAPItechnologytocollectinformationviaenumerator'selectronicdevice(tabletorsmartphone).

Appendixistheusedsurveyquestionnaireconsistingoftheminimumsetofquestionsneededtocalculateeachsubindicatoratfarmholdinglevel.ThisquestionnairewasdesignedandrecommendedbyFA0tobeappliedforacomprehensiveassessmentofSDGindicator2.4.1,andsomecontentsofthequestionswerereviewedandeditedbyGSOofVietNamtobealignwiththedomesticcontext.

InformationformeasuringsubindicatorsofSDGindicator2.4.1isbasedentirelyonthissamplequestionnaire,withoutusingothersecondaryinformationsources.

1.3.2.Samplestructure

ThenumberofsamplehouseholdsforSDGindicator2.4.1measurementis33,376householdswithasamplesurveyareaof22,214.88ha,equivalenttoabout0.2%ofthenationalagriculturalproductionarea.Thenumberofsamplesisdistributedtoprovincesandcitiesaccordingtotheoverallsize.Specifically,itisasfollows:

-RedRiverDelta:7,044householdswith1,423.94hectaresin11provincesandcities;

-Northernmidlandsandmountainareas:8,017households

with4,676.28hectaresin14provincesandcities;

-NorthCentralandCentralcoastalareas:6,977households

with3,307.12hectaresin14provincesandcities;

-CentralHighlands:3,173householdswith4,434.14

hectaresin5provincesandcities;

-SouthEast:1,845householdswith2,578.74hain6provincesandcities;

-MekongRiverDelta:6,230householdswith5,794.6hectaresin13provincesandcities

ThetheoreticalmeasurementscopeinaccordancewiththeFAOmethodologyincludesbothcrops,livestockandmixedhouseholds(whoseproductionactivitiesarebothcropandlivestock),butintheprocessofreviewingthesurveyresults,GSOfoundthattheSDGindicator2.4.1measurementcoverageshouldfocusonhouseholdsengagedincropactivitiesormixedproductionactivitieswhichusedandhavemanyimpactsonagriculturallandthatisthemaininterestofthisindicator.In

addition,therearesub-indicatorsinthesetof11sub-indicatorsforSDGindicator2.4.1measurementthatcanonlybemeasuredatcrophouseholds(forexample,irrigationalwatersource,managementoffertilizers,pesticides).Therefore,GSOhasreviewedinformationonsurveysample,fromatotalofmorethan46thousandselectedagricultural,forestryandfisheryproductionhouseholds/farmholdings,tofiltermorethan33thousandcrophouseholds/farmholdingsandhouseholds/farmholdingsproducingmixedcropsandlivestockwhichhaveagriculturallandareaof200m²ormove(hereinafterabbreviatedas“household”)

tocalculatesubindicatorswhichareusedtomeasureSDGindicator2.4.1.

CHAPTERI

RESULTSOFECONOMICDIMENSIONMEASUREMENT

2.1.Farmoutputvalueperhectare

2.1.1.Sustainabilitycriteria

Foreachhousehold(disaggregatedbycrop,cropandlivestockcombination)thefarmoutputvalueper1hectareofagriculturallandwillbecalculatedandtabulatedintoaseriesofdata,fromwhichtofindthevaluecorrespondingtothe90percentileofthatdataseries(disaggregatedbycrop,cropandlivestockcombination).

Sustainabilitycriteria:

-Green(desirable):Subindicatorvalueis≥2/3ofthecorresponding90"percentile;

-Yellow(acceptable):Subindicatorvalueis≥1/3and<2/3ofthecorresponding90"percentile;

-Red(unsustainable):Subindicatorvalueis<1/3ofthecorresponding90*percentile.

Referenceperiod:2019

Farmoutputvalueperhectareoflandreflectslandproductivity.Maintainingorimprovinglandproductivityovertimeisanimportantaspectinsustainability.Atfarmlevel,landproductivityreflectsproductiontechnologyandprocessesforcertainagro-ecologicalconditions,directlyrelatedtotheissueofsustainablelivelihoodsforfarms.

2.1.2.Measurementresults

Overtheyears,VietNamhashadmanyguidelinespoliciesandprojectstoimprovethequalityandvaluechainofagriculturalproducts,developsustainablyandadapttoclimatechange.AfterimplementingResolution26-NQ/TWforaround15yearsandtheagriculturalrestructuringprojectfor8years,VietNam'sagriculturalproductionhasachievedremarkableresultsinimprovingthequalityandoutputvalueFarmoutputvalueperhectareofarableland(land

forannualcropsandperennialcrops)increasedfrom54.6million

VNDin2010to102.8millionVNDin2020,anaverageannualincreaseof6.53%.

Table2.FarmoutputvalueperhectareofarablelandinVietNaminperiod2010-2020

Year

ValuesMillionVND

2010

54.6

2011

72.2

2012

72.8

2013

75.7

2014

79.3

2015

82.6

2016

85.4

2017

90.2

2018

93.8

2019

97.9

2020

120.8

Source:StatisticalYearbooks

Thepercentile²ofthedataseriesoffarmoutputvalueper1hectareofagriculturallandof33.3thousandsurveysamplesforSDGindicator2.4.1measurementnationwidein2020showsthat:

-5%offarmerhouseholdsgaining300millionVNDandover;

-25%offarmerhouseholdsgaining97.5millionVNDand

over;

-45%offarmerhouseholdsgaining66.7millionVNDand

over;

25%offarmerhouseholdshaveafarmoutputvalueper1hectareofagriculturallandlessthan35millionVND.

ThesurveyresultsforSDGindicator2.4.1alsoshowthattheproportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableinthecountry'sfarmoutputvalueperhectareis41.24%.

Table3.Sustainabilityofsubindicator“Farmoutputvalueperhectare"byregion

Unit:%

Desirable

Acceptable

Unsustainable

Sustainable

1

2

3

4=1+2

Wholecountry

11.02

30.22

58.76

41.24

ĐBSH

18.82

46.87

34.31

65.69

TDMNPB

6.91

14.30

78.79

21.21

BTB&DHMT

9.86

24.71

65.43

34.57

TN

10.53

33.81

55.66

44.34

DNB

8.73

17.84

73.43

26.57

DBSCL

14.46

44.88

40.66

59.34

2Theipercentileofthesequenceisthevaluewhereatmosti%ofobservationsarelessthanthisvalue.

Asshowninthefigureabove,atthenationallevel,intermsofsustainability:

-Desirable:11.02%;

-Acceptable:30.22%;

-Unsustainable:58.76%.

Thesustainabilitylevelofthissub-indicatorisclassifiedbyregionsasfollows:

RedRiverDelta,CentralHighlandsandMekongRiverDeltaarethreeregionswheretheproportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableinrelativetofarmoutputvalueperhectareishigherthanthenationalratewiththecorrespondingfiguresof65.69%;44.34%and59.34%.Thisrateoftheremainingregionsisbothlowerthanthenationalone.Specifically,theNorthCentralandCentralcoastalareasis34.57%;SouthEastis26.57%;andtheNorthernmidlandsandmountainareasis21.21%.

Figure1belowshowsinformationonthequartilesofthisindicatoratnationalandsubnationallevels.Thequartilesofthesubindicatorfarmoutputvalueper