北外丁往道英语写作手册课程教案

北京外国语大学英语写作课程教案教师姓名：赵红路学院（部、中心）：外国语学院教研室∕实验室：第三英语教研室2007年8月与课程有关的信息教师编号000417课程名称英语写作课程编号41053081英文课名EnglishWriting2总学时30讲授学时30实验学时0课程学分2课程性质必修（必修/学科专业限选/公共任选）授课方式常规（常规/双语/多媒体）授课对象本科（研究生/本科/高职/成人）上课时间2007/2008学年，第1学期周学时2星期二第1、2节，8：05至9：50时分星期二第3、4节，10：15至12：00时分星期二第5、6节，13：35至15：20时分星期第节，至时分星期第节，至时分星期第节，至时分星期第节，至时分星期第节，至时分上课地点东1号，311，420任课班级编号061001-03学生总人数90选用教材书名《英语写作基础教程》，作者：丁往道出版高等教育出版社，1998年7月出版参考书（书名、作者等出版信息）1.《英语常用词入门》，李冀宏，世界图书出版公司，1999年8月2.《英语修辞学概论》，黄任，上海外语教育出版社，1999年9月3.《英语修辞与写作》，英任，上海外语教育出版社，1996年6月4.《英语写作》，葛传，上海译文出版社，1998年8月5.《英语写作》，孙骊，上海外语教育出版社，1999年1月与教学相关的简要记事长春工业大学课程教学内容分配与进度计划表2007/2008学年第一学期英语写作课程课程编号：41053081适用班级061001-061003使用教材：英语写作基础教程周次日期课次教学内容（章节）学时数备注讲课实验习题多媒体123456789101112131489.2510.210.910.1610.2310.3011.611.1311.2011.2712.412.11111111111111111ReviewofChapter1-4&IntroductionRhetoric&WritingChapter6ComposingEssays（1，2）Chapter6:ThreemainpartsofacompositionChapter6:TypesofWritingChapter6:7waysofdevelopingacompositionChapter6:7waysofdevelopingacompositionChapter6:7waysofdevelopingacompositionChapter6:7waysofdevelopingacompositionChapter7:PracticalWritingChapter7:PracticalWritingChapter7:PracticalWritingChapter7:PracticalWritingChapter8:PreparingResearchPapers(1,2)Chapter8:PreparingResearchPapers(3,4)222211111111122111111111教研室主任：王海云任课教师：赵红路任课教师编号：000417留存：长春工业大学课程教案∕讲稿用纸讲授内容教学设计∕备注IntroductionASketchofEnglishWritingSinceyouhavefinishedaterm’sstudyofEnglishwriting,I’dliketoaskyouthreesimplequestions.What’sEnglishwriting?What’syourunderstandingandimpressionofthiscourse?(Haveyoubenefitedalotfromthiscourse?Isitdifficulttolearnthiscourse?Howtoimproveyourattitudetowardwriting?)What’sthepurpose/aim/objectiveofthiscourse?(tohelpstudentsacquirewritingawareness,idiomatictrainofthoughtinwriting,andappropriatewritingskills.)Thecourseisnoteverything.Youcan’tcountonittoomuch,hopingthataftertakingthislecture,youcanownamagicpen,eventobeagreatwriter.However,youcanindeedgraspusefulwritingprinciplesintheory.Ifyoucanmakealotofperseverantpractice,youcanbeanexpertinthisfield.“Giveyouafish,you’lleatforaday;teachyoutofishandyou’lleatforalifetime.”I’lltrytohelpyoutofindfishandthewayoffishing.AboutthetextbookHowtousethebook?It’sgoodforautonomousstudyinthatitcontainsexamples,detailedexplanation,tasksandkeystoexerciseswithexplanation.Afterclassyouareaskedtoprevieweachchapterandinclassdiscussproblemsrelatedtothechapter.Moreinformationwillbeofferedinclass,andmoretimewillbeleftforpractice.MyrequirementsKeepingjournals.KeepingjournalsinEnglishwillgiveyoudailypracticeinexpressingyourownthoughts.ThoughitisquiteusualtouseincompleteandcolloquialEnglishinajournal,you’dbetternotdoso;foryourobjectistopracticewritingratherthantokeeptherecorditself.Handinginyourcompositionontime.Whenyouwriteyourcomposition,workcarefully,neatlyandclearly.Trytomakeasfewmistakesaspossible.Mypresents“Practicemakesperfect.”Practicealotcanmakeyouperfectinwriting.“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.”——FrancisBaconFrancisBaconwasoneoftheearliestEnglishessayists,greatphilosopher.OfBacon’s58essays,“OfStudy”isoneoftheshortestbutalsooneofthebetterknownandthemorewidelyread.Afullman:amanwithawideknowledgeofthings.Areadyman:awisemanwhocandealwithallkindsofoccasions.Anexactman:amanwhospeaksandwriteswithaccuracy.Conference:consultation,conversation.ReviewofChapter1-4ChapterIManuscriptForm1.1Arrangement1/Rulesofleavingmargins2/Rulesofwritingthetitle3/Rulesofparagraphing4/Rulesofpaging1.2WordDivision12rulesofworddivision1.3Capitalization1/Basicrules2/Specialusageofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences(differentfromChinese,seepage9)1.4HandwritingLeavealittlespace(oneletter)afteracommaandaslightlybiggerspace(2letters)afteraperiod.Whenyouwanttocrossoutaword,don’tusebracketstoencloseit,butdrawathicklineacrossit.Howtoaddaword?Writeitabove,notbelow.1.5Punctuation．period句号

，comma逗号

：colon冒号

；semicolon分号

！exclamation惊叹号

？questionmark问号

￣hyphen连字符

'apostrophe省略号；所有格符号

—dash破折号

‘’singlequotationmarks单引号

“”doublequotationmarks双引号

()parentheses圆括号

[]squarebrackets方括号

{}

Braces

...ellipsis省略号

¨tandemcolon双点号

"ditto同上

‖parallel双线号

／virgule斜线号

＆ampersand=and

～swungdash代字号

§section;division分节号

→arrow箭号；参见号

＋plus加号；正号

－minus减号；负号

±plusorminus正负号

×ismultipliedby乘号

÷isdividedby除号

＝isequalto等于号

≠isnotequalto不等于号

≡isequivalentto全等于号

≌isequaltoorapproximatelyequalto等于或约等于号

≈isapproximatelyequalto约等于号

＜islessthan小于号

＞ismorethan大于号

≮isnotlessthan不小于号

≯isnotmorethan不大于号

≤islessthanorequalto小于或等于号

≥ismorethanorequalto大于或等于号

％percent百分之…

‰permill千分之…

∞infinity无限大号

∝variesas与…成比例

√(square)root平方根

∵since;because因为

∴hence所以

∷equals,as(proportion)等于，成比例

∠angle角

⌒semicircle半圆

⊙circle圆

○circumference圆周

πpi圆周率

△triangle三角形

⊥perpendicularto垂直于

∪unionof并，合集

∩intersectionof交，通集

∫theintegralof…的积分

∑(sigma)summationof总和

°degree度

′minute分

″second秒

＃number…号

℃Celsiussystem摄氏度

＠at单价

《》

Frenchquotes法文引号；书名号

"."在北美是称period,但在英联邦中是称fullstop,

而只有在网址电邮址中才称dot

"／"virgule斜线号也称slash

而"\"就是backslash,

特別在电脑用家之间都是称slash的

还有"_"是下划线underline(英式)underscore(美式)

′minute分或foot英呎

″second秒或inch英吋

如40'FCL40呎滿载集裝箱，1"waterpipe１吋水管TheImportanceofPunctuationChoicesinpunctuationcangreatlyaffectmeaning.Indeedifyoumesswithpunctuationenoughyoucanturnthemeaningupsidedown:1．下雨天留客天留我不留2．从中学到大学都学不到的东西3．世界上女人没有了男人就不能生活了4．Eatsshootsandleaves5.AnEnglishteacherwrotethesewordsonthewhiteboard:"womanwithouthermanisnothing".Theteacherthenaskedthestudentstopunctuatethewordscorrectly.6.dearjohnIwantamanwhoknowswhatloveisallaboutyouaregenerouskindthoughtfulpeoplewhoarenotlikeyouadmittobeinguselessandinferioryouhaveruinedmefor

othermenIyearnfor

youIhavenofeelingswhatsoeverwhenwereapartIcanbeforeverhappywillyouletmebeyoursGloriaIfyouhaveeverwonderedifpunctuationistrulyimportant,tryreadingapassagethatdoesnothavepunctuation.Itisnearlyimpossibletocorrectlyfigureoutwhatthewriterwastryingtosay.Punctuationtellsuswhenoneideastopsandanotherstarts.Ittellsusewhoownsthingsandwhosaidwhat.Punctuationhelpsustounderstandwhatwearereading.ThemostcommonmistakepeopletendtomakewhilewritingisintheuseofPunctuation.Wrongpunctuationcandamagetheflowofideasandchangemeaning,butproperlyusedpunctuationnotonlyhelpsreadersunderstandyourmeaningbutalsomakesthemengrossedinyourwriting.Thefollowingdiscussionisaboutsomeofthefrequentlymisusedpunctuationmarksandwhatactuallytheircorrectapplicationshouldbe.Punctuationhelpsreadersbreakwritingintologicalunits,makingiteasiertofollow.Punctuationincludesalltheconventionalsignsusedtoseparatewords:spaces,first-lineindentationofparagraphs,blanklines,uppercaseletters,andvariousmarksor

stops（commas,periods,semicolons,andsoon）.Punctuationisconventionalratherthanscientific,andhasevolvedovertime.Theearliestwrittenlanguages,infact,hadnopunctuationatall,writersjustRANWORDSTOGETHERFORASLONGASTHEYCAREDTOWRITE（everysooftenaboldpioneerwouldintroduceareader-friendlyinnovationlikeLowerCaseLettersor

spacesbetweenwords）.Inthemodernworldpunctuationisanimportantthingtogetrightinformalwriting.Readersofformalwritinginterpretpunctuationmistakesasasignofpoor

educationor

carelessness,andineithercasetendtodiscountthework'svalidity.DearJohn,Iwantamanwhoknowswhatloveisallabout.Youaregenerous,kind,thoughtful.Peoplewhoarenotlikeyouadmittobeinguselessandinferior.Youhaveruinedmefor

othermen.Iyearnfor

you.Ihavenofeelingswhatsoeverwhenwe'reapart.Icanbeforeverhappy—willyouletmebeyours?GloriaDearJohn,Iwantamanwhoknowswhatloveis.Allaboutyouaregenerous,kind,thoughtfulpeople,whoarenotlikeyou.Admittobeinguselessandinferior.Youhaveruinedme.For

othermen,Iyearn.For

you,Ihavenofeelingswhatsoever.Whenwe'reapart,Icanbeforeverhappy.Willyouletmebe?Yours,GloriaThemenwrote:"Woman,withoutherman,isnothing."

Thewomenwrote:"Woman!Withouther,manisnothing."Themessagecenterhasseveralfunctions.Aseachoftheknowledgesourcesfeedsininformationaboutthetextbeingprocessed,themessagecenterholdstheinformationinatemporarystore.Eachoftheseknowledgesourcesmayusetheinformationprovidedbyoneormoreothersources.Forexample,lexicalknowledgemaysearchforinformationaboutspellingpatternsortheremaybeacheckforinformationaboutsyntax.Rumelhartstates:“Themessagecenterkeepsarunninglistofhypothesesaboutthenatureoftheinputstring.Eachknowledgesourceconstantlyscansthemessagecenterfortheappearanceofhypothesesrelevanttoitsownsphereofknowledge.Wheneversuchahypothesisentersthemessagecenter,theknowledgesourceinquestionevaluatesthehypothesisinlightofitsownspecializedknowledge.Asaresultofitsanalysis,thehypothesismaybeconfirmed,disconfirmedandremovedfromthemessagecenter,oranewhypothesiscanbeaddedtothemessagecenter.Thisprocedurecontinuesuntilsomedecisionscanbereached.Atthispointthemostprobablehypothesisisdeterminedtobetherightone.”(1977:589-590)Bymeansofseparateknowledgesourcesandthemessagecenterthatpermitsthesesourcestocommunicateandinteractwithothers,high-orderstagesareabletoinfluencetheprocessingoflow-orderstages.Thus,Rumelhart’smodelisabletoaccommodatetheoccurrencesknowntotakeplacewhilereadingthatthelinearmodelshavedifficultyaccommodating.Exercises:Putthecorrectpunctuationmarksinthespacesunderlinedinthefollowingparagraphs.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessarymarriedpeoplelive__happilyeverafter__infairytales__buttheydosolessandlessofteninreallife__I__likemanyofmyfriends__gotmarried__divorced__andremarried__Isuppose__tosomepeople__I__mafailure__afterall__Ibrokemyfirstsolemnpromiseto__loveandcherishuntildeathusdopart__butIfeelthatImfinallyasuccess__IlearnedfromthemistakesImadeinmyfirstmarriage__thistimearound__thewaysmyhusbandandIshareourfreetime__makedecisions__anddealwithproblemsareverydifferent__thefirstofthegreatcivicuniversitiesestablishedinengland__manchesteristodaythelargestunitaryuniversityintheunitedkingdomandaninternationallyfamouscenteroflearningandresearch__itiswell__endowedwithresourcesandfacilities__theuniversitylibrary__forinstance__isoneofthefourbigacademiclibrariesinthecountry__andtheuniversityhasitsownmoderntheatre__televisionstudio__artgallery__museum__shoppingcentreand__ofcourse__extensivesportsfacilities__themostcommonmethodoflistingbooksisbymeansofacardcatalogue__analphabeticalfilingsysteminwhichaseparatecardisusedtoindexeverybookinthelibrary__usually__thelibrarylistseverybookithasthreetimes__onecardliststhebookbyitssubject__anotherlistsitbyitsauthor__andthethirdcardlistsitbyitstitle__thechartistsbypetersearby__forexample__wouldbelistedamongtheC__s__forchartists__inthetitlefile__articlessuchasthe__a__andanarenotusedinalphabetizing__thebookwouldalsobelistedamongthes__s__forsearby__peter__intheauthorfile__andamongthebooksofhistoryinthesubjectfile__Putthecorrectpunctuationmarksinthefollowingpassages.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessary1.mrbrownhadbeenteachingenglishabroadforanumberofyearshehadforgottenhowcolditcouldbeinenglandinthewinteritwasoftendullandgreyinnovemberbutitcouldbereallycoldindecemberjanuaryandfebruaryeveninthespringitcouldsnowmrbrownlookedoutofthewindowasthetraincrossedtheriveravonherememberedtheweatherforecastthathehadheardonthebbcat9oclockthatTuesdaymorningitsaidthatitwouldbewetandwindyinthenorthwestmanchesterwherehewasnowtravellingtowasunfortunatelyinthenorthwest2.letmejustsayagainthatithinkthatinvestinginthespaceprogramisalsoaninvestmentinthepeopleithinkthatthelongrangebenefitsofthespaceprogramcandrasticallychangelifeonthisearthforeveryoneithinkthatmankindhasthechancetomoveaheadtomakerealprogresstowardabetterlifeandthatthiswillhappenasaresultofscientificachievementsinspaceIthinkweinvestmoreinourexistingsocialprogramswewillbethinkingonlyabouttodayandforgettingtomorrowwewillnotbemovingforward3.avoteforMcDonaldsformybirthdaythismonthmywifehasofferedtotreatmetodinnerattherestaurantofmychoiceIthinksheexpectsmetoaskforamealattheChalettheclassiestmostexpensiverestaurantintownhoweverImgoingtoeatmybirthdaydinneratMcDonaldswhenIcomparethetworestaurantstheadvantagesofeatingatMcDonaldsareclearforonethinggoingtotheChaletismoredifficultthangoingtoMcDonaldstheChalethasajacketandtierulewhichmeansIhavetodigasportcoatandtieoutofthebackofmyclosetmakesuretheyresemicleanandtrytosteamoutthewrinklessomehowtheChaletalsorequiresadvancereservationssinceitisdowntownIhavetoleaveanhourearlytogivemyselftimetofindaparkingspacewithinsixblocksofthrestauranttheChaletcancelsreservationsifapartyismorethantenminuteslategoingtoMcDonaldsontheotherhandiseasyIcanfeelcomfortablewearingjeansorawarmupsuitIdon’thavetodoanyadvanceplanningIcanleavemyhousewheneverImreadyandpullintoadoorsideparkingspacewithinfifteenminutestheChaletisdimlylitformalplacewhileImstrugglingtoseewhatsonmyplateIworrythatIllknockoneofthefragileglassvasesoffthetablethewaitersattheChaletcanbeuncomfortablyformaltooasIawkwardlypronouncethefrencewordsonthemenuIgetthefeelingthatIdontquiteliveuptotheirstandardseventhoughthefoodattheChaletisgourmetIprefersimplermealsIdon’tlikeunfamiliarfoodswimmingindeadwhitesauceorcoveredwithpiepastryeatingattheChaletistomelessenjoyablethaneatingatMcDonaldsMcDonaldsisapleasantplacewhereIfeelateaseitiswelllightedandthebrightcoloreddecorisinformaltheemployeesservewithasmileandthefoodiseasytopronounceandidentifyIknowwhatImgoingtogetwhenIorderacertaintypeofsandwichthemostimportantdifferencesbetweentheChaletandMcDonaldsthoughisthepricedifferencedinnerfortwoattheChaletevenonewithoutappetizersordessertswouldeasilycostfortydollarsandthefortydollarsdoesn’tincludethecostofparkingthecarandtippingthewaiterwhichcancometoanadditionaltendollarsbutatMcDonaldsfifteendollarsmaybeenoughforabigmealandIdon’thavetopayfortheparkingortippingsoformybirthdaydinnercelebrationoranyothertimeIprefertoeatatMcDonaldsitsconvenientfriendlyandcheapandwiththemoneymywifesavesbytakingmetoMcDonaldsshecanbuymewhatIreallywantformybirthdayanewSearspowersaw4.isitwisetomakefriendsonlineinternetasoneofthemostimportantinventionsofthetwentiethcenturyhasgreatlychangedourlifenowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplehavemanyfriendsonline,whichasfarasIamconcernedhasmorebenefitsthannegativeeffectsfirstlyinternetenlargesourcircleoffriendsconsiderablynootherwaysofcommunicationenableustomakefriendsallaroundtheworldaseasilyasinternetdoesaslongaswecanspeakenglishorotherforeignlanguagesweareabletochatwithamericansjapaneseaswellaseuropeanpeopleandthereforetobroadenourviewbyexposingourselvestovariousculturesandexperiencesapartfromthat,wetendtobemorehonestandstraightforwardwhenwemakeonlinefriendsthaninreallifesinceinthecyberspacewecannotseeothersfaceswedonothavetoworryaboutthenegativeresultsbroughtbydirectcommunicationforinstancewearefreetoairouropinionsonsomesensitiveissuesofthesocietyandshareourlittlesecretswithourfriendswitheaseinthiswayonlinefriendshipgivesrisetomoreopennessandlessstressorpressureatthesametimewhilemanypeoplearguethatmakingfriendsonlineisnotstableorevendangerousIpositthatembracingthistechnologicalinnovationbybecomingatruenetizenisdefinitelyawisechoiceIPutthecorrectpunctuationmarksinthefollowingpassages.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessary.mostamericanpeoplearefondofcatsandordogsitissaidthateveryyeartheyspendabout$5.4billionontheirpetsincluding$1.5billiononpetfoodfourtimestheamountofmoneytheyspendonbabyfoodnowthereareabout100milliondogsandcatsinthecountrythenumberisstillgoinguprapidlysince12,500puppiesareborneveryhourits745ontuesdaymorningand26-year-oldSteveClarksisgoingtowork.Heputsonhisjacket,andpicksuphiscellphone,pager,andlaptop.Asheleavesthehouse,heturnsonhismp3playerandputsonhisheadphones.Heisreadytogo.IIPunctuatethefollowingpassage.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessary.1.thatshowsthattherearethreehundredandsixtyfourdayswhenyoumightgetunbirthdaypresentscertainlysaidaliceandonlyoneforbirthdaypresentsyouknowtheresgloryforyouIdontknowwhatyoumeanbygloryalicesaidhumptydumptysmiledcontemptuouslyOfcourseyoudon’ttillItellyouImeanttheresaniceknockdownargumentforyoubutglorydoesntmeananiceknockdownargumentaliceobjectedwhenIuseawordhumptydumptysaidinratherascornfultoneitmeansjustwhatIchooseittomeanneithermoreorlessthequestionissaidalicewhetheryoucanmakewordsmeansomanydifferentthingsthequestionissaidhumptydumptywhichistobemasterthatsall2.IdialedanumberandthephonerangoncetwicethensomeonepickeditupyougotthewrongnumberahuskymalevoicesnappedbeforethelinewentdeadmystifiedIdialedagainIsaidyougotthewrongnumbercamethevoiceoncemorethephoneclickedinmyearhowcouldhepossiblyknowIhadawrongnumberatthattimeIworkedforthenewyorkcitypolicedepartmentacopistrainedtobecuriousandconcernedsoIdialedathirdtimeheycomeonthemansaidisthisyouagainyeahitsmeIansweredIwaswonderinghowyouknewIhadthewrongnumberbeforeIevensaidanythingyoufigureitoutthephoneslammeddownIsatthereforashorttimethereceiverhanginglooselyinmyfingersIcalledthemanbacksoyouhavefigureditoutheaskedtheonlythingIcanthinkofisehnobodyevercallsyouyougotitthephonewentdeadforthefourthtimechucklingIdialedthemanbackwhatdoyouwantnowheaskedIthoughtIdcalljusttosayhellohellowhywellifnobodyevercallsyouIthoughtmaybeIshouldokayhellowhoisthisatlastIhadgottenthroughnowitwashisturntobecuriousItoldhimwhoIwasandaskedwhohewasmynamesadolfmethIm88yearsoldandIhaventhadthismanywrongnumbersinonedayin20yearswebothlaughedinthiswaywebecamephonefriendsPunctuatethefollowingsentencesorpassages.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessary.thepresidenthasmadethefollowingannouncementstudentswhoneedfinancialassistancemayapplyatthestudentaffairsofficetheprofessorsaidconfuciussaysdonotimposeonotherswhatyoudonotdesireyourselfthisisaverygoodprincipleofmoralconductwhatdidhesayhesaidmanythingssuchassuchasohyeshesaidthathewouldresignfromthecommitteeshewasinterestedinhistoryafewyearsagotodayhermaininterestisinanthropologychangesinthemarketpoormanagementandmiscalculatedspeculationsthesecausedthebankruptcyofthecompanyshedidn’tgowiththemtoclimbthemountainotherwiseshewouldhavebeencaughtinthestormamongthosewhojoinedthediscussionweremisswuawell-knownwritermrlieditoroftheliterarysupplementofthelocalnewspaperdrqianaprofessorofliterarycirticismandmssunafamoushistoriansheenjoysreadingshakespearesplaysandhasreadhamletromeoandjulietkinglearandthemerchantofvenice9.thetwoamericastherearetwoamericasoneistheamericaoflincolntheotheristheamericaofteddyrooseeltandthemodernsuperpatriotsoneisgenerousandhumanetheothernarrowlyegotisticaloneisselfcriticaltheotherselfrighteousoneissensibletheotherromanticoneisgoodhumoredtheothersolemnoneisinquiringtheotherpontificatingoneismoderatetheotherfilledwithpassionateintensityoneisjudiciousandtheotherarrogantintheuseofgreatpowerKeys:Punctuatethefollowingsentencesorpassages.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessary.Thepresidenthasmadethefollowingannouncement:studentswhoneedfinancialassistancemayapplyattheStudentAffairsOffice.Theprofessorsaid,“Confuciussays,‘Donotimposeonotherswhatyoudonotdesireyourself.’Thisisaverygoodprincipleofmoralconduct.”“Whatdidhesay?”“Hesaidmanythings,suchas…suchas…oh,yes,hesaidthathewouldresignfromthecommittee.”Shewasinterestedinhistoryafewyearsago;todayhermaininterestisinanthropology.Changesinthemarket,poormanagement,andmiscalculatedspeculations—thesecausedthebankruptcyofthecompany.Shedidn’tgowiththemtoclimbthemountain;otherwise,shewouldhavebeencaughtinthestorm.AmongthosewhojoinedthediscussionwereMissWu,awell-knownwriter;Mr.Li,editoroftheliterarysupplementofthelocalnewspaper;Dr.Qian,aprofessorofliterarycirticism;andMs.Sun,afamoushistorian.8.SheenjoysreadingShakespeare’splaysandhasreadHamlet,RomeoandJuliet,KingLearandTheVerchantofvenice.9.TheTwoAmericasTherearetwoAmericas.OneistheAmericaofLincoln;theotheristheAmericaofTeddyRooseeltandthemodernsuperpatriots.Oneisgenerousandhumane,theothernarrowlyegotistical;oneisself-critical,theotherself-righteous;oneissensibletheotherromantic;oneisgoodhumored,theothersolemn;oneisinquiring,theotherpontificating;oneismoderate,theotherfilledwithpassionateintensity;oneisjudiciousandtheotherarrogantintheuseofgreatpower.IPutthecorrectpunctuationmarksinthefollowingpassages.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessaryMostAmericanpeoplearefondofcatsand/ordogs.itissaidthateveryyeartheyspendabout$5.4billionontheirpets,including$1.5billiononpetfoodfourtimestheamountofmoneytheyspendonbabyfood.Nowthereareabout100milliondogsandcatsinthecountry;thenumberisstillgoinguprapidlysince12500puppiesareborneveryhour.It’s745onTuesdaymorningand26yearoldsteveclarksisgoingtoworkheputsonhisjacketandpicksuphiscellphonepagerandlaptopasheleavesthehouseheturnsonhismp3playerandputsonhisheadphonesheisreadytogoIIPunctuatethefollowingpassage.AlsoaddCAPITALLETTERSwherenecessary.1.“…thatshowsthattherearethreehundredandsixty-fourdayswhenyoumightgetun-birthdaypresents.”“Certainly,”saidAlice.“Andonlyoneforbirthdaypresents,youknow.There’sgloryforyou!”“Idon’tknowwhatyoumeanby‘glory’,”Alicesaid.HumptyDumptysmiledcontemptuously.“Ofcourseyoudon’ttillItellyou.Imeant‘there’saniceknockdownargumentforyou.’”“But‘glory’doesn’tmean‘aniceknockdownargument’,”Aliceobjected.“WhenIuseaword,”HumptyDumptysaidinratherascornfultone,“itmeansjustwhatIchooseittomeanneithermoreorless.”“Thequestionis,”saidAlice,“whetheryoucanmakewordsmeansomanydifferentthings.”“Thequestionis,”saidHumptyDumpty,“whichistobemasterthat’sall.”2.Idialedanumberandthephonerangonce,twice;thensomeonepickeditup.“Yougotthewrongnumber,”ahuskymalevoicesnappedbeforethelinewentdead.Mystified,Idialedagain.“Isaidyougotthewrongnumber,”camethevoiceoncemore.Thephoneclickedinmyear.HowcouldhepossiblyknowIhadawrongnumber?AtthattimeIworkedfortheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartment.Acopistrainedtobecuriousandconcerned,soIdialedathirdtime.“Hey,comeon,”themansaid,“isthisyouagain?”“Yeah,it’sme,”Ianswered.“IwaswonderinghowyouknewIhadthewrongnumberbeforeIevensaidanything.”“Youfigureitout!”thephoneslammeddown.Isatthereforashorttime,thereceiverhanginglooselyinmyfingers.Icalledthemanback.“Soyouhavefigureditout?”heasked.“TheonlythingIcanthinkofis—eh—nobodyevercallsyou.”“Yougotit!”Thephonewentdeadforthefourthtime.Chuckling,Idialedthemanback.“Whatdoyouwantnow?”heasked.“IthoughtI’dcalljusttosay‘hello’.”“Hello?Why?”“Well,ifnobodyevercallsyou,IthoughtmaybeIshould.”“Okay,hello.Whoisthis?”AtlastIhadgottenthrough.Nowitwashisturntobecurious.ItoldhimwhoIwasandaskedwhohewas.“Myname’sAdolfMeth.I’m88yearsold,andIhaven’thadthismanywrongnumbersinonedayin20ye