2014中考英语语法复习课件

2014MiddleSchoolEntranceExaminationEnglishGrammarReviewCourseware目录introductionnounArticlepronounadjectivesandadverbs目录TensesandVoicesNonfiniteverbsPrepositionsandconjunctionsSentencestructureandtypesintroduction01目的和背景：随着中高考改革的推进，英语学科的考试越来越注重对学生实际语言运用能力的考查。为了帮助学生更好地应对考试，本课程旨在系统地梳理和巩固英语语法知识，提高学生在实际语境中运用语法的能力。Purposeandbackground复习范围和内容：本课程涵盖了初中英语语法的各个方面，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等词类以及句子的基本结构、时态、语态等。通过大量的例句和练习，帮助学生深入理解语法规则，提高语言运用能力。Reviewscopeandcontentnoun02Nounsthatcanbecountedandhaveapluralform.Example:"apple"canbe"apples".Nounsthatcannotbecountedorhaveapluralform.Example:"milk"cannotbe"milks".CountableanduncountablenounsUncountablenounsCountablenounsPossessivenounsNounsthatshowpossessionorownership.Formedbyadding"-'s"totheendofthenoun.Example:"John'sbook".PluralpossessivenounsFormedbyadding"'"or"s'"totheendofthepluralnoun.Example:"boys'toys"or"dogs'tails".PossessivecaseofnounsNounsasattributives:Whenanounisusedtomodifyanothernoun.Example:"appletree"(thetreethatproducesapples).NounsasattributivesArticle03GeneralusageTheindefinitearticle"a"or"an"isusedtointroduceanounthatisnotspecificoridentified.Itindicatesthatthenounreferstoamemberofaclassortype,ratherthanaspecificindividual.BeforevowelsWhenthefirstletterofanounisavowel(e.g.,"apple","umbrella"),theindefinitearticle"an"isusedinsteadof"a".ExceptionSomenounsthatbeginwithaconsonantsoundarefollowedby"an"insteadof"a",suchas"anhour"or"anhonestman".Theusageoftheindefinitearticlea/anGeneralusageThedefinitearticle"the"isusedtointroduceanounthatisspecificoridentified.Itindicatesthatthenounreferstoaspecificindividualorthing.CommonusageThedefinitearticleisoftenusedinfrontofnounsthatareconsideredcommonknowledgeorarewell-known,suchas"thesun"or"theUnitedStates".ExceptionSomenounsthatareusuallyprecededby"the"canalsobeusedwithoutit,especiallyincasualspeechorwriting.Forexample,"Isawthemovielastnight"canbeshortenedto"Isawthemovielastnight".Theusageofthedefinitearticlethe01Generalusage02ExampleOmissionofarticlesisoftenusedincasualspeechorwriting,especiallywhenthecontextisclearandthemeaningisunambiguous.Inthesentence"Iwanttoeatpizza,"theindefinitearticle"a"isomitted,butitisclearthatthespeakermeansapizza,notthepizza.Omissionofarticlespronoun04PersonalpronounsHeusedtorefertoamalepersonYouusedastheobjectofaverborprepositiontoexpressthelistenerorsomeonebeingaddressedIusedasthesubjectofaverbtoexpressthespeakerSheusedtorefertoafemalepersonItusedtorefertoathingoranimal01Hisusedtoshowpossessionbyamaleperson02Hersusedtoshowpossessionbyafemaleperson03ItsusedtoshowpossessionbyathingoranimalPossessivepronouns0102usedtopointoutaperson,thing,orideausedtopointoutaperson,thing,orideaatadistanceorinthepastThisThatDemonstrativepronounsusedasasubjectorobjectinplaceofaspecificpersonorthingOneusedinplaceofaspecificpersonorthingaddressedYouIndefinitepronounsadjectivesandadverbs05Summary:Adjectivesareusedtodescribeormodifynounsorpronouns,providingmorespecificinformationaboutthem.Theycanappearbeforeorafterthenoun,dependingontheadjective'smeaningandthecontext.UsageandPositionofAdjectiveDetailDescriptiveadjectives:Theseadjectivesprovideinformationaboutthecharacteristicsofthenounorpronoun,suchas"beautiful,""big,"or"happy."Theyusuallyappearbeforethenoun,butiftheadjectivecomesafterthenoun,itmodifiesaspecificfeatureorqualityofthenoun.UsageandPositionofAdjectiveLimitingadjectivesTheseadjectivesareusedtoidentifyaspecificgrouporsubsetofanounorpronoun,suchas"Chinese,""American,"or"European."Theyusuallyappearafterthenoun.OrderofAdjectivesWhenmultipleadjectivesareusedtomodifyanoun,theyshouldbearrangedinalogicalandgrammaticallycorrectorder,usuallyindescendingorderofimportanceandspecificity.UsageandPositionofAdjectiveSummary:Adverbsareusedtomodifyverbs,adjectives,orotheradverbs,providingmorespecificinformationabouttheirmeaning.Theycanappearbeforeoraftertheverboradjective,dependingonthecontext.TheUsageandPositionofAdverbsTheUsageandPositionofAdverbsDetailModifyingVerbs:Adverbscanbeusedtomodifythemeaningofverbs,makingthemmorespecificorprecise.Forexample,"Sherunsquickly"meansthatsherunsatafastspeed.ModifyingAdjectives:Adverbscanalsobeusedtomodifythemeaningofadjectives,providingmorespecificinformationabouttheirqualityorcharacteristics.Forexample,"Sheisextremelybeautiful"meansthatsheisexceptionallybeautiful.PositionofAdverbs:Adverbscanappearbeforeoraftertheverboradjectivetheymodify,dependingonthecontextandtheemphasisdesired.Forexample,"Shebeautifullysings"meansthatshesingsinabeautifulway,withemphasisonhersingingability.Summary:Comparativeandsuperlativeformsareusedtocomparetwoormorepeopleorthingsintermsofsimilarityordifference.Comparativeformsareusedtocomparetwothings,whilesuperlativeformsareusedtocomparemorethantwothingsanddeterminewhichoneisthebestorworst.ThecomparativeandsuperlativeformsofadjectivesandadverbsThecomparativeandsuperlativeformsofadjectivesandadverbsDetailComparativeForms:Comparativeformsofadjectivesandadverbsusethesuffix"-er"or"-ier"(forsomewords)toshowcomparisonbetweentwothings.Forexample,"bigger,""smaller,""faster,"and"slower"arecomparativeformsthatshowcomparisonbetweentwothings.SuperlativeForms:Superlativeformsofadjectivesandadverbsusethesuffix"-est"(formostwords)toshowcomparisonamongmorethantwothingsanddeterminewhichoneisthebestorworst.Forexample,"biggest,""smallest,""fastest,"and"slowest"aresuperlativeformsthatshowcomparisonamongmorethantwothings.TensesandVoices06Itisusedtotalkaboutgeneraltruths,habitsandsituationsthatareongoingatthemomentofspeaking.PresentsimpleItisusedtotalkaboutanactionthatisongoingatthemomentofspeakingorwillbeongoinginthenearfuture.PresentcontinuousPresenttensePasttenseSimplepastItisusedtotalkaboutanactionthathappenedandfinishedinthepast.PastcontinuousItisusedtotalkaboutanactionthatwasongoinginthepastataparticulartime.Will/shallItisusedtotalkaboutfutureactionsthathavenotbeenplanned.GoingtoItisusedtotalkaboutfutureactionsthathavebeenplanned.Futuretense0102Thepassivevoiceisusedwhenthesubjectofthesentenceisreceivingtheactionratherthanperformingit.Itisformedbyusingtheauxiliaryverb"tobe"(am/is/are/was/were)andthepastparticipleofthemainverb.PassivevoiceNonfiniteverbs07Infinitiveisthebasicformofaverb,withoutanyauxiliaryverbsortensemarkers.Itisoftenusedasthesubjectorcomplementinasentence.Infinitivecanbeeitheractiveorpassive.Forexample,"Iwanttogo"(active)and"Hewasseentorun"(passive).InfinitiveGerundisaverbformthatendsin"-ing"andfunctionsasanoun.Itisoftenusedasthesubjectorobjectofasentence.Gerundscanbeeitheractiveorpassive.Forexample,"Swimmingismyfavoriteexercise"(active)and"Sheenjoysbeingcomplimented"(passive).GerundParticipleisaverbformthatisneitherinfinitivenorgerund.Itfunctionsasanadjectiveoradverbinasentence.Participlecanbeeitherpresentorpast.Forexample,"Therunningmanwastired"(presentparticipleasadjective)and"Havingfinishedthework,hewenthome"(pastparticipleasadjective).participlePrepositionsandconjunctions08at,on,in,during,before,afterTimeinto,outof,along,towards,overDirectionorPositioninfrontof,behind,nextto,between,above,belowPlacebecauseof,dueto,thankstoCauseorReasonTheusageofprepositionsCoordinatingConjunctions：and,but,or,so,forSubordinatingConjunctions：after,before,since,until,whenCorrelativeConjunctions：either...or...,neither...nor...,both...and...,aswellasTheusageofconjunctionsVSPrepositionalphrasesdescribetherelationshipbetweennounsandotherpartsofthesentence,whileconjunctivephrasesconnecttwoclausesorsentences.ConnectionPrepositionscanbeusedinconjunctivephrasestoconnecttwoclausesorsentences.Forexample,"Heleftbecauseoftherain"usesthepreposition"becauseof"asaconjunctivephrasetoconnecttwoclauses.DifferenceThedifferenceandconnectionbetweenprepositionalphrasesandconjunctivephrasesSentencestructureandtypes09Thepersonorthingthatperformstheaction,e.g.,"Irun."(subject:"I")Theactionorstatedescribedbytheverb,e.g.,"Irun."(predicate: