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STANDARDS
IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications
IEEEPowerandEnergySociety
Developedbythe
EnergyStorageandStationaryBatteryCommittee
IEEEStd946™-2020
(Revisionof
IEEEStd946-2004)
IEEEStd946™-2020
(RevisionofIEEEStd946-2004)
IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications
Developedbythe
EnergyStorageandStationaryBatteryCommittee
ofthe
IEEEPowerandEnergySociety
Approved30January2020
IEEE-SAStandardsBoard
Abstract:Recommendedpracticesforthedesignofdcpowersystemsforstationaryapplicationsareprovidedinthisdocument.Thecomponentsofthedcpowersystemaddressedbythisdocumentincludelead-acidandnickel-cadmiumstoragebatteries,staticbatterychargers,anddistributionequipment.Guidanceinselectingthequantityandtypesofequipment,theequipmentratings,interconnections,instrumentationandprotectionisalsoprovided.Thisrecommendationisapplicableforpowergeneration,substation,andtelecommunicationapplications.
Keywords:auxiliary,backup,battery,batterycharger,chargersizing,control,cross-tie,dc,directcurrent,distribution,dutycycle,generatingstation,grounddetection,IEEE946™,instrumentation,nuclear,panels,protectioncoordination,rectifiers,reserve,selectiveprotection,short-circuit,substation,telecommunication
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Participants
Atthetimethisrecommendedpracticewascompleted,theDCPowerWorkingGrouphadthefollowingmembership:
HaissamNasrat,Chair
RichardHutchins,Secretary
AmberAboulfaidaCurtisAshtonRobertBeaversRobertBeckChristopherBelcherStevenBelisleDuaneBrock
JamesBuniakThomasCarpenterLarryCarsonMuradDaanaRajeshDhimanRobertFeisleyKevinFellhoelter
DavidFranklinAliHeidaryDavidHoodWayneJohnsonRogerKangThomasKeelsYvesLavoieRufusLawhornJoseMarrero
TaniaMartinez-NavedoStephenMccluerMatthewMcConnellDanielMcMenaminJamesMidolo
SepehrMoghareiThomasMulcahyBansiPatel
ArtSalanderSurendraSalgiaChristopherSearlesJosephStevensThomasStomberskiKurtUhlir
GustavoVarelaLesleyVargaStephenVechyJasonWallisDonaldWengerter
Thefollowingmembersoftheindividualballotingcommitteevotedonthisrecommendedpractice.Ballotersmayhavevotedforapproval,disapproval,orabstention.
AmberAboulfaidaAliAlAwazi
StevenAlexandersonCurtisAshton
GaryBalashRadoslavBaracThomasBarnesRobertBeaversRobertBeckMarkBowmanJonBrasherDuaneBrockJeffreyBrogdonChrisBrooks
DemetrioBucanegJr.DavidBurns
WilliamBushWilliamCantorPaulCardinalThomasCarpenter
SureshChannarasappaMichaelChiricoRandyClelland
BryanColeMatthewDavisRayDavisJohnDisoswayGaryDonnerMichaelDoodEdgarDullni
KevinFellhoelter
RobertFletcherRostyslawFostiakDaleFredricksonDavidGiegelMietekGlinkowskiJalalGohari
JosephGravelleRandallGrovesAjitGwal
AliHeidaryLeeHerronWernerHoelzlRobertHoerauf
RichardJacksonAnilJamesGezaJoos
InnocentKamwaPeterKelly
YuriKhersonskyHermannKochBorisKogan
JimKulchiskySaumenKunduMikhailLagodaChung-YiuLamDanielLambertRufusLawhornTimothyLensmireAlbertLivshitzJonLoeligerDebraLongtin
JoseMarreroHugoMarroquinMichaelMayStephenMcCluerWilliamMcCoyJamesMcDowall
DanielMcMenaminStevenMeinersLarryMeisnerJamesMidoloSepehrMoghareiDaleepMohlaThomasMulcahyJerryMurphyHaissamNasratDennisNeitzelArthurNeubauerMichaelNewmanNickS.ANikjooJoeNims
JamesO’BrienLorrainePaddenBansiPatelAnthonyPicagliJohnPolenzThomasProiosRobertRallo
JanReberTimothyRobirdsCharlesRogersThomasRozek
RyandiRyandiArtSalanderSurendraSalgiaStevenSanoBartienSayogoRobertSchuerger
ChristopherSearlesRobertSeitzNikunjShah
DevkiSharmaDavidSmithJeremySmithRalphStellGaryStoedter
ThomasStomberski
K.StumpSercanTeleke
MichaelThompsonWayneTimm
JamesVanDeLigtLesleyVargaGeraldVaughnStephenVechyJohnVergisDonaldWengerterKennethWhiteHughesWike
JianYu
WhentheIEEE-SAStandardsBoardapprovedthisrecommendedpracticeon30January2020,ithadthefollowingmembership:
GaryHoffman,Chair
VacantPosition,ViceChair
Jean-PhilippeFaure,PastChair
KonstantinosKarachalios,Secretary
TedBurseDougEdwardsJ.TravisGriffithGraceGuGuidoR.Hiertz
JosephL.Koepfinger*JohnD.Kulick
DavidJ.LawHowardLiDongLiuKevinLuPaulNikolich
DamirNovosel
JonWalterRosdahl
DorothyStanleyMehmetUlemaLeiWang
ShaWei
PhilipB.WinstonDaidiZhongJingyiZhou
*MemberEmeritus
Introduction
ThisintroductionisnotpartofIEEEStd946-2020,IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications.
DCpowersystemscontinuetoplayavitalroleingeneratingstation,substation,andtelecomcontrolsandprovidingbackupforemergencies.Thisrecommendedpracticefulfilsaneedwithintheindustrytoprovidecommonorstandardpracticesforthedesignofdcpowersystems.Thedesignfeaturesareapplicabletoallinstallationsandsystemscapacities.
TheoriginalissueofIEEEStd946waspublishedin1985withthetitleIEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofSafety-RelatedDCPowerSystemsforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.The1992revisionchangedthetitletoapplytoallgeneratingstations,whileincludingspecificguidanceandadetailedbibliographyofnucleardesignreferencestandards.Thisrevisionmakesageneralupdatetoreflectthemostrecentindustrypracticesaswellassubstantialadditionstoannexes.Inadditiontopowergenerationapplications,thisrecommendedpracticecoversdcpowersystemdesigninsubstationsandtelecommunicationapplications.Somediscussionsandillustrativefigureshavebeenretainedastheyofferaconstructivecomparisontodesignswithouthavingtoresorttoadditionalstandards.
ThisrecommendedpracticewaspreparedbyaWorkingGroupthatispartoftheEnergyStorageandStationaryBatteryCommitteeandwassponsoredbytheEnergyDevelopmentandPowerGenerationCommitteeoftheIEEEPowerandEnergySociety.
NotethatIEEEStd1818™andIEEEStd946arecomplementarydocuments,developedbyindependentworkinggroups.1
1Informationonreferencescanbefoundin
Clause2
.
Contents
Overview 12
Scope 12
Purpose 12
Exclusions 13
Normativereferences 13
Definitions 14
Organizationofthisrecommendedpractice 15
Descriptionandoperation 15
General 15
Systemdesignconsiderations 16
Batteries 18
Numberofbatterystrings 18
Determinationofbatterydutycycleandbatterysize(capacity) 19
Installationdesign 21
Maintenance,testing,andreplacement 22
Qualification,relevantcodes,andstandards 23
Batterychargers 23
Numberofchargers 23
Loadsharingbetweenparalleledchargers 24
Determinationofratedoutput 24
Installationdesign 26
Outputcharacteristics 26
Qualification 29
Distributionsystem 30
Systemlayout 30
Distributionpanels 35
Availableshort-circuitcurrent 35
Protectivedevicedescriptionandrating 37
Voltageratingsforloads 38
Qualification 39
DCpowersysteminstrumentation,controls,andalarms 40
General 40
DCpowersystemgrounddetection 43
DCbusundervoltagealarm 45
Specialloadingconsiderations 45
Designfeaturestoassistinbatterytesting 46
Cross-tiebetweenbuses 46
Protectionagainstelectricalnoise,lightning,andswitchingsurges 46
Electromagneticinterference(EMI),radio-frequencyinterference(RFI) 47
Lightningandswitchingsurges 47
Spareequipment 48
AnnexA(informative)Bibliography 49
Annex
B(informative)Batterychargersizing—Samplecalculations 51
Annex
C(informative)Batteryavailableshort-circuitcurrent—Samplecalculations 56
Annex
D(informative)Batterychargeranddcpowersystem,short-circuitcurrentcontribution 59
AnnexE(informative)Effectofunintentionalgroundsontheoperationofdcpowersystems 62
Annex
F(informative)Telecommunication-specificconsiderations 65
AnnexG(informative)Loadsharingofchargers 70
AnnexH(informative)Centertappedbatterydesignconsiderations 71
AnnexI(informative)Additionalbatteriesinnuclearpowergenerationapplications 72
IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications
Overview
Scope
Thisrecommendedpracticeprovidesguidanceforthedesignofstationarydcpowersystems.Thecomponentsofthestationarydcpowersystemaddressedbythisrecommendedpracticeincludethefollowing:
Storagebatteries
Staticbatterychargers/rectifiers(includingsizing)
Distributionequipment
Protectionequipment
Controlequipment
Interconnections
Instrumentation
Guidanceforselectingthequantity,types,andratingsofequipmentisalsoprovided.
Theconsiderationsofeachofthesedifferentcomponentsandtheissueofloadvoltageandotherloadspecificsarediscussedintermsoftheireffectonthedesignofthewholesystem.Guidanceonshort-circuitcalculationandcontributionofdifferentdcpowersystemcomponentsisalsoofferedtoimprovereliability,performance,andsafetyoftheinstallation.
Purpose
Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovidetheuserwithinformationandrecommendationsconcerningsizinganddesigningdcpowersystemsinstationaryapplications.
Whiletherecommendedpracticesinthisdocumentapplytodcpowersystemsinsubstations,additionalguidanceforsubstationsisprovidedinIEEEStd1818.2
2Informationonreferencescanbefoundin
Clause2
.
IEEEStd946-2020
IEEERecommendedPracticefortheDesignofDCPowerSystemsforStationaryApplications
PAGE
13
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Exclusions
Electricallyself-containedac-acequipmentandthefollowingcomponentsofthedcpowersystem,withtheexceptionofhowtheyinfluencethedcpowersystemdesign,arespecificallyexcludedfromthescopeofthisrecommendedpractice:
Theacpowersupplytothebatterychargers/rectifiers
Photovoltaic,wind,andotheralternativedcpowersourcesystemdesigns
Loadsservedbydedicatedenginestartingbatterysystems
Applicationsrequiringdcvoltagesupplyabove1000Vnominal
Motorgeneratorsets
Batterytechnologiesotherthanlead-acid(L-A)andnickel-cadmium(Ni-Cd)
Separatesystemsareusuallyrecommendedforthefollowingspecialserviceapplications,andarenotwithinthescopeofthisdocument:
Engine(cranking)starting
Emergencylighting
Firedetectionandannunciation
Fireprotectionactuation
Normativereferences
Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument(i.e.,theymustbeunderstoodandused,soeachreferenceddocumentiscitedintextanditsrelationshiptothisdocumentisexplained).Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendmentsorcorrigenda)applies.
IEEEStd308™,IEEEStandardCriteriaforClass1EPowerSystemsforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.3,4
IEEEStd344™,IEEEStandardforSeismicQualificationofEquipmentforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.
IEEEStd450™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforMaintenance,Testing,andReplacementofVentedLead-AcidBatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd484™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforInstallationDesignandInstallationofVentedLead-AcidStorageBatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd485™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforSizingLead-AcidBatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd649™,IEEEStandardforQualifyingClass1EMotorControlCentersforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.
3TheIEEEstandardsorproductsreferredtoin
Clause2
aretrademarksownedbyTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Incorporated.
4IEEEpublicationsareavailablefromTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(
/
).
IEEEStd650™,IEEEQualificationofClass1EStaticBatteryChargers,Inverters,andUninterruptiblePowerSupplySystemsforNuclearPowerGeneratingStations.
IEEEStd666™,IEEEDesignGuideforElectricPowerServiceSystemsforGeneratingStations.IEEEStd693-2005™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforSeismicDesignofSubstations.
IEEEStd979™,IEEEGuideforSubstationFireProtection.
IEEEStd1106™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforInstallation,Maintenance,Testing,andReplacementofVentedNickel-CadmiumBatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd1115™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforSizingNickel-CadmiumBatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd1187™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforInstallationDesignandInstallationofValve-RegulatedLead-AcidBatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd1188™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforMaintenance,Testing,andReplacementofValveRegulatedLead-Acid(VRLA)BatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd1189™,IEEEGuideforSelectionofValve-RegulatedLead-Acid(VRLA)BatteriesforStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd1375™,IEEEGuidefortheProtectionofStationaryBatterySystems.
IEEEStd1491™,IEEEGuideforSelectionandUseofBatteryMonitoringEquipmentinStationaryApplications.
IEEEStd1578™,IEEERecommendedPracticeforStationaryBatteryElectrolyteSpillContainmentandM
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