大学英语四级阅读理解精读100篇

PassageOne(ClintonIsRight)PresidentClinton’sdecisiononApr.8tosendChinesePremierZhuRongjipackingwithoutanagreementonChina’sentryintotheWorldTradeOrganizationseemedtobeamassivemiscalculation.ThePresidenttookadrubbingfrommuchofthepress,whichhadbreathlesslyreportedthatadealwasinthebag.TheCabinetandWhitHousestillappeareddivided,andbusinessleaderswerecharacterizedasfuriousoverthelostopportunity.ZhuchargedthatClintonlacked“thecourage”toreachanaccord.AndwhenClintonlatertelephonedtheangryZhutopledgearenewedeffortatnegotiations,thegesturewaswidelyportrayedasaflip-flop.Infact,ClintonmadetherightdecisioninholdingoutforabetterWTOdeal.Alotmorehorsetradingisneededbeforeafinalagreementcanbereached.AndwithouttheAdministration’sgoalofa“bullet-proofagreement”thatbusinesslobbyistscanenthusiasticallyselltoaRepublicanCongress,thewholeprocesswillendupinpartisanacrimonythatcouldharmrelationswithChinaforyears.THEHARDPART.Manybusinesslobbyists,whiledisappointedthatthedealwasnotclosed,agreethatbettertermscanstillbehad.AndTreasurySecretaryRobertE.Rubin,NationalEconomicCouncilDirectorGeneB.Sperling,CommerceSecretaryWilliamM.Daley,andtoptradenegotiatorCharleneBarshefskyalladvisedClintonthatwhiletheChinesehadmadearemarkablenumberofconcessions,“we’renotthereyet,”accordingtoseniorofficials.NegotiatingwithZhuovertheremainingissuesmaybetheeasypart.AlthoughClintoncansignalU.S.approvalforChina’sentryintotheWTOhimself,heneedsCongresstograntBeijingpermanentmost-favored-nationstatusaspartofabroadtradeaccord.AndthetemptationformeddlingonCapitalHillmayproveover-whelming.ZhuhadbarelylandedbeforeSenateMajorityLeaderTrentLott(R-Miss)declaredhimselfskepticalthatChinadeservedentryintotheWTO.AndSenatorsJesseA.Helms(R-N.C.)andEmestF.Hollings(D-S.C.)promisedtointroduceabillrequiringcongressionalapprovalofanydeal.Thehiddenmessagefromthesethreetextile-stateSoutherners:GetmoreprotectionfortheU.S.clothingindustry.Hopingtosmooththeway,theAdministrationtried,butfailed,tobudgeZhuontextiles.Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,andDetroit.ZhurefusedtoopenupmuchofthelucrativeChinesesecuritiesmarketandinsistedon“cultural”restrictionsonAmericanmoviesandmusic.HealsoblockedeffortstoallowBIGJOB.Already,businesslobbyistsareblanketingCapitolHilltopresaleanyeventualagreement,butwhatthey’veheardsofarisn’tencouraging.Republicans,includingLott,saythat“thetimejustisn’tright”forthedeal.Translation:We’redeterminedtomakeitlookasifClintonhascapitulatedtotheChineseandisignoringhuman,religious,andlaborrightsviolations;thetheftofnuclear-weaponstechnology;andthesaleofmissilepartstoAmerica’senemies.Beijing’sfiercecriticswithintheDemocraticParty,suchasSenatorPaulD.WellstoneofMinnesotaandHouseMinorityleaderRichardA.GephardtofMissouri,won’thelp,either.JusthowtoughthelobbyingjobonCapitolHillwillbebecomeclearonApr.20,whenRubinlectured19chiefexecutivesontheneedtodisciplinetheirRepublicanallies.WithbusinessandtheWhiteHousestilltradingchargesoverwhoisresponsibleforthedefeatoffast-tracktradenegotiatinglegislationin1997,workingtogetherwon’tbeeasy.AndRepublicans—withawink—saythatthey’lleventuallyembraceChina’sentryintotheWTOasafavortoCorporateAmerica.ThoughnotlongbeforetheytortureClinton.ButZhuisoutonalimb,andifCongressoverdoesthecriticism,hemaybeforcedbydomesticcriticstorenege.BusinessmustmakethismuchdeartobothitsGOPalliesandtheWhitHouse:Thishistoricdealistooimportanttorisklosingtoanymorepartisansquabbling1. Themainideaofthispassageis[A].TheContradictionbetweentheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty.[B].OnChina’sentryintoWTO.[C].Clintonwasright.[D].BusinessLobbyistsControlCapitolHill.2. Whatdoesthesentence“Alsoleftinthelurch:WallStreet,Hollywood,[A].PremierZhurejectedtheirrequirements.[B].Thethreeplacesoverdidcriticism.[C].Theywantedmoreprotection.[D].Theyareintrouble.3. WhatwastheattitudeoftheRepublicanPartytowardChina’sentryintotheWTO?[A].Contradictory.[B].Appreciative.[C].Disapproving.[D].Detestful.4. WhoplaystheleadingpartinthedealinAmerica?[A].WhiteHouse.[B].Republicans.[C].TheDemocraticParty.[D].Businessmen.5. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat[A].Americawillmakeconcessions.[B].AmericawillholdoutforabetterWTO[C].ClintonhastherighttosignalU.S.approvalforChina’sentry.[D].DemocraticpartyapproveChina’sentryintotheWTO.答案祥解1. C.总统是对的。这篇文章摘自BusinessWeekly.文章是从商人的角度来看待中国加入WTO，他们希望从谈判中获得更多的利益，而克林顿的同意不同意的目的和他们相符——争取更多利益。这篇就是从四方利益最终趋向一致“同意中国加入世贸”来证明“总统结论正确”的中心思想。第一段指出Clinton由打发朱总理回国，不同意中国入世到一百八十度大转弯，在电话中愤怒的朱总理表示再次努力协商。内阁和白宫官员意见分歧，商人对失去机会火冒三丈。第二段点出克林顿故意拖延以谋取更多的利益的决定是正确的——文章的主旨句。商人院外活动集团成员要以“政府完美无缺的协议的目标来说服共和党赞成/接受。以免整个过程以党争而告终。第三，四段是商业方面的高级官员的代表纷纷却说Clinton“当中国作出许多优惠让步时，美国不在那里。”（意：美国吃亏了现在不要再吃亏了。）克林顿有权签署赞成中国加入世贸组织，可他需要国会批准北京永久性最惠国作为扩大贸易协定的组成部分。再说对国会的干预的诱惑力相当大：就在朱踏上美国本土时，参议院多数派领袖TrentLott宣布他对中国是该不该入世持怀疑态度，而参议院TesseAHelms…承诺提出一项要求国会批准任何交易的提案。第五段讲了朱总理的强硬立场。第六段又是共和党的反对声，使民主党内站在北京以便的批评家也无能为力。最后一段指出：尽管困难重重，这一历史事件太重要了，不能因党争而冒失失去机会的危险。A.民主党和共和党的矛盾。两党之争见上文译注，最终还是一致。B.论中国加入世贸组织。文章不是论中国加入而是论美国环绕中国入世贸的种种。D.商人院外活动集团成员控制国会。这在第五段中提到商人院外活动集团成员阻挠美国国会事先接受最终协议，但不是主题思想。2. A.朱总理拒绝了他们的要求。见难句译注9。B.这三个地方批评过头。C.他们要求更多的保护。D.他们陷入困境。3. A.矛盾。共和党一开始就反对。什么对中国该不该加入世贸组织持怀疑态度。第六段说得更露骨，时间不对。意思是他们想把整个事件看起来好象克林顿屈从于中国，忽视了“中国违反人权，宗教权，劳动权，偷窃核武器技术，把导弹组成部件买给美国的敌人”等事实。最后一段共和党一下子又所他们最终将会接受中国加入世贸组织以表示对整体美国的好感。不管是商人院外活动集团的作用，还是明确指出重开谈判的重要性。这一历史事件太重要绝不能因党争而失去机会。共和党纵然心中不愿，也不得不接受现实。心情是矛盾的。B.赞赏。C.不赞成。D.厌恶。4. D.商界。第一段中就点出：商界领袖对失去这次机会火冒三丈。第二段中提到商界院外活动成员要以实实在在的协议来说服共和党国会，免得以党争告终。第三段明确指出：许多商界院外人士一方面对协议未签定表示失望，另方面又同意，还会更好的条件。各种和商界直接关系的高级官员对克林顿劝说。第五段：纺织，金融股票，汽车以至电影等都是商界的要求。朱总理拒绝的就是商界要求。第六段提及商界院外活动的成员制止国会事先接受最终协定。最后一段又是商界使共和党联盟和白宫懂得此事的重要性。5. A.美国将会作出让步，见上面注释。商人是绝对不会放弃中国市场的。B.美国会故意拖延以求取得更好的条件。这一点恐怕不会，见上文注释。朱总理的强硬立场，商人的见解。C.克林顿有签署批准中国入世之权。D.民主党赞成中国加入世贸，这两项都是事实。PassageTwo(Europe’sGypsies,AreTheyaNation?)ThestrivingofcountriesinCentralEuropetoentertheEuropeanUnionmayofferanunprecedentedchancetothecontinent’sGypsies(orRoman)toberecognizedasanation,albeitonewithoutadefinedterritory.Andiftheyweretoachievethattheymightevenseeksomekindofformalplace—atleastatotalpopulationoutnumbersthatofmanyoftheUnion’spresentandfuturecountries.Someexpertsputthefigureat4m-plus;someproponentsofGypsyrightsgoashighas15m.UnlikeJews,Gypsieshavehadnoknownancestrallandtoharkbackto.ThoughtheirlanguageisrelatedtoHindi,theirterritorialoriginsaremisty.Romanianpeasantsheldthemtobebornonthemoon.OtherEuropeans(wrongly)thoughtthemmigrantEgyptians,hencethederivativeGypsy.MostprobablytheywereitinerantmetalworkersandentertainerswhodriftedwestfromIndiainthe7thcentury.However,sincecommunisminCentralEuropecollapsedadecadeago,thenotionofRomanestanasalandlessnationfoundedonGypsyculturehasgainedground.TheInternationalRomanyUnion,whichsaysitstandsfor10mGypsiesinmorethan30countries,isfosteringtheideaof“self-rallying”.Itistryingtopromoteastandardandwrittenformofthelanguage;itwavesaGypsyflag(greenwithawheel)whenitlobbiesinsuchplacesastheUnitedBations;andinJulyitheldacongressinPrague,TheCzechcapital.WherePresidentVaclavHavelsaidthatGypsiesinhisowncountryandelsewhereshouldhaveabetterdeal.AtthecongressaSlovak-bornlawyer,EmilScuka,waselectedpresidentoftheInternationalTomanyUnion.LaterthismonthagroupofelectedGypsypoliticians,includingmembersofparliament,mayorsandlocalcouncilorsfromalloverEurope(OSCE),todiscusshowtopersuademoreGypsiestogetinvolvedinpolitics.TheInternationalRomanyUnionisprobablythemostrepresentativeoftheoutfitsthatspeakforGypsies,butthatisnotsayingalot.Oftheseveralhundreddelegateswhogatheredatitscongress,fewweredemocraticallyelected;oddly,nonecamefromHungary,whoseGypsiesareperhapstheworld’sbestorganized,withsome450Gypsybodiesadvisinglocalcouncilsthere.Theuniondid,however,announceitsambitiontosetupaparliament,buthowitwouldactuallybeelectedwasleftundecided.Sofar,theEuropeanCommissioniswaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasanation.Themight,itisfeared,openaPandora’sboxalreadycontainingBasques,Corsicansandotherawkwardpeoples.Besides,acknowledgingGypsiesasanationmightbackfire,justwhenseveralcountries,particularlyHungary,SlovakiaandtheCzechButtheideathattheGypsiesshouldwinsomekindofspecialrecognitionasEurope’slargestcontinentwideminority,andonewithaterriblehistoryofpersecution,iscatchingon.Gypsieshavesufferedmanypogromsoverthecenturies.InRomania,thecountrythatstillhasthelargestnumberofthem(morethan1m),inthe19thcenturytheywereactuallyenslaved.Hitlertriedtowipethemout,alongwiththeJews.“GypsiesdeservesomespacewithinEuropeanstructures,”saysJanMarinusWiersma,aDutchmanintheEuropeanParliamentwhosuggeststhatoneofthecurrentcommissionersshouldberesponsibleforGypsyaffairs.SomeprominentGypsiessaytheyshouldbemoredirectlyrepresented,perhapswithaquotaintheEuropeanParliament.That,theyargue,mightgivethemaboost.Therearemovesafoottohelpthemtogetmoneyfor,amongotherthings,aGypsyuniversity.OnebigsnagisthatEurope’sGypsiesare,infact,extremelyheterogeneous.Theybelongtomanydifferent,andoftenantagonistic,clansandtribes,withnocommonlanguageorreligion,Theirself-proclaimedleadershaveoftenprovedquarrelsomeandcorrupt.Still,says,DimitrinaPetrova,headoftheEuropeanRomaRightsCenterinBudapest,Gypsies’sharedexperienceofsufferingentitlesthemtotalkofonenation;theirpotentialunity,shesays,stemsfrom“beingregardedassub-humanbymostmajoritiesinEurope.”Andtheyhavebeguntobeabitmorepragmatic.InSlovakiaandBulgaria,forinstance,Gypsypoliticalpartiesaretryingtoformelectoralblocksthatcouldwinseatsinparliament.InMacedonia,aGypsypartyalreadyhassome—andevenrunsamunicipality.NicholasGheorge,anexpertonGypsyaffairsattheOSCE,reckonsthat,spreadoverCentralEurope,therearenowabout20GypsyMPSandmayors,400-oddlocalcouncilors,andagrowingnumberofbusinessmenandintellectuals.Thatisfarfromsayingthattheyhavethepeopleorthecashtoforgeanation.But,withtheGypsyquestionontheEU’sagendainCentralEurope,theyaremakingground.1. TheBestTitleofthispassageis[A].GypsiesWanttoFormaNation.[B].AreTheyaNation.[C].EUIsAfraidofTheirGrowth.[C].TheyAreaTribe2. WherearethemostprobableGypsyterritoryorigins?[A].MostprobablytheydriftedwestfromIndiainthe7thcentury.[B].Theyarescatteredeverywhereintheworld.[C].Probably,theystemmedfromCentralEurope.[D].TheyprobablycamefromtheInternationalRomanyUnion.3. WhatdoestheInternationalRomanylobbyfor?[A].ItlobbiesforademandtobeacceptedbysuchinternationalorganizationsasEUandUN.[B].ItlobbiesforapostinanyinternationalRomanyUnion.[C].Itlobbiesfortherightasanation.[D].ItlobbiesforaplaceinsuchinternationalorganizationsastheEUorUN.4. WhyistheEuropeCommissionwaryofencouragingGypsiestopresentthemselvesasanation?[A].ItmayopenaPandora’sBox.[B].Encouragementmayleadtosomeunexpectedresults.[C].ItfearsthattheBasgnes,Corsicansandothernationsseekingseparationmayraisethesamedemand.[D].Gyspsies’demandmayhighlightthedifferenceintheEU.5. Thebigproblemliesinthefactthat[A].Gypsiesbelongtodifferentandantagonisticclansandtribeswithoutacommonlanguageorreligion.[B].Theirleadersprovecorrupt.[C].Theirpotentialunitystemsfrom“beingregardedassub-human”.[D].Theyareabitmorepragmatic.答案祥解1. B.他们是一个民族/国家吗？整篇文章环境这一点而写，文章一开始就提出中欧入欧盟的国家会给大陆吉普塞人一个机会，承认他们是一个民族——国家，虽然没有界定的领土（作为国家，应有领土）。吉普塞人的领袖人物也指出其人数超过欧盟中许多现在有的和将来要入盟的国家。他们至少要在欧盟中有一席之地。第二段提出，吉普塞和犹太人不同，他们没有可回归的祖居地。他们的语言属印欧语系。英国人认为他们来自埃及及移民。最可能的是七世纪时一些流浪的手工业工人和艺人从印度向西方流移。第三段涉及一种思想——以吉普塞文化为基础的无疆土的吉普塞民族应有个说话的地方—越来越为人接受。国际吉普塞人联盟声称代表30多个国家的吉普塞人，做了几件事：展开自我联合，提出语言标准和书面形式，在联合国进行游说活动时挥动吉普塞国旗，在布鲁塞尔设立办事处，六月在捷克首都布拉格召开会议。第四段集中讲到会上选出了联盟主席。一群选出吉普塞的政治家——国会议员，市长，地方政务委员再次在布拉格开会，会议由欧洲安全合作条约组织召集，来讨论如何动员更多的吉普塞人参政。第五段涉及联盟雄心勃勃的宣布要建立国会，但如何实际操作还未落实。后面主要是外界对吉普塞的态度。第六段描述欧盟委员会在吉普塞作为最大的大陆少数民族，历史上遭到残酷的迫害，应赢得特别承认。19世纪他们横遭奴役，希特勒企图把它们和犹太人一起消灭。第八段讲了欧洲会议中有人提出吉普塞在欧洲机构中应有一席之地，还提议一个常务委员负责吉普塞事务。还有行动筹建建立一所吉普塞大学。后面两段讲的是困难，第九段点出。最后一段指出，现在说他们有人有钱可以组成（国家）为时还早，可是吉普塞是欧盟中日程表上的一个问题，他们日益接近解决。从内部，外部情况分析都说明吉普塞是一个组成国家的民族。全文都是环绕它是不是，该不该承认为民族/国家而写，所以B项他们是不是民族是最佳标题。A.吉普塞要想组成一个国家（民族）。这只是文章涉及到的部分内容，中欧国家想加入欧盟一事可能产生的结果。C.欧盟害怕它们成长。D.他们是一个部落。2. A.最可能是在7世纪从印度流浪到西方。见第1题第二注释。B.他们分散在世界各地。C.可能他们源于中欧。D.他们可能来自国际吉普塞人联盟。3. D.它们在这些国际组织，如欧盟，联合国中进行活动游说要取得一席之地。见第1题第一段，三段注释。A.它们游说活动欧盟和联合国接受他们的要求。太抽象。B.它们活动游说在国际机构取得职位。C.他们游说作为民族的权利。4. C.它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族会提出同样的要求。见难句译注11。A.它可能会打开潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。B.鼓励可能会导致某些意想不到的结果。D.吉普塞的要求会加深欧盟分歧。B,D两项不够明确。5. A.吉普塞人属于不同的，而且常常是对抗的民族的部落，还没有共同的语言和宗教信仰。B.他们领袖很腐败。C.他们潜在的团结来自被人看作是低于人类（次等人）。D.他们有点太讲究实效，B,C,D三项不是主要问题。主要问题是A.项。PassageThree(MethodofScientificInquiry)Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.1. Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis[A].Philosophyofmathematics.[B].TheRecentGrowthinScience.[C].TheVerificationofFacts.[C].MethodsofScientificInquiry.2. Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis[A].thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods.[B].thatitwasanactofGod.[C].thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod.[D].duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod.3. Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”[A].isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation.[B].restsonthesimplicityoftheformer.[C].isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks.[D].helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod.4. Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis[A].aninductivescience.[B].inneedofsimpleverification.[C].adeductivescience.[D].basedonfactandtheory.5. Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled.[A].ametaphor.[B].aparadox.[C].anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods.[D].apun.答案祥解1. D.科学研究/探索的方法。文章一开始就提出问题，为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新，旧方法关系还是其它（见难句译注1，2）。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察，实验；忽略相关事实，推理不慎；不能答出理论的结论，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，通过什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的原因。第四，五段涉及事实和理论的关系。A.数学的哲学，文内没有提。B.近来科学的发展。C.事实的验证，只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。2. B.是上天的安排，这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译注4，第一段最后一句话。A.两个阶段的相似性。.两者都试图应用归纳法。D.由于演绎法的衰落。3. A.后者需要证实。答案在第四，五段，死段试图在事实的对立面和理论，或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭批评。因为，对立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。B.前者简单。C.是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。D.帮助我们了解演绎法，三项都不对。4. C.是推理演绎科学，这个问题常识就能回答。A.归纳法科学。B.需要简单证实。D.基于事实和理论。5. B.是一个悖论，见第四，五段注释。A.比喻。C.对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。D.双关语。PassageFour(ItIsBush)Onthe36thdayaftertheyhadvoted,AmericansfinallylearnedWednesdaywhowouldbetheirnextpresident:GovernorGeorgeW.BushofTexas.VicePresidentAlGore,hislastrealisticavenueforlegalchallengeclosedbyaU.S.SupremeCourtdecisionlateTuesday,plannedtoendthecontestformallyinatelevisedeveningspeechofperhaps10minutes,adviserssaid.TheysaidthatSenatorJosephLieberman,hisvicepresidentialrunningmate,wouldfirstmakebriefcomments.ThemenwouldspeakfromaceremonialchamberoftheOldThedozensofpoliticalworkersandlawyerswhohadhelpedleadMr.Gore’sunprecedentedfighttoclawacome-from-behindelectoralvictoryinthepivotalstateofFloridawerethankedWednesdayandaskedtostanddown.“Thevicepresidenthasdirectedtherecountcommitteetosuspendactivities,”WilliamDaley,theGorecampaignchairman,saidinawrittenstatement.Mr.Goreauthorizedthatstatementaftermeetingwithhiswife,Tipper,andwithtopadvisersincludingMr.Daley.HewasexpectedtotelephoneMr.Bushduringtheday.TheBushcampaignkeptalowprofileandmovedgingerly,asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontemplatehisnextsteps.Yet,attheendofatryingandtumultuousprocessthathadfocusedworldattentiononsleeplessvotecountersacrossFlorida,andoncourtroomsformMiamitoTallahasseetoAtlantatoWashingtontheTexasgovernorwassettobecomethe43dU.S.president.ThenewsofMr.Gore’splansfollowedthelongestandmostrancorousdisputeoveraU.S.presidentialelectioninmorethanacentury,onecertaintoleavescarsinabadlydividedcountry.ItwasabitterendingforMr.Gore,whohadoutpolledMr.Bushnationwidebysome300000votes,but,withoutFlorida,fellshortintheElectoralCollegeby271votesto267—thenarrowestElectoralCollegevictorysincetheturbulentelectionof1876.Mr.GorewassaidtobedistressedbywhatheandmanyDemocraticactivistsfeltwasapartisandecisionfromthenation’shighestcourt.The5-to–4decisionoftheSupremeCourtheld,inessence,thatwhileavoterecountinFloridacouldbeconductedinlegalandconstitutionalfashion,asMr.Gorehadsought,thiscouldnotbedonebytheDec.12deadlineforstatestoselecttheirpresidentialelectors.JamesBaker3rd,theformersecretaryofstatewhorepresentedMr.BushintheFloridadispute,issuedashortstatementaftertheU.S.highcourtruling,sayingthatthegovernorwas“verypleasedandgratified.”Mr.Bushwasplanninganationwidespeechaimedattryingtobegintohealthecountry’sdeep,achingandvarieddivisions.Hethenwasexpectedtomeetwithcongressionalleaders,includingDemocrats.DickCheney,Mr.Bush’sruingmate,wasmeetingwithcongressmenWednesdayinWashington.WhenMr.Bush,whois54,isswornintoofficeonJan.20,hewillbeonlythesecondsonofapresidenttofollowhisfathertotheWhiteHouse,afterJohnAdamsandJohnQuincyAdamsintheearly19thcentury.Mr.Gore,inhisspeech,wasexpectedtothankhissupporters,defendhishive-weekbattleasanefforttoensure,asamatterofprinciple,thateveryvotebecounted,andcallforthenationtojoinbehindthenewpresident.Hewasdescribedbyanaideas“resolvedandresigned.”WhilesomeconstitutionalexpertshadsaidtheybelievedstatescouldpresentelectorsaslateasDec.18,theU.S.highcourtmadeclearthatitsawnosuchleeway.TheU.S.highcourtsentback“forrevision”totheFloridacourtitsorderallowingrecountsbutmadeclearthatforallpracticalpurposestheelectionwasover.Initsunsignedmainopinion,thecourtdeclared,“Therecountprocess,initsfeaturesheredescribed,isinconsistentwiththeminimumproceduresnecessarytoprotectthefundamentalrightofeachvoter.”Thatdecision,byacourtfracturedalongphilosophicallines,leftoneliberaljusticechargingthatthehighcourt’sproceedingsboreapoliticaltaint.JusticeJohnPaulStevenswroteinanangrydissent:”Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’spresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.Itisthenation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianofthelaw.”Butattheendoffiveseeminglyendlessweeks,duringwhichthephysical,legalandconstitutionalmachinesoftheU.S.electionwerepressedandsorelytestedinwaysunseeninmorethanacentury,thesystemfinallyproducedaresult,andonemostAmericansappearedtobewillingatleaseprovisionallytosupport.TheBushteamwelcomedthenewswithanoutwardshowofrestraintandaplomb.Thegovernor’shopeshadrisenandfallensomanytimessinceElectionnight,andthelegalwarriorsofeachsidesufferedthroughsomanydramaticreversals,thattherewaslittleenergyleftforcelebration.1. Themainideaofthispassageis[A].Bush’svictoryinpresidentialelectionboreapoliticaltaint.[B].TheprocessoftheAmericanpresidentialelection.[C].TheSupremeCourtplaysaveryimportantpartinthepresidentialelection.[D].Goreisdistressed.2. Whatdoesthesentence“asiftoleavespaceforMr.Goretocontemplatehisnextstep”mean[A].BushhopesGoretojoinhisadministration.[B].BushhopesGoretoconcededefeatandtosupporthim.[C].BushhopesGoretocongraduatehim.[D].BushhopesGoregoonfightingwithhim.3. Whycouldn’tMr.GorewinthepresidentialelectionafterheoutpolledMr.Bushinthepopularvote?Because[A].theAmericanpresidentisdecidedbythesupremecourt’sdecision.[B].peoplecan’tdirectlyelecttheirpresident.[C].theAmericanpresidentiselectedbyaslateofpresidentialelectors.[D].thepeopleofeachstatesupportMr.Bush.4. Whatwastheresultofthe5—4decisionofthesupremecourt?[A].Itwasinfactforthevoterecount.[B].Ithadnothingtodowiththepresidentialelection.[C].Itdecidedthefateofthewinner.[D].Itwasinessenceagainstthevoterecount.5. Whatdidthe“turbulentelectionof1876”imply?[A].Theprocessofpresidentialelectionof2000wasthesameasthat.[B].Thereweregreatsimilaritiesbetweenthetwopresidentialelections(2000and1876).[C].Itwascomparedtopresidentialelectionof2000.[D].Itwasgivenanexample.答案祥解1. A.布什在总统选举中获胜沾上了政治污点。整篇文章环绕这一点而写。文章一开始就写戈尔在高等法院裁决下退出竞选，再写布什得胜后的低调行动表示对戈尔的期望。仁厚点出271——276选举团票布什的险胜是和全国最高法院的欺诈性裁决有关，这令戈尔痛心疾首，令布什等感恩戴德。最后集中写了高等法院司法程序沾上了政治污点，以及当选之布什的后果——大多数美国人似乎暂时会支持。这一切说明布什胜胜不武，而戈尔却是虽败尤胜。B.美国总统选举过程，文章过程的焦点在布什获胜之因，不单单是过程，故B.项不对。C.高等法院在总统选举中起着重要的作用。其作用是欺诈性裁决，偏袒布什获胜，是政治污点，反映了布什的手段。D.戈尔很难受，这是事实，但不是中心思想。2. B.布什希望戈尔（能退一步）承认失败，并支持他，而戈尔确实是也这样做了。所以他的助手称戈尔为“resolvedandresigned.”坚决而又顺从天命的人。至少在他的演讲中号召人们追随新总统。A.布什希望戈尔参与他的政府。C.布什希望戈尔祝贺他。D.布什希望戈尔继续和他斗下去。3. C.美国的总统由选举团提名选举产生。见难句译注5和6。A.美国总统由高等法院裁决。B.人民不能直接选举总统。这只是第一步的原因，主要原因在C.D.各州人民支持布什。4. D.其结果实质上就是反对重新计票。这在第十二段阐述得很清楚：高等法院5比4之裁决实质上就是重新计票在12月12日州选举总统选举团的最后一天之前是不能进行的，而戈尔曾认为弗罗里达州可以法律和宪法的形式重新计票。总统选举团一产生。总统由选举团提名选举产生，那么重新计票与否对总统选举实际上是毫无作用，所以说5比4裁决12月12日之前……实质上就是反对重新计票。A.其结果实际上是支持重新计票。不对。