亚太工业可持续性指数2023-英

Asia-PacificIndustrialSustainabilityIndex

2023Produced

by

the

Science/AAAS

Custom

Publishing

OfficeTable

of

ContentsExecutive

Summary

31

Focus

on

Industrial

Sustainability

in

the

Asia-Pacific

Region

42

Assessing

Urban

Industry

Sustainability

42.1AnalysisFramework

42.2IndexSystem42.3EvaluationMethodology

62.4SampleSelection63

Evaluation

Results83.1OverallPerformance83.2Drivers

103.3Pressures113.4States123.5Impacts

133.6Responses144

Best

Practices154.1Case1:Seizingopportunityduringcrisis:SanFranciscotechnologyindustryinthepandemic

154.2Case2:Singapore’sgreendatacenterpromotessustainableindustrialdevelopment

164.3Case3:Chongqing’spathof“green+smart”manufacturingtransformation

164.4Case4:Bruneidiversifyingenergystructure,achievingcoordinatedenvironmentalandeconomicdevelopment164.5Case5:Thetwo-waydriveoftheriseofTokyo

industrialclustersandtheagglomerationofindustrialfactors175

Outlook:

Working

together

to

create

a

sustainable

future

for

urban

industries

under

the

influence

of

normalized

uncertainty

17Appendix18AppendixIInstructionsforAdjustmentofIndexSystem

18AppendixIIDataStandardization18AppendixIIIHandlingofMissingDataValues

18Tables

Table

1AP-ISIIndexSystem

3Table

2SubjectsofAP-ISI5Table

3OverallRanking7Table

4InstructionsforAdjustmentofIndexSystem

32Figures

Figure1TheConceptualFrameworkofAP-ISI(DPSIR)

4Figure2First-LevelIndicatorScoresofSomeDevelopedEconomiesin2021

8Figure3First-LevelIndicatorScoresofSomeDevelopingEconomiesin2021

9Figure4First-LevelIndicatorScoresofSomeFrontierEconomiesin2021

9Figure5AP-ISIScoresofDrivers(2021)10Figure6AP-ISIScoresofBasicProductionFactors(2021)10Figure7AP-ISIScoresofAdvancedProductionFactors(2021)10Figure8AP-ISIScoresofPressures(2021)11Figure9AP-ISIScoresofResourceConstraints(2021)11Figure10AP-ISIScoresofEnvironmentalCapacities(2021)11Figure11AP-ISIScoresofStates

(2021)

12Figure12AP-ISIScoresofIndustrialScales(2021)

12Figure13AP-ISIScoresofIndustrialStructures(2021)12Figure14AP-ISIScoresofImpacts(2021)13Figure15AP-ISIScoresofEconomicGrowth(2021)

13Figure16AP-ISIScoresofSocialWell-Being(2021)13Figure17AP-ISIScoresofEcosystems(2021)14Figure18AP-ISIScoresofResponses(2021)14Figure19AP-ISIScoresofBusinessEnvironments(2021)14Figure20AP-ISIScoresofInternationalCommunications(2021)15Figure21AP-ISIScoresofUrbanGovernances(2021)15AcknowledgmentsWehavereceived

strongsupportfrommanyinstitutions,academicexperts,andscholars,athomeandabroad,duringtheprocessofresearchingandcompilingtheAP-ISI2023Index.Weare

grateful

fortheguidanceandsupportofViolantediCanossa,headofResearchandPolicy

Team

ofUNDPChina;DongWang,

director

forSDGLocalization

programmeinChina;andSiqiZheng,STLChampionProfessorofUrbanandReal

EstateSustainabilityatDepartmentofUrbanStudiesandPlanningofMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyanddirectorofeconomicsattheCrawfordSchoolofPublicPolicy

attheAustralianNationalUniversity.EmeritusProfessorPeterDrysdaleandFrank

Jotzo,

headofEnergywiththeAustralianNationalUniversityInstitute

for

Climate,EnergyandDisasterSolutions,alsoprovidedadviceandsupportforthisproject.WearealsopleasedtoacknowledgethesupportofTsinghua

University.Allerrorsremainourown.1ContributorsAsia-PacificIndustrialSustainabilityIndex2023Advisory

CommitteeChairLan

XueDistinguishedProfessorofArts,HumanitiesandSocialSciences;DeanofSchwarzmanCollege;JointChairpersonoftheAcademicCommitteeoftheCenterforIndustrialDevelopmentandEnvironmentalGovernance(CIDEG),TsinghuaUniversity;ChiefExpertof“SustainableChinaIndustryDevelopmentInitiative2022”Committee

Members

(in

alphabetical

order

by

last

name)Peter

DrysdaleEmeritusProfessorofEconomics,HeadoftheEastAsianBureauofEconomicResearchandEastAsiaForum,CrawfordSchoolofPublicPolicy,AustralianNationalUniversityDong

GuoShaoqing

HuangLi

JiangAssociateProfessor,DirectoroftheEarthInstituteChinaInitiative,ColumbiaUniversityProfessor,AntaiCollegeofEconomicsandManagement,ShanghaiJiaoTong

UniversityExecutiveSecretaryGeneral,APECChinaBusinessCouncilYabin

WuDaojiong

ZhaJuwang

ZhuDirector,InvestmentandTechnologyPromotionOffice,UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(Beijing,China)Professor,SchoolofInternationalStudies;InstituteofSouth-SouthCooperationandDevelopment,PekingUniversityDirector,PublicAdministrationandDevelopmentManagementDivisionat

theDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,UnitedNationsXufeng

ZhuProfessor,ExecutiveDeanofSchoolofPublicPolicy&Management;ExecutiveDirectorofInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentGoals,TsinghuaUniversityResearch

teamLead

ScientistLing

ChenAssociateProfessor,SchoolofPublicPolicy&Management,TsinghuaUniversity,Director,TsinghuaCIDEGTeam

MembersZixuan

HanLe

XuPostdoctoralResearcher,TsinghuaCIDEGResearchAssistant,TsinghuaCIDEGXianglong

DengXiaopeng

SunRong

ZuoResearchAssistant,TsinghuaCIDEGProjectManager,TsinghuaCIDEGDepartmentofInnovation,Entrepreneurship,andPublicPolicy,HongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyChineseAcademyofInternationalTrade

andEconomicCooperation,MinistryofCommerce,InstituteofIndustrialInternationalizationStrategyChunyi

ZhanData

SupportYuChengYing

HuangQiankun

WangSiyuan

ChenJiaqing

WangYuchen

LiuDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TsinghuaUniversityCenterforScienceEducationManagementandEvaluation(CSEME),WuhanUniversityCenterforScienceEducationManagementandEvaluation(CSEME),WuhanUniversityCenterforScienceEducationManagementandEvaluation(CSEME),WuhanUniversityDepartmentofPoliticalScience,CentralEuropeanUniversityChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLawYuan

TongJunhui

MaTsinghuaUniversityDepartmentofEconomics,WuhanUniversityYuqin

LeiDepartmentofEconomics,WuhanUniversityProject

CoordinationShali

PanDirectoroftheAdministrativeOffice,TsinghuaCIDEGFangfang

LiWei

ZhangYiwei

ZhangExecutiveAssistantto

theDirector,TsinghuaCIDEGDirector,LiaisonOffice,APECChinaBusinessCouncilSecretariatAPECChinaBusinessCouncilSecretariatContent

EditorJackie

OberstAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceLayout

DesignJeremy

HuntsingerSuggested

CitationCenterforIndustrialDevelopmentandEnvironmentalGovernance(CIDEG),TsinghuaUniversity.Asia-PacificIndustrialSustainabilityIndex(2023).2ExecutiveSummaryIn

2023,

the

world

is

still

in

an

era

of

multiple

uncertainties

such

as

geopolitics,

COVID-19,

and

technological

transformation.

Startingin

2022,

the

Center

for

Industrial

Development

and

Environmental

Governance

(CIDEG)

of

Tsinghua

University

and

the

Asia-PacificEconomic

Cooperation

(APEC)

China

Business

Council

have

jointly

developed

the

Asia-Pacific

Industrial

Sustainability

Index

(AP-ISI).For

the

first

time,

this

index

system

maps

sustainability

to

the

industrial

development

level

in

urban

space,

focusing

on

the

systematiccoordination

of

nature,

economy,

and

society

in

urban

industrial

development.

It

also

guides

economies

and

regions

around

the

worldto

promote

sustainable

development

practices

based

on

industry.Asia-Pacificcitiesaregatheringhubsforglobalmanufacturing.TheindustrialsustainabilityofAsia-Pacificcitiesiscloselyrelatedto

globalsupplychainresilience.TheAP-ISI2023reportcontinuesto

focusonthesustainableconstructionprocessofurbanindustriesintheAsia-Pacificregion.Throughanalyzingthestatusandtrendsofsustainableurbanindustryconstructionwithextensiveradiatingeffects,thereportaccuratelypresentstheoverallindustrydevelopmenttrends,advancements,andtheperformanceofsustainabledevelopmentprocessesintheAsia-Pacificregionandthoseoftheworld.outstandingperformanceinbasicproductionfactorssuchaslaborsupplyandcapitalstock.CitiesindevelopedeconomiessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanhavesignificantadvantagesinadvancedproductionfactorssuchasdigitalizationandtechnologicalinnovation.Ontheoveralltrend,COVID-19haspromotedthedevelopmentofhigh-techindustries,suchasbiopharmaceuticalsandinternetcommunications,andhasdriventhegrowthofadvancedproductionfactors.Second,as

Asia-Pacific

cities’

industrial

resource

constraints

andenvironmental

capacities

increase,

effective

ways

to

coordinateenvironmental

and

economic

development

must

be

actively

exploredin

the

post-pandemic

era.Smallislanddevelopingeconomiesperformwellintermsofresourceandenvironmentalconstraints,astheyhavelargespacesforindustrialconstruction,abundantmarineresources,andrichecologicalvegetation.Therefore,theyalsohavegreatpotentialtodevelopasustainableecologicaleconomy.Developedeconomiesanddevelopingeconomiesarefacinggreaterpressureintermsofresourceandenvironmentalconstraints.Itisnecessaryto

limiteconomicandsocialactivitieswithintheboundariesoftheirresourcesandenvironmentalconstraintsthroughscientificindustriallayout,efficientutilization,andoptimizationofresourceallocation.AP-ISI2023selected50citiesintheAsia-Pacificregion

,coveringdeveloped,1developing,andfrontiereconomiesto

evaluatetheirindustrialsustainabilityperformancefrom2017to

2021.Theevaluationresultsfor2021areasfollows:The

top

10

cities

in

the

overall

AP-ISI

ranking

are,

in

order:

Tokyo;

SanFrancisco;NewYork

City;Singapore;Beijing;Seoul;Shenzhen;HongKong,China;Philadelphia;andDallasThe

top

10

cities

in

order

of

AP-ISI

production

factor

supply

(drivers)are:

Tokyo;

Shenzhen;Seoul;Guangzhou;Hangzhou;Suzhou;Beijing;Chengdu;Shanghai;andYokohamaThe

top

10

cities

of

AP-ISI

in

terms

of

resources

and

environmentalconstraints

(pressures)

are:

Fiji;BruneiDarussalam;Laos;Papua

NewGuinea;

Auckland;Chongqing;Chengdu;

Timor-Leste;

Hangzhou;andWashington,

D.C.Third,

Asia-Pacific

cities

have

varying

degrees

of

industrial

development.A

rationalizedandadvanced

industrial

structurewillbethekey

to

maintainingeconomicandsocialresilience.Developedeconomieshavelarge

industrialscalesandgenerallyhavestrong

capability

to

optimize

industrial

structureallocation.

However,somedevelopingandfrontiereconomieshaveweakeconomic

foundations,

relativelysingleindustrial

structures,andare

moresensitivetotheexternalenvironment,therefore

upgrading

industrialstructuresisurgentlyneeded.IntermsofoveralltrendsofindustrialdevelopmentinAsia-Pacificregions,whileCOVID-19hashada

strong

impactontraditional

industrial

manufacturingandserviceindustries,thepandemichasalsocreatedopportunitiesfornew

digital

economydevelopment.The

top

10

cities

in

order

of

AP-ISI

industry

development

level

(states)are:

Tokyo;

ChineseTaipei;

Singapore;Seoul;Beijing;NewYork

City;SanFrancisco;Dallas;HongKong,China;andBangkokThe

top

10

cities

in

order

of

economic-social-ecological

effects

(impacts)of

AP-ISI

are:

SanFrancisco;Singapore;Macao;NewYork

City;LosAngeles;Timor-Leste;Washington,D.C.;Dallas;Philadelphia;andChicagoThe

top

10

cities

in

AP-ISI

response

ranking

are:

NewYork

City;Toronto;MexicoCity;HongKong,China;LosAngeles;SanFrancisco;Shanghai;Beijing;Dallas;andSeoulFourth,the

impact

of

industrial

development

in

Asia-Pacific

cities

hasgradually

been

back

on

track

in

the

post-pandemic

era.Citiesinvariouseconomieshavealsocontinuedto

paymoreattentionto

andpromotethecoordinateddevelopmentofeconomy,society,andenvironment.In2021,theAsia-Pacificregionhasenteredanormalizationstage

ofthepandemic.Theimpactofindustrialdevelopmentoneconomic–social–ecologicalsystemchangeshasgraduallyrecoveredsinceCOVID-19.Developedcitieshavetheupperhandineconomicandsocialresilience,whilesmallislandeconomieshavebetterecologicalperformance.Judgingfromthetrend,somedevelopingeconomiesandfrontiereconomieshavegraduallyplacedmoreemphasisonimprovingurbanwelfare,strengtheningemergencymanagementcapabilities,andtransitioningto

cleanenergy.TheAP-ISIreportcombinesassessmentresultsandcasepracticesinpromotingsustainableindustrialdevelopmentanddrawsthefollowingmainconclusions:Firstandforemost,the

growth

rate

of

basic

production

factors

such

asindustrial

labor

and

capital

in

Asia-Pacific

cities

has

slowed

down

whileadvanced

production

factors

such

as

technological

innovation

anddigitalization

technology

have

maintained

growth.Thetransformationofindustrialstructurehasusheredinahistoricopportunity.CitiesindevelopingeconomiessuchasChina,Indonesia,andMalaysiahave1Thisreportassessescities,butwhenanalyzingthefiveeconomiesofPapuaNewGuinea,Laos,Timor-Leste,Fiji,andBruneiDarussalam,thepopulationinmajorcitiesintheseregionsaremuchsmaller.Thereisalsoalotofmissingdatainmajorcities.Thereportthusdirectlyassessestheseeconomiesanduseseconomy-leveldataaccordingly.3ExecutiveSummaryAsia-PacificIndustrialSustainabilityIndex2023the

industrial

response

capabilities

of

Asia-Pacific

cities

haveemissionsbybalancingthoseemissionssotheyareequal(orlessthan)theemissionsthatget

removedthroughtheplanet’snaturalabsorption;inbasictermsitmeanswereduceouremissionsthroughclimateaction.”]

andclimategovernance.AlthoughCOVID-19hasobjectivelyrestrictedtherapiddevelopmentofthebusinesslegalenvironment,entrepreneurialactivity,andurbangovernancelevels,theperformanceinresponseofcitiesinalleconomieshasreturnedto

pre-pandemiclevelsin2021.continued

to

improve,

and

they

have

strong

resilience

in

the

face

ofexternal

shocks.From2017to

2021,theoverallbusinessenvironmentintheAsia-Pacifichasgraduallyimproved,internationalcommunicationsandcooperationhavestrengthened,infrastructureconstructionhasdevelopedsteadily,andclimategovernancecapabilitieshavecontinuedto

improve.Somedevelopingeconomieshaveemphasizedcarbonneutrality[asdefinedbytheUnitedNationsas“theideaofachievingnetzerogreenhousegas1Focus

on

Industrial

Sustainability

in

Asia-PacificCitiesAP-ISI2023focusesoncitiesfromAsia-Pacificeconomies.EconomiesintheAsia-Pacificregionaretheworld’smostimportantcontributorsto

industrialdevelopmentandthemainsourcesofpollutants.TheobservationofurbanindustrysustainabilityintheAsia-Pacificregionwillbeaconcentratedreflectionoftheglobalsustainabilityconstructionprocess.At

thesametime,notonlydevelopedeconomieswillshouldertheresponsibilityforachievingsustainabletransformationwhenrealizingsustainabledevelopmentgoals.Othereconomiesshouldalsoshoulderresponsibilitiesbasedontheircapabilitiesandformulatetheirownpathto

achievesustainabledevelopmentbasedontheirowncircumstances.Therefore,thisreportadoptsamorerefinedmethodto

classifytheeconomiesto

whichcitiesbelongandincludesmorecitiesfromlessdevelopedeconomiesintheAsia-Pacificregionassamples.Thisreportthusincludesawiderrangeofregionsandmorediversetypesofresearchobservationsto

formacross-regionalcomparisonofcharacteristicsandacollectionofexperiences.2Assessing

UrbanIndustry

Sustainability2.1

Analysis

Framework2.2

Index

SystemTheindexsystemofAP-ISI2023adoptstheDPSIRframework(Figure1),andoptimizesthethree-levelindicatorsbasedonAP-ISI2022(seeAppendixIfordetails).TheindexsystemofAP-ISI2023includesfivefirst-levelindexesofdrivers,pressures,states,impacts,andresponses,12secondaryindexes,and25tertiaryindexes(Table

1).vIndustrySustainabilityFigure

1.

The

Conceptual

Framework

of

AP-ISI

(DPSIR).42Assessing

Urban

Industry

SustainabilityTable

1.

Index

SystemLevel

1

Indexes(Weight)Level

2

Indexes(Weight)Level

3

Indexes(Weight)FinalweightingDefinition

and

selection

of

indexesData

SourcesBureau

ofStatistics

orStatisticalYearbook;

WorldBank;OECD;Laborforceparticipationrate,i.e.,theratiooftheeconomicallyactivepopulationtotheworking-agepopulationA11.Laborsupply(50%)A12.Capitalstock(50%)4%4%International

LaborOrganization

(ILO)A1.Basicproductionfactors(40%)RatioofcapitalstocktoGDPwherecapitalstockisthetotalamountofcapitalintheeconomyandsocietyatapointintimeInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)DerwentInnovationA

Drivers(20%)Numberofpatents

permillionpeople.Thenumberofpatentsrefers

to

thenumberofnewapplications

for

inventionpatentsthrough

thePatent

Cooperation

Treaty

inthesameyearA21.Technologicalinnovation(50%)6%6%A2.Advancedproductionfactors(60%)TheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)A22.Digitalizationlevel(50%)Fixedbroadbandsubscriptionsper100peopleRenewableshare(modernrenewables)infinalenergyconsumptionB11.Energyuse(50%)B12.Landuse(50%)4%4%4%InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)OpenStreetMapB1.Resourceconstraints(40%)TheshareofbuiltdistrictinurbanareaRatioofforestedareatototallandareaB

Pressures(20%)B21.Forestcoverage(33.3%)GlobalForestWatchB2.Environmentalcapacities(60%)B22.Soilcarboncontent(33.3%)FoodandArgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations4%4%AmountoforganiccarbonperunitofsoilThedegreeofcleanorpollutedairmeasuredbytheamountofparticulatematter2.5(PM2.5)perunitofairB23.Airqualityindex(33.3%)IQAirUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationCIPIndexDatabaseC11.Percapitaindustrialvalueadded(50%)5%IndustrialvalueaddedgeneratedperpersonC1.Industrialscale(50%)C12.Emergingindustry(50%)5%5%5%Total

revenueforlistedneweconomycompaniesShareoftheGDPgeneratedbyserviceindustryMedium-andhigh-techmanufacturingvalueaddedOsiris,GlobalCompanyDataC

States(20%)C21.Serviceindustryshare(50%)BureauofStatisticsorStatisticalYearbookC2.Industrialstructure(50%)C22.High-techindustryshare(50%)WorldBank;OECD-GREDBureauofStatisticsorStatisticalYearbookD11.PercapitalGDP(50%)D12.GDPgrowth(50%)4%4%GrossdomesticproductpercapitaGDPgrowthrateD1.Economicgrowth(40%)BureauofStatisticsorStatisticalYearbookProportionofnewlyemployedpersonsinthecurrentperiodrelativetothenumberofpersonsemployedintheperviousperiodBureauofStatisticsorStatisticalYearbookD21.New

employments(50%)D22.Ginicoefficient(50%)3%D2.Socialwell-being(30%)D

Impacts(20%)ThefairnessofincomedistributionaccordingtotheLorenzcurvedefinitionBureauofStatisticsorStatisticalYearbook3%3%D31.TerminalCO

emissionsCO2

emissionsfromfuelcombustionforelectricityandheating2InternationalEnergyAgencyOceanHealthIndex(50%)pertotalelectricityoutput(MtCO

/TWh)2D3.Ecosystem(30%)Thedegreetowhichoceanregionsarefreeofcontaminantssuchaschemicals,eutrophication,harmfulalgalblooms,diseasepathogens,andtrashD32.Oceanhealthindex(50%)3%LawyersAssociationorJusticeBureauE11.Legalenvironment(50%)3%3%3%3%NumberofpracticinglawyerspermillionpeopleNumberofunicorncompaniesE1.Businessenvironment(30%)E12.Entrepreneurialactivity(50%)CBInsights;Hurun'sGlobalUnicornIndexE21.Cross-bordermobility(50%)Numberofinternationalflights,i.e.,thenumberofdirectinternationalflightsthatoriginateandendinthatcityOAGE2.Internationalcommunications(30%)E

Responses(20%)Thesumofexportsandimportsofgoodsandservices,dividedbythegrossdomesticproductE22.Internationaltrade(50%)OECD;IMF;WorldBankCitycongestionfactor,

i.e.,abaselineofa30-minutetripinacitywithoutcongestions,congestionlevel=(actualtimespentfora30-minutetrip-30minutes)/30minutes)E31.Infrastructuredevelopment(50%)4%4%TOMTOME3.Urbangovernance(40%)Carbonemissionstradingsystemandcarbontaximplementation,implementationtime,andlevelE32.Carbonregulation(50%)CarbonPricingDashboard52Assessing

Urban

Industry

SustainabilityAsia-PacificIndustrialSustainabilityIndex20232.3

Evaluation

MethodologyRegardingindexweightingandevaluationmethods,thisreportcombinestheDelphimethodandhierarchicalanalysisto

assignweightsto

thecomprehensiveindexsystem.Theweightsofindexesat

eachlevelaredetailedinTable

1.Inthestandardizationprocess,thisreportchosethemin-maxstandardizationmethodto

normalizethedata.Amongthem,B12,B23,D22,D31,E31arenegativeindicators.Forthis,weperformednegativeprocessingto

ensurethattheirscoresandrankingswereconsistentwiththepositiveindicators.ThestandardizationandnegativeprocessingalgorithmsareshowninAppendixII.Itisworthnotingthattheissueofmissingdataisoneofthemainchallengesincompilingindexesofsustainabledevelopmentofurbanindustries.Thecurrentmissingurbandataundereachindexprimarilyfallsunderthemissingcompletelyat

random(MCAR)category.To

mitigatethepotentialimpactofmissingdataonthisstudy,weselectedK-meansclusteringmethod,LOCF(Lastobservationcarriedforward),andNOCF(Nextobservationcarriedforward)tominimizetheerrorinducedbydataimputation.SeeAppendixIIIforspecifichandlingmethods.2.4

Sample

SelectionAP-ISI2023assessmenttargetsatotal

of50citiesin30economiesintheAsia-Pacificregion.NeweconomiesandcitiesincludeDhaka,Yangon,

Santiago,Cambodia,Laos,andTimor-Leste(Table

2).Thisreportrefersto

theUnitedNations2andMSCIclassificationstandards

anddivideseconomiesintheAsia-Pacificregionintodevelopedeconomies,3developingeconomies,andfrontiereconomiesbasedontheirdevelopmentlevelandgeographicallocation.Therearethreemajorcategoriesofeconomies,amongwhichfrontiereconomiesincludesmallislanddevelopingeconomies,landlockeddevelopingeconomies,andleast-developedeconomies.Theindustrialsustainabilityofthethreeeconomytypeshasdifferentcharacteristicsdueto

significantdifferencesinresourceendowmentsandindustrialstructures.Theaboveclassificationwillhelplocalgovernments,industrialinvestors(enterprises),andresidentsofeacheconomyto

accuratelyfindreferenceobjectsandlearnfromexperience.Table

2.

Subjects

of

AP-ISIEconomyCityTypeChinaShanghaiDevelopingeconomyChinaChinaBeijingShenzhenGuangzhouChongqingChengduDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyDevelopedeconomyChinaChinaChinaChinaSuzhouChinaHangzhouMumbaiMADelhiIndiaIndiaIndiaBangaloreNewYorkCityLosAngelesChicagoTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesTheUnitedStatesSanFranciscoWashington,D.C.DallasHoustonPhiladelphia2UnitedNations.[2021].WorldEconomicSituationandProspects2022./development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2022_ANNEX.pdfMSCI.[2023].MSCI2023GlobalMarketAccessibilityReviewReport./documents/1296102/d83f6958-4cb1-899e-4991-b0af9da72715362Assessing

Urban

Industry

SustainabilityEconomyIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaBangladeshRussiaCityJakartaTypeDevelopingeconomySurabayaMedanDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyDhakaDevelopingeconomyMoscowDevelopingeconomyMexicoMexicoCityTokyoDevelopingeconomyJapanDevelopedeconomyJapanOsakaDevelopedeconomyJapanYokohamaQuezonDevelopedeconomyPhilippinesVietnamDevelopingeconomyHoChiMinhCityBangkokDevelopingeconomyThailandDevelopingeconomyMyanmarRepublicofKoreaCanadaYangonLeastdevelopedeconomyDevelopingeconomySeoulTorontoDevelopedeconomyPeruLimaDevelopingeconomyMalaysiaKualaLumpurSydneyDevelopingeconomyAustraliaDevelopedeconomyChineseTaipeiChileChineseTaipeiSantiagoDevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyCambodiaPapuaNewGuinea*HongKong,ChinaLaos*PhnomPenhPapuaNewGuineaHongKong,ChinaLaosLeastdevelopedeconomySmallislanddevelopingeconomyDevelopingeconomyLandlockeddevelopingeconomy,leastdevelopedeconomyDevelopingeconomySingapore*NewZealandMongoliaTimor-Leste*Fiji*SingaporeAucklandUlaanbaatarTimor-LesteFijiDevelopedeconomyLandlockeddevelopingeconomySmallislanddevelopingeconomy,leastdevelopedeconomySmallislanddevelopingeconomyDevelopedeconomyMacaoMacaoBruneiDarussalam*BruneiDarussalamDevelopingeconomy*Note:(1)TherearedifficultiesincollectingurbandataineconomiessuchasPapuaNewGuinea,Laos,Timor-Leste,Fiji,andBruneiDarussalam.Theentireeconomyisthususedastheassessmentobjectinthiscase.(2)Singaporeisacity-state,sotheentireeconomyisusedastheassessmentobj