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WhatisF1EthicsinWhatisF1EthicsinImprovingpersonaleffectivenessHumanresourcemanagementCorporategovernanceandinternalcontrolsystemOrganizationalstructure,functionsandcultureThebusinessorganization,itsstakeholdersandtheexternalenvironment(A)PartBusinessPartBusinessorganization,itsstakeholdersandtheexternalenvironmentChapterMacro-ChapterMacro-Learning••Learning••••Fourobjectivesofmacro-economicpolicyCircularflowofincomeandexpenditureFiscalpolicyMonetary1Definitionofmacro1Definitionofmacro–Macro–Itisthestudyoftheaggregatedeffectofthedecisionsofindividualeconomicunits(suchashouseholdsorbusinesses).Itlooksatacompletenationaleconomy,ortheinternationaleconomicsystemasaMicro-Macro-2Fourobjectivesof2Fourobjectivesofmacro–economic“4toachieveabalancetocontrol2.1TocontrolØInflationisan2.1TocontrolØInflationisanincreaseinpricelevelsØItmeansthedeclineinthepurchasingpowerof2.1Tocontrola)InfluencesofRedistribution2.1Tocontrola)InfluencesofRedistributionofincomeandQuestion:inflationbenefitsPayables?BalanceofpaymentsQuestion:inflationbenefitsImporter?UncertaintyofthevalueofmoneyandpricesDecliningofpurchasingpowerofResourcecostsofchangingE.g.substantiallabortimeisspentonplanningandimplementingpricechangesEconomicgrowthandDetrimentaltoacountry'seconomicgrowth,butmildinflationisdesirable2.1Tocontrolb)Measurements2.1Tocontrolb)Measurementsofa.RetailPricesIndexRPI)TheunderlyingrateofRPIX=RPI-mortgageRPIY=RPIX-salesb.ConsumerPricesIndexCPI=RPI-housingcosts消费物价指2.1Tocontrolc)2.1Tocontrolc)Causesofa.Demandpullb.Costpushc.Importcostpushd.e.ExcessivegrowthinmoneyExercise1–Exercise1–LevelWhichofthefollowingorganisationsmightbenefitfromaperiodofhighpriceAnorganisationwhichhasalargenumberoflong-termAnexporterofgoodstoacountrywithrelativelylowAsupplierofgoodsinamarketwhereconsumersarehighlypriceAlargeretailerwithahighlevelofinventoryondisplayandlowrateofinventory2.2TopromotefullNumber2.2TopromotefullNumberof×ConsequencesofLossofoutput/humanIncreasinginequalitiesinthedistributionofincomeSocialcosts/Increasedburdenofwelfare2.2Topromotefull•2.2Topromotefull••••SchoolleaverswithoutajobOthersrejoiningtheworkforcebuthavingnojobout•••FindingLaid-offworkersbeingre-employedStoppingsearchingforwork2.2Topromotefulla)Typesof2.2Topromotefulla)Typesof1RealwagepowerofunionskeepsthewagesartificiallyhighreducingnumberofSMinimumED0Quantityof2.2Topromotefull2.2Topromotefulla)Typesof2Shorttermdelaysintransferringfromonejobtoanother;difficultyinmatchingworkerswithjobs(oftenduetoinformationasymmetry)3Relatedtopredictablecyclesindemandandoftenoccurincertainindustries:tourism;4Structuraleconomicchange;longterm;closingorscalingdownofentire5Atypeofstructural6Relatedtobusiness2.2TopromotefullBusiness2.2TopromotefullBusiness2.2TopromotefullBusiness2.2TopromotefullBusinessFallingdemand,companiesscaledownoutput,unemploymentrises,householdconsumptiondecreases.BLowbusinessconfidence,heavyunemployment,lowaggregatedemand.CCouldbeduetonewtechnology,economypicksup,demandincreases,firmsstarttoinvest,reductioninunemployment,risingincomes.DEconomyisreachingitfullcapacity,shortagesarepossible,thesearemetbyincreasesinpricesratherthanproduction.2.2Topromote2.2Topromotefullb)MeasurestoreduceunemploymentØSpendingmoremoneydirectlyonØEncouraginggrowthintheprivatesectoroftheØEncouragingtraininginjobØOfferinggrantassistancetoØEncouraginglabourØAbolishingminimumwageJobcreation≠ReducingExercise2–Exercise2–LevelWhichofthefollowingisanexampleofcyclicalATheentryofschoolleaversintothelaborpooleachyearBLay-offsamongagriculturallaborersinwinterCAutomationofticketingservicesinDRecessioninthebuilding2.3ToachieveeconomicHowto2.3ToachieveeconomicHowtomeasureeconomicGDP:GrossdomesticGNP:GrossnationalTypesofeconomicActualeconomicgrowth:determinedbyADandPotentialeconomicgrowth:determinedby①②③üFactorsaffectingeconomicNaturalresourcesExternaltradeTechnologicalprogressCapitalsavingLaborExercise3–Exercise3–Level......economicgrowthisdeterminedbysupply-sideratherthanbydemandsideWhichwordcorrectlycompletesthisAC2.3ToachieveeconomicEffectsofeconomic2.3ToachieveeconomicEffectsofeconomicHigherincomeperFasterusageofnaturalHigherlevelofIncreasingBetterstandardofIncreasingstructuralProvidebetterwelfareIntheshortrun,acutin2.3Toachieveeconomic2.3ToachieveeconomicØFactorsaffectingtheAggregatesupplyandaggregateØMultiplier:Increaseinnationalincome=InitialDeterminantsofthenationalFullemploymentnationalincomeitwillbereachedifthereisfullemploymentwhereAD=AS.(ideal)3Inflationarygap(通胀缺口):fullemployment;AD>ASDeflationarygap(通缩缺口)unemployment;pricesfairlyconstant;ASchangesasADStagflation(滞涨)highunemployment;highinflation;loweconomicExercise4–Exercise4–LevelWhatisthesituationwheretheincreaseindemandwillcauseincreaseinoutputratherincreaseinFullemploymentnationalInflationaryExercise5–LevelNorthland,Southland,EastlandandWestlandarefourcountriesofAsia.TheExercise5–LevelNorthland,Southland,EastlandandWestlandarefourcountriesofAsia.Thefollowingeconomicstatisticshavebeenproducedfortheyear2007.WhichcountryexperiencedstagflationintherelevantBSouthlandCEastlandDChangeinGDP--Balanceofpaymentsincurrentaccount($m)--ChangeinconsumerpricesChangeinworkingpopulationemployed(%)--2.4Toachievebalance2.4ToachievebalanceofCapitalaccount:publicsectorflowsofcapitalintoandoutofthecountry(E.ernmentCurrentaccountTradeingoodsandservices(surplusorInterestpaymentsto/fromnon-governmentalbodiesinothercountriesIncomefromresidentsemployedinothercountriesExercise6–Exercise6–LevelWhichofthefollowingisnotconsistedinthecurrentaccountofaTradeingoodsandForeigngovernmentInterestreceivedfromcapitalinvestmentDonationsabroadbynon-government2.4Toachievebalance2.4ToachievebalanceofEquilibriuminthebalanceofüExchangerateremainsüTheannualtradeofgoodsandservicesisinoverallbalanceoveraperiodofØØCurrencywillØØcurrencywill3Circularflowof3CircularflowofincomeandFactorsofGoods&3Circularflowofincome3CircularflowofincomeandGovernment3Circular3CircularflowofincomeandWhatshouldwedoifthecircleistooExercise7–Exercise7–LevelWhichofthefollowingisnotawithdrawaltothecircularof4Twotypesof4Twotypesofgovernmentmacro–economic(1)FiscalFiscalPublicPublic4Fiscalbudget预4Fiscalbudget预算赤budget预算盈<Deliberatepolicy>PSDR：PublicSectorDebt公共部门债务偿PSNCR=PSBR=-Exercise8–Exercise8–LevelWhichofthefollowingisassociatedwithanegativePublicSectorNetCashThegovernmentisrunningabudgetThegovernment’sexpenditureexceedsitsThegovernmentisrunningabudgetPublicSectorDebtRepayment(PSDR)is4.1Fiscal4.1Fiscalpolicy–Governmental4.1Fiscalpolicy–4.1Fiscalpolicy–GovernmentalReduceüIncreaseüReduceüDecreaseüIncreaseFiscalpolicyStimulateExercise9–Exercise9–LevelWhentheeconomyisintherecoverystageofthebusinesscycle,whichtypeofpolicyisBudgetIncreasetaxation,reduceReducingtaxation,reduceReducingtaxation,increasing4.2Fiscalpolicy4.2Fiscalpolicy–a)FunctionsofØToraiserevenuesfortheTopricecertainproductstotakeintoaccounttheirsocialcostsToredistributeincomeandwealthToprotectindustriesfromforeign4.2Fiscalpolicy–b)Types4.2Fiscalpolicy–b)TypesofincometaxinheritancecollectedbytheRevenueauthorityviaathirdparty specifictax advaloremtax4.2Fiscalpolicy–b)4.2Fiscalpolicy–b)Typesoftakesahigherproportionofapoorperson'ssalarythanofarichperson'stakesahigherproportionofincomeintaxasincomerisestakesthesameproportionofincomeintaxfromalllevelsofincome5MonetaryMonetary5MonetaryMonetaryMoneyInterestExchangeCredit5MonetaryI.MoneyIncrease5MonetaryI.MoneyIncreaseinthemoneysupply:toincreasethedemand