新编英语教程6 Unit 2 西工大

UnitTwoTextITheFineArtofPuttingThingsOff

推迟的艺术II.DictionaryWork1.coolone’sheels(l.3):beforcedtowait;bekeptwaiting2.attestto(l.4):(v.)testifyto;serveasanevidencetoaffirm/tobeproofof证实,证明3.apocalyptic(l.13):(adj.)forebodingimminentdisasterorfinaldoom预示灾难或最后毁灭的4.proconsul(l.24):(n.)anadministratorinacolonyusuallywithwidepowers地方总督5.ruminate(l.24):(v.)gooverinthemindrepeatedlyandoftenslowly反刍,沉思6.nattering(l.25):(adj.)chattering;hence,noisy;natter:v.chatter;totalkforalongtime,especiallyaboutunimportantthings唠叨；闲聊

7.echelon(l.33):(n.)rank,level等级，阶层8.fortify(l.35):(v.)encourage;support鼓励；支持9.reappraisal(l.41):(n.)re-evaluation10.academe(l.47):(n.)theacademiccommunity;academics学术界；学术11.shrink(l.53):(slang)(n.)psychoanalystorpsychiatrist心理分析学者或神经科医生12.subliminal(l.59):(adj.)existingorfunctioningoutsidetheareaofconsciousawareness潜意识的13.Truism(l.62):(n.)anundoubtedorself-evidenttruth不言而喻的道理；自明之理14.mellowandmarinate(l.67):(v.)tomellowistobecomeripeorfullydeveloped,andthemarinateistosteep(浸,泡)(meat,fish)inasavorysaucetoenrichitsflavor;here,ripenandmature成熟及完善III.LibraryWork1.Chesterfield

PhilipDormerStanhope,4thEarl(伯爵)ofChesterfield,(1694-1773),Englishstatesman,oratorandauthor.Hisliteraryreputationrestsuponhisletterstohisillegitimateson(私生子),PhilipStanhope,whowasborninHollandin1732.Theletters,filledwithwitandworldlywisdom,werepublishedunderthetitleLetterstoHisSonandLetterstoHisGodson(1774).Chesterfield'sfameasamanoflettersrestsuponaseriesofletters,publishedafterhisdeath,thatgiveafaithfulaccountofthemannersandcustomsofaristocraticsocietyin18th-centuryEngland,writteninagracefulandwittystyle.

Myobjectistohaveyoufittolife;which,ifyouarenot,Idonotdesirethatyoushouldliveatall.’SowroteLordChesterfieldinoneofthemostcelebratedandcontroversialcorrespondencesbetweenafatherandhisson.Chesterfieldwrotealmostdailytohisnaturalson,Philip,from1737onwards,providinghimwithinstructioninetiquetteandtheworldlyarts.Praisedintheirdayasacompletemanualofeducation,anddespisedbySamuelJohnsonforteaching‘themoralsofawhoreandthemannersofadancingmaster’,theselettersreflectthepoliticalcraftofaleadingstatesman,andtheurbanewitofamanwhoassociatedwithPope,Addison,andSwift.ThelettersrevealChesterfield’spoliticalcynicismandhisbeliefthathiscountryhad‘alwaysbeengovernedbytheonlytwoorthreepeople,outoftwoorthreemillions,totallyincapableofgoverning’,aswellashisviewsongoodbreeding.Notoriginallyintendedforpublication,thisentertainingcorrespondenceilluminatesfascinatingaspectsofeighteenth-centurylifeandmanners.

2.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784),Englishwriterandlexicographer,amajorfigurein18th-centuryliteratureasanarbiteroftaste,renownedfortheforceandbalanceofhisprosestyle.

NicknamedbothDictionaryJohnsonandtheGreatChamofLiterature(ChamisanarchaicwordmeaningKhan可汗),JohnsoncompiledandwrotetheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,publishedin1755.HewasusuallyreferredtoasDr.Johnsonbyhiscontemporariesandlatergenerations.

Hewasequallycelebratedforhisbrilliantandwittyconversation.Hisrathergrossappearanceandmannerswereviewedtolerantly,ifnotwithacertainadmiration.Thesonofabookseller,Johnsonexcelledatschoolinspiteofillnessandpoverty.HeenteredOxfordin1728butwasforcedtoleaveafterayearforlackoffunds.Hesustainedhimselfasabooksellerandschoolmasterforthenextsixyears,duringwhichhecontinuedhiswidereadingandpublishedsometranslations.JohnsonsettledinLondonin1737andbeganhisliterarycareerinearnest.

Hispoem“London,”publishedanonymouslyin1738,waspraisedbyPopeandwonJohnsonrecognitioninliterarycircles.Johnson’sfirstworkoflastingimportance,andtheonethatpermanentlyestablishedhisreputationinhisowntime,washisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755),thefirstcomprehensivelexicographicalworkonEnglisheverundertaken.Dr.Johnson,asheisuniversallyknown,wasEngland’sfirstfull-dressmanofletters（学者）,andhismindandpersonalityhelpedtocreatethetraditionsthathaveguidedEnglishtasteandcriticism.

QuintusFabius

Maximus

QuintusFabius

Maximus

(275?-203BC),Romanstatesmanandgeneral.DuringtheSecondPunicWar,hebecamedictatorofRome,hethenputintooperationthetacticsthatwonhimthesurnameCunctator(“Delayer”),bywhichheisbestknown.Heconstantlyharassedtheflanks侧翼ofthearmyoftheCarthaginian迦太基的generalHannibal,and,byavoidingadecisiveencounterwiththeCarthaginianinvaders,gaveRometimetobuilditsstrength.PunicWars:thethreewarsbetweenRomeandCarthage迦太基inthe3rdand2ndcenturiesBC.Fabianism,awordderivedfromFabius,hascometomeanagradualorcautiouspolicy.19世纪后期，流行于英国的一种主张采取渐进措施对资本主义实行点滴改良的资产阶级社会主义思潮。它是英国费边社（FabianSociety）的思想体系和机会主义路线。1884年一部分知识分子创立了费边社，该社成员认为社会改革应循序渐进，故以公元前3世纪古罗马一位因主张等待时机、避免决战的战略而著名的将军费边的名字命名社名。其学说故称为“费边社会主义（FabianSocialism）”简称“费边主义（Fabianism）”。Moses:

HebrewprophetandlawgiverandfounderofIsrael,ortheJewishpeople.ThestoryofhislifeissetforthprincipallyintheOldTestamentbooksofExodus出埃及记

andDeuteronomy申命记.Accordingtothisaccount,MoseshadtheexperienceofseeingGod,whocommandedhimtoleadtheHebrewsoutofEgypttothelandCannan.MoseswastogivethismessagetoPharaoh,rulerofancientEgypt.Questionsfordiscussion•

What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsprocrastination?•

Whatdoyouthinkoftheauthor’stoneofwriting?Andthestyleoflanguage?What’stheeffect?•

What’syouropinionaboutthenumerousexamplesorallusions（典故；引用：间接提及的例子）inthetext?•

Whatdoyouthinkaccountsforpeople’sprocrastination?

StructureSectionI(paragraph1)Thetheme:Procrastinationisnotalwaysanon-recommendablepractice.SectionII(paragraph2-8)Groundsofargument:Delayersanddo-it-nowers(paragraph2)Delaycaninspireandreviveacreativesoulinmanyfields(paragraph3-8)3)intheprocessofmakingfictions4)inthefieldofmilitary,diplomacyandlaw5)inthehigherrankofbusiness6)indecisionmaking7)inuniversities8)amongmanypeople,especiallywomenSectionIII(paragraph9)

Conclusion:Whatyoudon’tnecessarilyhavetodotoday,byallmeansputofftilltomorrow.

Paragraph11.

exhort=entreat;≈advise：(fml.)tourgeoradvisestronglye.g.Ifyouexhortsomeonetodosomething,youtryhardtopersuadethemtodoit.Thegeneralexhortedhismentofightwell.Weareexhortednottowasteourtimeonthechatroomonline.Iexhortmyfriendnottodrinktoomuch.

2.

Thetitleofnobility:Duke 公爵, duchess 公爵夫人Marquis 侯爵, marchioness 侯爵夫人Earl 伯爵, countess 伯爵夫人viscount 子爵 viscountess

子爵夫人Baron 男爵, baroness 男爵夫人3.

getaroundtosth./doingsth.Ifyougetaroundtosomething,youeventuallydosomethingthatyouwouldhavelikedtoavoiddoingorthatyouwereunabletodobeforebecauseyouweretoobusy.抽出时间(做某事)e.g.Ionly

gotaroundtodoingthisafewdaysago.Hefinallygotaroundtosortingoutthosebooksandmagazinesyesterday.5.

coolone’sheels:≈waitIfyouarekickingyourheelsorcoolingyourheels,someoneisdeliberatelykeepingyouwaiting,sothatyougetboredorimpatient(aninformalexpression).e.g.Thetwoyoungermenwerecoolingtheirheelsintheouteroffice.“Lethimcoolhisheelsinthemeetingroomforawhile,”saidthedean.

6.attestto-testifyto;serveasanevidencetoaffirm/tobeproofof证实,证明e.g.Thehandwritingexpertattestedtothegenuinenessofthesignature.

笔迹专家证实此签名无误。7.

MosespleadedaspeechdefecttorationalizehisreluctancetodeliverJehovah’sedicttoPharaoh.plead:toappealearnestly;toofferasdefenseorexcuse恳求;为...辩护,借口e.g.pleadformoretime恳求更多的时间pleadillness以生病作为理由defect:n.deficiencye.g.birthdefect

出生缺陷avisualdefect

视觉缺陷speechdefect语言缺陷v.aChinesecitizenwhodefectedtoJapan一个叛逃到日本的中国公民defectedfromthepartyovertheissueoffreetrade在自由贸易的问题上背叛了自己的政党

rationalize:tomakerational;attempttoexplainorjustifyone’sactionwithplausiblereasons,eveniftheyarenottrueorappropriate理性化;阐释：从理性角度出发进行解释;自圆其说e.g.Don’trationalizeyourincompetencebyfindingfaultwiththemethod.

Ifyourationalizeyourfears,youcanunderstandthembetter.如果你分析自己恐惧的成因，你就会更清楚地了解这些恐惧。Weshoulddeepenreformofthesystemforincomedistributionandprogressivelyrationalizeit.深化收入分配制度改革，逐步理顺分配关系。第一段译文“今天能做的事情决不要推到明天，”切斯特费尔德伯爵在1794年劝告儿子时说道，但是这位文雅的伯爵却从没有抽出时间来完成与孩子母亲的婚礼，也没有戒除让约翰逊博士此类名人在接待室久侯的坏习惯，这足以证明，即使是有心人，也绝非毫无拖延。罗马的一位大将军昆塔寺·费边·马克西姆斯为了赢得尽可能多的喘息机会，推迟战斗时间，被冠以“拖延者”。摩西为了使自己向法老传递耶和华法令过程中的犹豫合理化，借口语言有缺陷。当然，哈姆雷特把延迟上升为一种艺术形式。Paragraph28.filefor:toformallyapplyfor申请e.g.fileforbankruptcy申请破产

9.

apocalyptic(A)(≈catastrophic)relatingtothetotaldestructionofsomething,especiallyoftheworld.;(B)(≈prophetic)relatingtoorinvolvingprophecyaboutfuturedisastersandthedestructionoftheworld.e.g.Peopleoftheworldarefirmlyagainsttheapocalypticnuclearwar.Thereissomethingapocalypticaboutthetoneinhiswritings.10.“Faustianencounters”refertoFaust’sencounterswiththedevilMephistopheles.Naturallytheyareundesirable.Similarly,mostpeopleareunwillingtovisitbarbers,doctors,anddentists,sotheauthorsayslike“Faustianencounters”.第二段译文世界上的人基本可以分成均匀的两半：拖延者和马上行动者。有些人二月份就准备好了个人所得税，预先偿还抵押借款，在常人难以忍受的6点半钟准时吃饭。而另外一些人则乐于在9点或10点钟时间吃些剩菜剩饭，错放帐单和文件以期延长交税的期限。他们非要等到警告声变成恐吓声才肯去支付信用卡的账单。就象浮士德所遭遇的那样，他们推迟去理发店，看牙医或医生。Paragraph311.allthetroubleprocrastinationmayincurallthetroublethataperson’sdelayinactionmaybringuponhimincur–becomesubjectto(sth.unpleasant)asaresultofone’sownactione.g.Thehunterincurredgreatdangerinkillingthetiger.Ifheincurspubliccensure,nonewilldefend.如果他遭受公众的责难，谁都不会为他辩护的。Anycoststhatyouincurwillbereimbursedinfull.你的所有花费都将全额付还。Paraphrase:Yetforallthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur,delaycanoftenreviveacreativesoul.Delayleadstoproblems.However,inmanycases,itcanoftenstimulatecreativity.第三段译文尽管延误会带来诸多不便，但延迟经常可以激发和唤醒具有创新意识的灵魂。写下许多成功小说和剧本的作家琼克尔说到，她要把厨房每个汤罐头和酱瓶子上的标签看上一遍后，才能安心坐在打字机旁。许多作家都关注着他们任务之外的大小琐事，譬如关注在缅因州法国人海湾和巴尔海港进行的海岸和土地测量，其中的地名，如古今斯暗礁、布伦特池塘、海鸥小山、伯恩特豪猪、朗豪猪、希波豪猪以及鲍尔德豪猪岛，都激起了他们的想象。

Paragraph412.Theartofpostponementhadbeenamonopolyofthemilitary…,diplomacyandthelaw.–Thepracticeofputtingthingsoffhadalmostbeenexclusivelydonebythemilitary,etc.(Theimpliedmeaningisthatthemilitary,diplomacy,andthelawarealmosttheworstdelayers.)13.ruminate–(fml)thinkdeeplyandcarefullye.g.Thecowbegantoruminateaftereatingupgrass.牛吃完草后开始反刍。Itisworthwhiletoruminateoverhisremarks.他的话值得玩味。

Aspeoplegrowolder,theybegintoruminateontheuncertaintyoflife.

随着年龄的增长，人们开始对生活的变化无常冥思苦想。13.orderinsth–ordersthe.g.Westayedinlastnight,watchedavideoandorderedinapizza.14.Blessedly,hehadnonatteringTelextoorderinmachinegunsandfreshtroops.--Fortunately,thenoisyTelexwouldhavefacilitatedthesupplyofweaponsanddispatchoftroops,deprivingtheproconsuloftheexcusetodelayaction.15.theworld’smostaddictedpostponerstheworld’sworstpostponerswhojustcouldnotfreethemselvesfrompostponing第四段译文从“拖延者”年代到当今世纪，推迟的艺术实际上被军事（“赶快、待命”）、外交和法律垄断了。在过去的年代里，英国殖民地总督可以手中拿着杯酒，安逸地思考民族叛乱的形势，他应该庆幸没有电传收发机在一旁喋喋不休地传递命令，一会儿是增加机关枪啊，一会儿又是增派军队啊什么的。直到二战时，美国将军还可以和敌方将军达成协议，休一天运动假，去掠夺村民的鸡和酒，次日再战。律师是世界上最积习难改的延误者。据一个贝佛利山的号称从不拖延的保险推销员佛兰克·内森说，“没有留下遗嘱就去世的律师数不胜数。”Paragraph516.thecautionthatbreedsdelay–thegreatcarethatcausesdelayLiterally,breedsreferstoeitheranimalsproducingtheiroffspring;e.g.Ratsbreedsrapidly.Orpeoplewhokeepanimalsorplantsforthepurposeofproducinganddevelopingyounganimalsornewplants,e.g.Suebreedshoneybees.Myfriendbreeds

waterlilies.Oftenbreedisusedtomean“tocause(ausuallyunpleasantconditionorfeeling)todevelop”,e.g.Somepeoplebelievethatviolencebreedsviolence.Mosquitoesbreedsmalaria.第五段译文无志者，事也成。当然，习惯性拖延和刻意拖延是有差别的，特别是在商业机构高层中。美国银行集团副总裁理查德·曼德巴赫说，企业动态学鼓励谨慎行事，由此滋生了延迟。他提到，快速行动往往会进入尴尬的局面和付出沉重的代价。信息爆炸鼓励了那些为自己的懒惰找借口的人——还有一篇报告要读，还有一个权威人士要咨询。曼德巴赫说：“数据的充足和泛滥之间总有条微妙的分界线。”Paragraph617.flourish–developrapidlye.g.Postmodernismmadeitsfirstappearanceinthelatetwentiethcenturyandcontinuestoflourishnow.Whenspeakingofaperson,ananimal,etc.,itmeans“growordevelopinahealthyorvigorousway”.e.g.Thetreesplantedonschoolcampusareflourishing.We’rehappytoseethesedisabledchildrenflourishintheirfoster-home.18.bureaucratization–thepracticeofgoverningaplacebyexceedinglycomplicatedadministrativeprocedure;thestateofbeingsubjecttobureaucracy.Aninformalwordforbureaucratizationisredtape.18.Smotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisal–preventpolicymakersfromactingpromptly/frommakingpromptdecisionsbyexcessiveadherencetolaw,bymakingconcessions,andbymakingrepeatedassessments.Here,aneffectivemetaphorisusedtodescribetheharmdonebybureaucratization.Legalism,compromiseandreappraisalaresaidtobeblanketswhichsuffocatethepolicymakerssothattheycannotactpromptlyandproperly.19.smother–suffocate;tocoversbwithsthsothattheycannotbreathee.g.Don’tputthatclothoverthebaby.You’llsmotherhim!Ijustmanagedtosmotherayawn.我刚设法忍住了一个呵欠。ParaphraseBureaucratization,whichflourishedamidthegrowingburdensofgovernmentandthegreatercomplexityofsociety,wasdesignedtosmotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisal–andtherebypreventhastydecisionsfrombeingmade.(ll.39-42)Excessivered-tapedevelopedbecausepublicadministrationwasexpandinginscopeandbecausesocietywasgrowingmoreandmorecomplicated.Inthissense,red-tapehelpedthoseinchargeofpolicytobefullyengagedinanenormousamountofpaperworkandjudgment,thusmakingitimpossibleforanimmediatedecisiontoresult.20.Manylanguagesarestuddedwithphrases…–Manylanguagesareprovidedwithphrases…Astudisliterallyasmallpieceofmetalwhichisattachedtoasurfaceasadecoration.饰钉Tobestuddedwith–tobecoveredwithsth.likestudse.g.Theskystuddedwithstars星光灿烂Sowhenlanguagesarestuddedwithphrases…,youfindphrases…inlanguagesjustlikestuds.第六段译文他的观点广为接受。随着政府负担日益加重和社会形势日趋复杂，官僚化盛行开来，其目的就是使政策制定者墨守成规、寻求妥协和重新评估过程中窒息——以此防止做出草率决定。水门事件时期的政府所表现出来的中央集权化已经蔓延至经济机构等等广阔的领域，使得拖延成为世界范围的一种生活方式。有关推迟的短语星罗棋布在各种语言中——从西班牙的mañana（在将来某个不确定时间）到阿拉伯的bukerafil

mishmish（字面意思是“明天的杏树”，其含义是“等到花儿也开了”。）Paragraph721.academe–theworldoflearning;universitiescollectively学术界academy–aplaceofstudyinaspecialfield学院e.g.theAcademyofSciencesofChina中科院22.takehighhonors–doverywell,earngreatdistinctionHonorsreferstothe“specialrankordistinctionconferredbyauniversity,college,orschooluponanoutstandingstudent.”Here,theauthorissayingplayfullythatacademicpeoplearenoworsepostponersthanothers.23.churnout–produceIfyouchurnsthout,youproducetheminlargenumbers,veryquickly,especiallythingsoflowquality.e.g.Thefactorychurnsoutthousandsofpairsofshoeseveryweek.Shechurnsoutanewbestsellingnoveleveryyear.“churnout”isusedbytheauthorironicallyandjokinglyhere.Threetofivepagesofwritingcannotbeconsideredtobealargequantity.24.…manyofmyfriendsgothroughagonieswhentheyfaceablankpage.–…manyofmyfriendshaveahardtimethemomenttheyattempttoputpentopaper.第七段译文学术界也很尊崇拖延。南加利福尼亚大学社会学家伯纳德.斯克拉每天辛辛苦苦才写出三至五页的东西来，他坦称：“我很多朋友对着白纸时都感到很痛苦，我们有很多合理的理由：教学压力，家庭责任，查看新书，搜索注脚。”

Paragraph825.assiduous–showinggreatcareandperseverance;hard-working勤奋的，刻苦的，坚持不懈的e.g.Johnisassiduousindoingresearchwork.Heisknownasanassiduousscholar,alwaysexploringnewfieldsofstudy.26.confront–faceuptoanddealwithaproblemoradifficultsituatione.g.Heconfrontedthedifficulttaskwithcourageandoptimism.Theyconfrontedtheprisonerwithhisaccusers.他们让犯人与原告对质。27.themomentoftruth–atimewhenapersonistested,adecisionhastobemade,oracrisishastobefaced28.evade–findawayofnotdoingsth.thatmustbedonee.g.Hetriedtoevadethequestionsabouthispast.Theproblemisperhapsdifficulttosolve,butitshouldnotbeevaded.29.dragone’sfeet/heels–toactslowlyandreluctantly裹足不前，行动迟缓e.g.ThechildrenwantedtowatchTV,anddraggedtheirfeetwhentheirmothertoldthemtogotobed.Themayorhadpromisedtoraiseemployee’spay,butwasnowdragginghisheels.第八段译文心理学家坚决认为女人是最坚持不懈的迟延者，虽然很多心理学家（每小时收50美金或更多）本人就很拖拉。拉尔夫·格林森博士是加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的临床精神病疗法的教授（他曾是玛丽莲·梦露的精神病医生），他看待延迟时比较温和。他说：“很多人都在回避，逃避，拖延揭露真相的那一刻，直到最迟的极限为止。”但是佐治亚州心理学家乔恩.费根认为，迟延是潜意识用来区分事情重要性级别的一种方式。“当我拖延时，一般总是存在着某种缘由，”费根说，“我能感觉到它，但是我也说不出个所以然。”

Paragraph930.deliberation–1)longandcarefulconsiderationordiscussion;2)slowandunhurriedmovemente.g.Aftermuchdeliberation,Idecidednottogo.Speakwithdeliberation字斟句酌地讲话32.forthatmatter–thisphraseisusedtoemphasizeorindicatethatastatementmadebyapersoninonecaseisalsotrueinanothercase就那件事而论，关于那一点e.g.Yourmotherwouldneverallowit,andforthatmatter,neitherwouldI.你母亲决不会允许，就这一点来说，我也不会允许。Hedoesn'ttrusthispartner.ForthatmatterIcan'tblamehim.他不信任自己的合伙人,就那一点来说,我不能责怪他。31.Time“isnotmeanttobedevouredinanhouroraday,buttobeconsumeddelicatelyandgraduallyandwithouthaste.”Timeisnottobespentinagreathurry,butratherbewhiledawayinaslowandcarefulway.devour–toeatgreedilyandquicklye.g.Thewolfdevouredarabbit.Hedevouredawholelegoflamb.consume–toeat(withnotmuchimplication)e.g.Weusedtoconsumelargequantitiesofriceeachday;butwiththestandardoflivingraised,wenowconsumeonlyamoderateamountofrice.32.pace–(fromLatin,formal)usedbeforeaperson’snametoexpresspolitedisagreementwithwhattheyhavesaid（用于人名前，婉转提出不同意见）请……原谅e.g.Pacethefeminists,Ibelievemyownsexislargelyresponsibleforthisimpertinentcuriosity.请女权主义者原谅，我相信我们女性对这冒昧的好奇应付大部分责任。第九段译文事实上，延迟有着悠久而光荣的历史，它意味着如果推迟些时间，许多想法和决定就有可能得到改善。推迟作决定本身就是一个决定，这不无道理。议会过程的实质就是一个延迟和慎重的体系，就此而论，名画，乐章，书籍或者布兰希姆府邸的建筑也是如此。布兰希姆府邸耗用了马尔伯勒公爵的建筑师及工人们15年的时间才建成。在这个过程中，设计不断成熟及完善。确实，仓促会葬送了雅致。《石之剑》的作者T.H.怀特曾写道，时间“并不是注定要一小时一小时，或者一天一天地耗费掉，而是应该细腻地、从容地品尝一番。”换句话说，我们应该这样说，今天不必要做的事，无论如何要推到明天来完成。

TextIIGossip

FrancineProseIOrganizationoftheText1.Identificationofgossipwithitscommunity(gossip’scontributiontolinkingthecommunity)(Para.1-22.Anaccountofgossip(Para.3-9)A.Antiquityofgossipanddenialofitsdue(3)B.Afalsedistinctionbetweengossipingandexchanginginformation(4-5)C.Gossipasasynonymforcommunity(6-7)D.Gossipasananalyticalcomponent(8)E.Gossip’sseeminglynegativeaspect:nosiness(9)3.Conclusion(thestrengthofgossipastheheritage,thelegacyofacommunity)(Para.10)Paragraph11.Siamese(l.2)–ofSiam(nowcalledThailand)暹罗的；暹罗人的，暹罗语的；2.Getthegoodgossiponanylittlemountaintown,scratchthesurfaceandyou’llfindasnakepit.(l.5)Ifyouhearanyrealgossipaboutalittlemountaintown,youcananticipatesomethingsensationalifyoulookintothematterclosely.Scratchthesurface(l.5)–lookcloselyinto(theissue)Asnakepit(l.6)–literally,itisapitwherepoisonoussnakesarefound.Figurativelyitmeans“achaotic,shocking,wildplaceorsituation.”Inthiscontext,itmaybeexplainedas“asensation”,“acauseofexcitement”,or“athrillingevent”.Paragraph23.Causeafewripples(l.8)–causesomeexcitement4.Glee(l.9)–feelingofgreatdelightwhichmakesonewanttolaugh,causedbysthgoodexperiencedbyoneself,orsthbadthathappenstosbelse欣喜；幸灾乐祸5.Legacy(l.10)–moneyorpropertylefttosbinawill;tradition6.Thejuicierthebetter(l.11)–themoresensationalthebetter7.Heritage(l.11)–(datedorformal)propertythathasbeenormaybeinheritedbyanheir遗产；继承物Herheritage,herbirthright–whatshewasusedtoandfondof8.…withitssociallifefreakishenoughtomakeChangandEng’sseemmundane,…(l.11)…sociallifeinthetownwassounusualthatitmadethemarriedlifeoftheSiamesetwinsseemcommonandordinarybycomparison,…9.Freakish(l.12)–unusualorabnormal;strange不寻常的，不正常的，反常的，奇怪的，奇异的Freak–(informalandderogatory)personconsideredabnormalbecauseofhisbehavior,appearance,ideas,etc.不正常的人Mundane(l.12)–(oftenderogatory)ordinaryandtypicallyunexciting平凡的，平淡的Paragraph310.Bison(l.15)–Americanbuffalo;Europeanwildox北美野牛；欧洲野牛11.Speculateon(l.15)–guess思考；推断；推测Wecanonlyspeculateonwhethertherewillbeenoughoilfortheworld’sneedsbytheendofthiscentury.12.Antiquity(l.16)–古老，年代久远；古代的风俗习惯；古人们13.…gossiphasrarelyreceiveditsdue…(l.16)–…peopleseldomadmitthatthereissomethinggoodaboutgossip…Due–sththatrightfullybelongstoab

应有的权益；应得的事物；应有的承认Don’taskmorethanone’sdue.别提非分之想。Theartisthasfinallybeenaccordedsomethingofhisdue.那位艺术家最终多少得到了应得的荣誉。14.Connote(l.17)–隐含；暗示；意味着

ButChinesenamesinvariablyconnotealonglistofideasandexpectations,someevencarrytheparents’memoryof,andmetaphorfor,life.Anamenotonlyconveysabasicattitudeandcharacter,butcanalsobeavaluestatementforonetosucceedinlifeandmakeanameforhimself.Inshort,itcanturnouttobeatremendousburden.偏偏华文名老爱附带一长串的期待和意义，甚至承载了父母看待生命的某种隐喻和记忆，名字不但是一种人格的基本态度，还可能引伸成为安身立命的价值，变成一个沉重的负担。

denote–指示；指出e.g.Inalgebra,thesignXusuallydenotesanunknownquantity.在代数里,符号X常用来表示未知数。Weoftendenotedangerbyredletters.我们常常用红字表示危险。15.Frivolity(l.17)–(derogatory)theconditionofbeingfrivolous(notserious;silly;useless);frivolousactivityorcomment轻薄，轻浮；轻浮的举止；无聊事或行为；轻薄话；兴高采烈e.g.Ihavenotimeforsuchfrivolitiesasparties.我没时间去赴宴或参加诸如此类的无聊活动。16.Gossipistheunacknowledgedpoorrelativeofcivilizedconversation(l.17)：Gossipisasnaturalasotherformsofconversation,butlessrespectable.17.Admitto(l.19)–agreetothetruthofit

e.g.Ihavetoadmittoadislikeformodernmusic我得承认,我不喜欢现代音乐。

Imustadmittofeelingashamed.我得承认我感到惭愧。18.Ownup(to)(l.20)–admitafaultorcrime,ordoingsthwrong坦白地承认；供认e.g.Ifnoonewillownuptomisbehaving,allpupilswillbekeptinafterschool.Youhadbetterownuptoyourfaults.你最好是承认错误。Theculpritfailedtoownup.肇事者没有坦白。Paragraph419.Scurrilous(l.24)–abusiveandinsulting,especiallyinacrudeorobsceneway;vulgar用污言秽语漫骂的，恶意诽谤的e.g.Acampaignfilledwithscurrilouschargesandcountercharges一场双方辱骂攻讦不止的竞选运动Scurrility–scurrilousness;scurrilouslanguagee.g.Indulgeinscurrilities肆意恶言谩骂Asapoliticalsatirist,scurrilitywashistrade,youmightsay.作为政治讽刺作家，恶言诽谤也许可算是他的行业。20.mean-spirited(l.24)卑鄙的；心胸狭窄的，小心眼儿的；小气的21.Disown(l.25)–refusetoacceptasone’sown;saythatonehasnoconnectionwithe.g.Hedisownedanyhandinthebook.他否认曾插手该书的编写工作。Hedisownedhisreprobateson.他声明同他堕落的儿子脱离关系。Paragraph522.rumor-monger(l.30)–(n.&v.)apersonwhospreadsrumors;spreadrumorsMonger–personwhomakessthunpleasantwidelyknown传播坏事的人23.Slander(n.&v.)(l.30)anintentionalfalsespokenreport,story,etc.,whichunfairlydamagesthegoodopinionheldaboutapersonbyothers口头诽谤24.Willful(AmE)–wilful(BrE)havingorshowingtheintentionofdoingwhatonelikes,inspiteofotherpeople;doneonpurpose任性的；有意的，存心的e.g.Shewasawillfulchild.她是个任性的孩子。Hedisplayedawillfulignoranceoftheirplight.对于他们的困境他故意装作一无所知。25.

Fabrication(l.30)–sthmadeorinventedinordertodeceive,especiallyalie捏造；虚构物e.g.Hisstorywasacompletefabrication.他的故事纯属虚构。26.Undermine(l.31)–在某物下挖洞或通道；暗中破坏e.g.Thehouseisunsafesincethefoundationswereunderminedbyfloods.这栋房子不安全,因为地基被洪水损坏了。Insultsunderminedherconfidence.一再受到侮辱之后,她渐渐丧失信心。Paragraph627.…itsetymology,itsoriginsintheAnglo-Saxonterm“godsibbe”,relative,itsmeaningwideningbytheRenaissancetoincludefriends,cronies…(l.35)1)Anglo-SaxonisthelanguageoftheEnglishpeoplefromthetimeoftheearliestdocumentsintheseventhcenturytoabout1,100;2)godsibbe=god+sibbe,i.e.kinsmanorrelated,hence“god-parent”3)RenaissanceistheperiodinEuropebetweenthefourteenthandtheseventeenthcentury,whentherewasarevivalofclassicalinfluenceexpressedinafloweringoftheartsandliterature.Theetymologyoftheword“gossip”showsthatthemeaningofthewordchangedwiththepassingoftime:1)onewhopromisestotakeresponsibilityforaperson’sreligiousupbringingwhenthelatterisbaptizedinaChristianchurch,i.e.agod-parent.2)afamiliaracquaintance,friend,crony;3)aperson,mostly,awomanoflightandtriflingcharacter,especiallyonewhodelightsinidletalk;4)idletalk,triflingorgroundlessrumor.28.Itmapsourties(l.39)itshowsusourrelationshipwithothers…29.Theroots