语言学期末考试填空题题库

Chapter11.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itistheconventionalityofalanguagethatismoreworthnoticingthatitsarbitrariness.2.InSaussure’sview,therelationshipbetweensignifier(soundimage)andsignified(concept)isarbitrary.3.Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.4.Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatures5.Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledasdisplacement.6.Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsofthelevelarecomposedofelementsofthelevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.7.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehasideational,interpersonalandinterpersonalfunctions.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.Interpersonalfunctionisrealizedbymoodandmodality.Whenlanguageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanexchanginginformationorideas,itsfunctionisphaticfunction.11.Somesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteranceofthesesentencesisorisapartofthedoingofanaction.Theyarecalledperformatives12.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.13.Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsofalanguageiscalledphonetics.14.Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructuresofwordsiscalledmorphology.15.Phoneticsmainlystudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.16.Semanticsandpragmaticsinvestigatedifferentaspectsoflinguisticmeaning.17.Inlinguistics,syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentence.18.Pragmaticscanbedefinesasthestudyoflanguageinuse.19.Ifalinguistics,synchronicstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior,itissaidtobeprescriptive20.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthatsuccessfulstudiesofvariousstatesofalanguagewouldbethefoundationofahistoricalstudy.21.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbeallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.22.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance,theactualuseofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.23.”Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.ThisfamousquotationfromShakespeareillustratesthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofarbitrariness.24.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletouselanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible,whichshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted25.Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.Chapter21.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,areallophones.2.Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusarethepharynx,mouth,andnose.3.NamesixplacesofarticulationaccordingtoFromkinandRodmanthroat,palate,palatetop,teeth,lips,nose,NamefiveofEnglishfrontvowels:i:,i,e,æ,a.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith“voiceless,bilabial,stop”Intheproductionofavelarsound,thebackofthetongueisraisedsothatittouchesthesoftpalatetoformakindofobstruction.7.Bythepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue,vowelsareclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.8.Pitch,asaprincipalsuprasegmentalfeatures,canbedefinedastherelativeintensityofsoundnesswithwhichasyllableisuttered.InEnglish,thesound[b]hasthesamephoneticfeaturesasthesound[p]exceptthefeatureofvoicing.10.Assimilationreferstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound.TheoralstopsinEnglishareb,p,d,t,gandk.Whenpitch,stressandlengthvariationaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith"voiceless,bilabial,stop".Thesound[b]canbedescribedwith"voiced,bilabial,stop"Consonantarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremostconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.4.Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.5.Thepresentsystemofthecardinalvowelsderivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesatUniversityofLondon.6.Consonantarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremostconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.7.Thesound/k/canbedescribedwith“voiceless,velar,stop”.8.Narrowtranscriptionshouldtranscribeallthepossiblespeechsounds,includingtheminuteshades.9.Assimilationreferstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsounds.10.Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.11.ThesyllablestructureinChineseisCVCorCVorV.12.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,areallophoneofairstream.13.InEnglish,thetwowordscutandgutdifferonlyintheirinitialsoundsandthetwosoundsaretwodifferentphonemesandthe2wordsareaminimalpair.14.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithoutobstructionofairstream.15.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthong,.whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.16.Accordingtothemaximalonsetprinciple,whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda17.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail-veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustratingminimalpairs.Chapter31.Polymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundshavetwoparts:therootsandtheaffixes2.On,beforeandtogetheraregrammaticalwords----theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings.3.GivetheregularallomorphsofpluralinEnglish:/n/,/i:/,/s/,/z/,/iz/.4.GivetheregularallomorphsofpasttenseinEnglish:/iə/,/t/,/d/.5.Nouns,verbsandadjectivesarecontextwordsotherthanfunctionwords.6.Intheadditionofnewwords,smogisa(an)blending.7.WaltzisborrowedfromGerman.8.Asaresultofassimilation,thenegativemorphemeinimperfectandimpossibleis“im-”ratherthan“in-”.9.Thelinguistictermusedforthecommonfactorofasetofverbs,suchaswriting,wrote,written,writeandwritesislexeme.10.Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotconstituteawordbyitself.Asthelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilethegrammaticalonesservetolinkitsdifferentpartstogether,thelexicalwordsarealsoknownascontentwordsandgrammaticalonesaffixes.Intraditionalgrammar,pronounistheonlywordclasswhichcanfunctionasasubstituteforanotheritem.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedintoGrammaticalwordsandlexicalwords.Themorphemeistheminimaldistinctiveunitingrammar,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetherlexicalorgrammatical.Thereare2fieldsofmorphology:thestudyofinflectionalmorphologyandthestudyofderivationalmorphology.AboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitselfMorphologyisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthatstudiestheinterrelationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphology.Blendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompoundinginwhichanewwordisformedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofonewordandthefinalpartofanotherword.Forexample,theEnglishwordsmogismadefromsmokeandfog.Back-formation”referstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydetectinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Wordisaunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.Itistheminimumfreeform.Affixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcallbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Affixesarelimitedinnumberinalanguage,andaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes,namely,prefix,suffix,andinfix.Takeisthelexemeoftaking,takenandtook.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedinto2types:affixandboundroot,.14.Awordformedbyderivationiscalledaderivative,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalledacompound.Chapter4Coordinationandsubordinationbelongtoendocentricconstruction.4.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or".5.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyaloneisknownasafiniteclause.6.ICanalysisemphasizesthehierarchicalstructureofasentence,seeingitasconsistingofwordgroupsfirst.7.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.8.Syntacticrelationsincludepositionalrelation,relationofsubstitutability,relationofco-occurrence.NamethreeofSVOlanguages:English,Chinese,FrenchICistheshortfromofimmediateconstituentusedinthestudyofsyntax.ThecategoryofcaseisprominentinthegrammarofLatin,withsixdistinctionsofnominativevocative,accusative,genitive,dativeandablative.ThegenerativeapproachtolinguisticsreferstothetheoryoriginatedwiththeAmericanlinguistNormChomsky,whopublishedhisbookSyntacticStructuresin1957.Whentheaffirmativesentence“JacksoldhislinguisticstextbookstoJillafterthefinalexamination”istransformedinto“WhendidJacksellhislinguisticstextbookstoJill?”,threetransformationalrulesareapplied.TheyareDo-insertion,Subject-auxInversionandWh-movement.Thesentence“ItwasJohnwhoworehisbestsuittothedancelastnight.”iscalledacleftsentencebytraditionalgrammarians.Exocentricconstructionusuallyincludesbasicsentence,prepositionalphrase,predicate(verb+object)construction,andconnective(becomplement)construction.AccordingtoChomsky,grammarisamechanismthatshouldbeabletogenerateallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesofalanguage.Chapter5Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Predicationanalysisistobreakdownpredicationsintotheirconstituents:argumentandpredicateThesenserelationbetween“AlentabooktoB”and“BborrowedabookfromA”issynonymyAntonymslike”husband”vs.”wife”areconverseantonyms.Termslike”desk”and”stool”arehyponymsoftheterm“furniture”.AccordingtoD.Leech,conceptualmeaningreferstologic,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.Weusethetermpresuppositiontorefertotherelationbetweenthefollowingtwosentences:A.Jack‟sbikeneedsrepairing.B.Jackhasabike.Theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedtheprincipleofcompositionality.Inspiredbythemedievalgrammarians,OgdenandRichard(1923)presenttheclassic“semantictriangle”intheirbookTheMeaningofMeaning.Chapter6Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.According

to

Chomsky,

competence

is

the

ideal

user’s

knowledge

of

the

rules

of

his

language.Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,calledthecerebralcortexThebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves,calledhemispheres,oneontherightandoneontheleft.Brainarterializationisgeneticallyprogrammed,buttakestimetodevelop,Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild’ssecondyear.Therelationshipbetweenthenameandthemeaningofawordisquitearbitrary.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtassub-vocalspeechasovertthought.Becauselanguagediffersinmanyways,Whorfbelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground.Thisnotioniscalledlinguisticrelativity.Psycholinguistsconsiderthatthefirstlanguageisacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecriticalperiodofthefirstlanguageacquisition.Thestrong

version

of

the

Sapir-Whorfhypothesishastwoaspects:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticreality.Thecohortmodelisasupposeddoctrinedealingwiththespokenwordrecognition,whoseprocessfeaturesthatthefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It’softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Childrenfrequentlysaytoothsandmouses,insteadofteethandmice.Theseareexamplesofovergeneralization16.Psycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructures.17.Accordingtocriticalperiodhypothesis,inchilddevelopmentthereisaperiodduringwhichlanguagecanbeacquiredmoreeasilythanatanyothertime.Theperiodlastsuntilpuberty(around12or13years),andisduetobiologicaldevelopment.Chapter7Idiolectreferstovarietiesofalanguageusedbyindividualspeakers,withpeculiaritiesofpronunciation,grammarandvocabulary.Infact,notwospeakersspeakexactlythesamedialect.Eachspeakerhascertaincharacteristicfeaturesofhisowninhiswayofspeaking.Wewitnessedachangeinlanguageteachinginthemiddleofthe1970swhenHymes’theoryofcommunicativecompetencewasintroducedintothefieldasanantagonismtothetraditionalphilosophyinlanguageteaching.Thesocialgroupisolatedforstudyisanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.Speechvarietyreferstoanydistinguishablefromofspeechusedbyspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanadialectualvarietyofalanguage.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguageplanning.Socialvariationgivesrisetosociolectswhicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.Stylisticvariationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.Areginaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalorofficiallanguageofacountry.Varietyisaneutralterm,anditcanbeusedinsteadofregionalorofficialdialect,orpidgin.Sociolinguisticsisamultidisciplinaryresearchfieldfocusingontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Thedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen’slanguagecanbetracedtomanybiological,psychologicalandsocialreasons.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituation.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.Socialvariationgivesrisetosociolectswhicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground.第1章

语言1.Arbitrariness使得它有可能创造和语言的规约，使学习吃力的语言。对于外语学习者，它是一种语言，更值得注意的是，它的随意性的套子。

2.In索绪尔的观点，能指（声像）和所指（概念）之间的关系是任意的。

3.Human语言是任意的。这指的是，有一个特殊的声音和与它相关联的含义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。

4，功能定义我们的人类语言可以被称为设计特点

5.Human语言使他们的用户在communication.This质量的那一刻，象征对象，事件和概念，这是不存在的（时间和空间）标记为位移。

6.By二重性是指具有两层结构，使得该电平的单元构成的层次的元素和所述两个水平都有其自己的组织原理的财产。

7.Halliday提出语言元功能的理论，那就是，语言有观念，人际关系和人际功能。

我们的语言可以用来谈论自己。这是语言的metalingual功能。

人际功能是通过语气和情态实现。

当语言被用来建立一个气氛或保持社会接触，而不是交换信息或想法，它的功能是寒暄功能。

11.Some句子没有描述的东西。他们不能说是真的还是假的。这些句子的话语是或一个动作的做的一个组成部分。它们被称为施为

12.Linguistics通常被定义为语言科学的研究。

语言学13。分支，它研究语言的声音模式被称为语音。

14。语法它研究词的内部结构的分支称为形态。

15.Phonetics主要研究的讲话声音的特点，并为他们的描述，分类和转录方法。

16.Semantics和语用学研究语言意义的不同方面。

17.In语言学，句法指管字被组合以形成句子的语言或句子的形成简单地说，这个研究的方式规则的研究。

18.Pragmatics可以定义为语言使用的研究。

19.If语言学，共时的研究描述和分析了语言的人实际使用，它被认为是描述性的，如果它的目的是制定统一的规则为“正确”的行为，它被认为是说明性

20.In现代语言学，共时的研究似乎在历时性研究，以享有优先权。其原因是，一门语言的各种状态的成功的研究将是一个历史研究的基础。

21.Langue指的是抽象的语言学系统共享是一个言语社团的所有成员;和假释是指语言在实际使用中的实现。

22.Chomsky能力定义为他的语言规则的理想用户的知识和性能，在语言交际的实际运用这些知识。

23，“玫瑰别的名称，它还是照样甜”，这从莎士比亚名句说明了语言具有任意性的设计特点。

24.An英语扬声器和一个中国的扬声器都能够使用语言，但他们不是相互可理解的，这表明语言是文化传播

25.Human能力，语言有一定的遗传基础，但语言的细节都必须教和学。

第2章

1，不同的音素的成员，听起来这是发音不同，但不做出意思一个字从另一个不同，是音位变体。

2。三腔中的发音装置，都咽，嘴和鼻子。

关节根据弗罗姆金及罗德曼喉咙3.Name六个地方，腭，腭顶，牙齿，嘴唇，鼻子，

姓名五英语元音前：I：，I，E，AE，一个。

声音[P]可以被描述“清音，双唇，停止”

在生产的软腭音，舌头的后部升高，使得它接触到软腭，形成一种障碍。

7。通过舌头的最高部分的位置，元音被列为前元音，央元音和后元音。

8.Pitch作为主要超音段特征，可以被定义为健全性与一个音节被说出的相对强度。

在英语中，声音[B]具有相同的语音特点的声音[P]除了清浊的功能。

10。同化是指声音的变化作为相邻音的影响的结果。

在英语口语站是B，P，D，T，G和k。

当音高，重音和长度的变化是联系在一起的句子，而不是这个词，他们被统称为语调。

声音[P]可以用“清音，双唇，停”来描述。

声音[B]可以用“浊音，双唇，停”来描述

辅音关节相对容易的感觉，并因此是最方便的地方及关节运动的方式来描述。

4.Consonants由收缩或阻塞声道在一些地方，转移，阻碍，或完全关闭空气在口腔中流动产生的。

红衣主教元音5，现行制度主要来源于从一个由英国phonetician发达的20世纪20年代，丹尼尔·琼斯（1881年至1967年）和他的同事在伦敦大学。

6.Consonant关节相对容易的感觉，并因此是最方便的地方及关节运动的方式来描述。

7，声/K/可以用“清音，软腭，停”来描述。

8.Narrow转录应该抄写所有可能的讲话声音，包括一分钟的色调。

9.Assimilation指的是声音的变化作为相邻声音的影响的结果。

10.Stress指力生产音节使用的程度。

11。音节结构在中国是CVC或CV或V。

12。不同音素的成员，听起来这是发音不同，但不要使意义不同的另外一个词，是气流的音位变体。

13.In英语，剪切和肠道的两个词的区别仅在于他们最初的声音和两个声音是两个不同的音素和2个字是一个最小的一对。

14.Consonants不同于元音，后者是无阻碍气流的产生。

15.In英国有一些元音的。这是由从一个元音位置通过中间位置上移动到另一个生产。

16.According到最大发病原理，当有选择在何处放置一个辅音，它被放入发病而不是结尾

17.In语音分析的话失败面纱是因为这两个音素/F/-/v/.This的根本区别的是表示对最小的一个例子。

第3章

1.Polymorphemic话比其他化合物有两个部分：根和词缀

2。上，前后一起是语法词----他们的话不带变化词尾。

3。给复数经常语素变体英文：/N/，发/i:/，/S/，/Z/，/IZ/。

4。给过去时经常语素变体英文：/iə/，/T/，/D/。

5。名词，动词和形容词比虚词其他方面的话。

6。在增加新词，烟雾是（一）混合。

7.Waltz是从德国借来的。

8。作为同化的一个结果是，在不完全的和不可能的负词素是“内”，“IM-”，而不是。

9。用一组动词，如写作的共同因素语言学术语，写，写，写，写的是语义。

10。一个绑定语素是一个本身并不能构成一个词。

词汇词承载了语言的主要内容，而语法词是用来把不同部分组合在一起，词汇词也被称为内容的单词和语法词是词缀。

在传统的语法，代词是它可以作为一个替代另一个项目的功能只有一个字类。

在用语言表达的意义来说，它们可以分为语法词和词汇词。

语素是语法中的最小与众不同的单元，一个单元不能在不破坏或彻底改变的意思，无论是词汇还是语法分。

有形态2场：屈折形态的研究和派生形态学的研究。

一个绑定语素是不能单独存在

形态是语言学的一个分支，研究，研究音韵学和形态学之间的相互关系。

混合是复利相对复杂的形式，一个新词是通过连接一个字的起始部分和另一个词的最后部分组成。例如，英语单词烟雾是由烟和雾制成。

背面形成“指的构词其中一个较短的字是由从一个更长的形式已经在语言中检测一个想象缀派生的异常类型。

Word是具有普遍直观的认识母语表达的单位，无论是表现在口头或书面形式。它是最小的自由形式。

词缀是当添加到另一个语素该调用只能用于形成类型的总称。词缀在数量上的语言限制，一般分为三种亚型，分别为前缀，后缀和中缀。

采取走的语义，并采取了。

绑定语素分为2种类型：加盖并绑定根，。

通过推导形成14.