《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1课件

CultureandTaboos

Taboo

istheself–

restrictionofsomewordsanddeeds.Perhapstaboosresultedfromthefearofmysteriouspower.Tabooalsoreflecttheexperiencespeopleaccumulatedintheirstrugglesagainstthenature,andthesocialcustomsandhabitsformedininterpersonalcommunication.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTaboos

asapervasive/omnipresentsocialphenomenon,havetheirobvioushistoricalandculturalrootsfortheiremergence,existenceandcontinuance.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos1)

Socialtaboos:

A)InEnglish-speakingcountries,ifyouwanttovisitsomebody,youshouldmakeanappointmentinadvance.Theunexpectedvisitwas/isnotacceptable.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosB)PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriesareexpectedtoavoidtalkingshop(谈本行,三句不离本行C)InEnglish-speakingcountry,Christiansregardsuicideassin,sosuicideisnotanappropriatetopic.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosD)

Insocialcommunication,Westernersavoidtalkingaboutprivacywhichincludesage,income,wealth,marriage,loveaffairs.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

E)

Chinesecareaboutsomefaults,badhabits,justasanoldChinesesayinggoes“Whenyoubeatsomebody,avoidhittinghimintheface,whenyouspeak,don’trakeup(重提不愉快之事，翻旧账)other’sfaults”(

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInEnglish-speakingcommunities,therearesomesocialtaboos:(1)Itisunluckytohaveablackcatcrosstheroadinfrontofyou.(看见黑猫在你面前横穿马路是不吉利的。)《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(2)Thebrideshouldnotseethehusbandonthemorningbeforethewedding.(在婚礼举行前的早上，新娘不应见自己的丈夫。)《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(3)Thekillingofcricketsinthehousewillbringbadluck.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(4)Topassunderaladderbringsbadluck.(从梯子下面走过会带来厄运。)(5)Lightingthreecigarettesfromonematchbringsbadlucktothethirdperson.(一根火柴点燃三支香烟会给第三个人带来厄运。)《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(6)Tobreakamirrorbringssevenyears'badluck.(打碎镜子会带来7年厄运。)(7)Openinganumbrellainthehouseisbadluck.(在屋中撑伞会倒霉。)《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos2)

Tabooinpublicsituations.“Firstcome,firstserved(先来后到)”;

Sneezing

isanormalphysiologicalreaction/phenomenon.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1

CultureandTaboos3)taboosaboutdiet

TheChinesealmosteatanyanimalandeventheinternalorgansofanimals.ButpeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountiesdon’tlikefat,andtheskin,feetheadandinternalorgans,someanimal’smeatsuchasdog’smeat,snake’smeat.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheydislikegarlicandvinegarandstrangesoups.

Whenthemouthisfulloffood,oneshouldnotutter(中国人“食不言，咽不语”.).Chineseshouldn’traptheemptybowlswithchopsticksforthat’swhatabeggardoes.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosDuringthedinner,thedinersshouldnotbelch(打嗝),loosenthebeltandgotothetoilet.

AtaCantonesedinner,thedinersshouldnoteatchickenhead,wingsandtail,butleavethemtotheseniorsinthefamily.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFortheSpringFestivaldinner,theremustbeadishoffishimplying“年年有余”.“鱼”and“余”arehomophoniccharactersinChinese.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForsomelocalweddingdinner,thefishhead,tailandfishbonesarenotallowedtobeeaten,becausepeoplehopethatthenewcouplewillremainadevotedcoupletotheendoftheirlives(白头偕老),acompletecouple(有头有尾).《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Insomeplaces,thecookedfishinadishisnotallowedtobeturnedoveroritmayimplytheshipwillcapsize(翻船).It’satabooforfishermen.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

TeawaterisChinese’sfavoritedrink,northernChineselikejasminetea(茉莉花茶/花茶),thesouthernChineseprefergreenteaorblacktea.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Forthosewhoknowaboutsado(茶道，teaculture),theywon’tliketomixotherthingslikemilk,sugarwithtea,butwouldenjoythepuretea.Theteamadethepreviousdaywon’tbedrunknextday(隔夜茶),it’sharmfultohealth.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Chinesecareaboutthewayofdrinkingtea:tosiptea(呷茗)notdrinkunrestrainedly(牛饮).《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

It’sbelievedintheWestandtheEast,thatteacanpredictsomething,thoughit’ssomewhatsuperstitionsiftheteastalksinacupfloat/standupright(erect),theteadrinkerwillbepleasedforit’saomenthatadistinguishedguestiscoming.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheBritishpeoplethink,ifsomeonehappenedto(无意中)cover(coveredaccidentally)atea-pot,itpredictsanunexpectedvisitorwillarrive.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIftwowomensharetheteainthesamepot,thatmeansoneofthemorsomeonefromeitherfamilywillgivebirthtoachildbytheendoftheyear.Ithintsanunexpectedguestistocome.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWhenthestalkishard,thecomerismale,ifthestalkissoft,itwillbeafemalevisitor.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1InJapan,fornoreasoncanyouinsertchopsticksverticallyintothefood.Becausethisisaninauspicioussign.Moreover,itisthoughttobeanimpolitebehaviorwhenyousucktheendofachopstick.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1Everyone,whetheryouareMuslimornon-Muslim,shouldtakeoffyourshoeswhenenteringintothemosque.VisitorsshouldfollowtheMuslimstyleofdress:menshouldwearlongpantsandlong-sleevedshirts;womenshouldcoveralltheirexposedskin.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos4)

tabooaboutgift-presentingThenumberofflowersshouldbeodd(单数),forit’sbelievedtheevennumberwillresultinmisfortune/badluck.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Whiteflowersaredeniedbecausethewhitecolorsymbolizesmisfortuneordeath.Sooneisnotexpectedtogivewhiteflowerstothepatientinhospital.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIfyouareinvitedtoaFrancefamilyfordinner,youcanbringsomeflowers,butuntied.Donotbringthechrysanthemum;they’reonlytobeusedatthefuneralinFrance.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosPurpleflowers

aretheflowersofdeathinMexico.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

InFrance，theyellowflowerswereseenasdisloyal!Carnationsareassociatedwithbadluck.╳《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

InU.S.AandBritish,remembernottosendlily,becauseitmeansdeath.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1杜鹃花

Azalea，

rhododendron/rəudə’dendrən/

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1石竹花pinkOntheinternationaloccasions,thesetwokindsofflowersarenotthepropergiftsforguestsastheFrenchpeoplethinkitwillbringforthdisasters.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1Convallariamajalis(铃兰花)arenotthesuitablegiftforfriendsasitimpliestheterminationoffriendship《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1ThePolishwillnotsendguestsdriedorwitheredflowersastheymeanstheendoffriendship.TheGermans

won’tusetulipsasgiftsforitisregardedasthemercilessflowers.Purpleflowerswon’tservesasBrazilians’giftsforguestbecauseitisusedforfuneralsasthesymbolofdeath.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1InEurope,theflowersforpatientsshouldnotbetheoneswithstrongaroma.Smallflowersarenotformid-agedpeople,andbigflowersfortheyoung.

Lotusarenotforgiftsastheyareforsacrifice.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1Incommunication,cut-flowersratherthanthepottedflowersarethenormalgifts.OnlyontheEasterthepottedwindflowers(风信子)areacceptable.

.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInLatinAmerican,thehandkerchief,knives,scissorsandothergiftslikethesecannotbesentasgifts.OtherwisetheLatinAmericanwillconsideryourfriendshiptoanend.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosHandkerchiefcannotbesenttoLatinAmericaasgift.Otherwisetheywillbeconsideredtheendofyourfriendship,notahandkerchiefasagift,neither.Becausetheythinkthatthehandkerchiefislinkedtotears.TheylikesmallhouseholdproductsmadeinUSA,suchaskitchenutensils.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheRussianssendflowerswithasinglenumber.Theyusebreadandsalttotreatthehonoredguesttoshowtheiramicabilityandrespect.SendingmoneyasgiftistabooforRussianswhichmeanscharityandinsult.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosMenarenotrecommendedtopresentwomenperfumes,dressesandcosmetics.Oneisnotexpectedtopresentgiftsonpublicoccasionsforthiswillembarrassotherpeoplewhofailedtopreparegifts.ClocksorwatchesarenotthepropergiftsforChinese.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos5)

tabooaboutfestivalTheWesternersespeciallyvaluetheNewYear’sDay

Theyareverycarefulaboutthisdaythatcanensuregoodluckinthecomingyear.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheybelievewhatkindofpersonthefirstvisitortotheirhouseisapersonwithblackhair,oratleastit’stheblack–hairedfriendoracquaintance,hewillbringthehostgoodluck:Ifthefirstvisitorisawoman,italsowillbetheevilomenforthenewyear.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTopreventthatfromoccurring,theywillmakesomearrangements.Forexample,onewillinviteamaleguest/friendasthefirstvisitortohisfamily,toseveralfamiliesoreventothewholeneighborhood.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosAccordingtothearrangement,atthebellsoundofthenewyear,thismaleguestshouldbeatthedoor,anticipatingthosepeoplewhoarethoughttobringbadlucktoothers.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIfafamilymemberactsasthefirstvisitor,hewillbesentoutofthehousebeforemidnighttomakesomepreparation.Heshouldcarrysomegiftsnotnecessarilyexpensivesuchasbreadsymbolizingamplefoodandclothing(丰衣足食)orcoin/saltasthesymbolofwealthandfortune.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos6)religionstaboo:

IntheBible,therearetherecordsofTheTenCommandments《上帝十诫》reported(转述)byMoses(摩西)：

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTheTenCommandmentsFirst

"IamTheLordyourGod,WhobroughtyououtofthelandofEgypt,outofthehouseofbondage.YoushallhavenoothergodsbeforeMe."

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSecond

“Youshallnotmakeforyourselfagravenimage,oranylikenessofanythingthatisinheavenabove,orthatisintheearthbeneath,orthatisinthewaterundertheearth;《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosThird

"YoushallnottakeTheNameofTheLordyourGodinvain;forTheLordwillnotholdhimguiltlesswhotakesHisNameinvain."《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFourth

"RemembertheSabbathday,tokeepitholy.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFifth

"Honoryourfatherandyourmother,thatyourdaysmaybelonginthelandwhichTheLordyourGodgivesyou."

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSixth

"Youshallnotkill."Seventh

"Youshallnotcommitadultery."Eighth

"Youshallnotsteal."《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosNinth

"Youshallnotbearfalsewitnessagainstyourneighbor."《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTenth

"Youshallnotcovetyourneighbor'shouse;youshallnotcovetyourneighbor'swife,orhismanservant,orhismaidservant,orhisox,orhisass,oranythingthatisyour《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos十诫大意：(1)

不可崇拜上帝以外的其它神(2)

不可敬拜偶像(3)

不可妄称上帝的名字(4)

当守安息日(5)

当孝敬父母《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos(6)

不可杀人(7)

不可奸淫(8)

不可偷盗(9)

不可作假证害人(10)

不可贪恋他人财产《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForCatholicism/-city,thereothertaboos:with2-3weekafterthefuneral,thedeceased’srelatives/familymembersshouldavoidinterviewingguests,joininginlarge-scaledpartyorballparty.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosCatholicpriestsarenotallowedtogetmarried.MostItaliansarearecatholicwhodon’tuseChristmasTreebutplaywithtoys.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosAccordingtothediettaboosdescribedinIslam’sKoran,thedirtyanimalssuchaspigs/swines,donkeys,mulesanddogsarenotedible,theoxen,sheep,chicken,ducksandbirdsslaughteredwithoutkillers’chantingthenameofAllah(未诵安拉之名而宰杀)；thebanningofeatingtigers,leopards,wolves,eagles,andsnakes;theinlandIslamscannoteatthefishwithoutscalesandgills(无鳞无鳃鱼)andotherfishthatdon’tlooklikefish(e.g.seafoods)；《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1AlsoinKoran,alcoholdrinkingisforbidden,adevoutMuslimwon’ttouchandsellalcoholdrinks.SonoalcoholdrinksareservedattheMuslims’banquetsandthehostswillnotproposeatoast（敬酒）。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForMuslimism/Moslem/Muslin,therearesometaboos:theydon’teatpork,andanimalblood,wineanddrinkwithalcohol,don’tworshipidol,Moslemsarenotallowedtogetmarriedwithcloserelatives,andthefollowers/disciplesofotherreligions.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSomereligions—includingHinduism,Buddhism,Islam,andvariousbranchesofChristianitysuchastheMethodists（卫礼公会）,theBaptists,—forbidordiscouragetheconsumptionofalcoholicbeverages.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFemaleMoslemsusuallystayathomeinsteadofworkingoutside,theyshouldavoidgazingatmales,insteadtheyshouldlowervisionwhilecomingacrossmaleMoslems,maleandfemaleMoslemsarenotsupposedtoembraceeachotherinpublic,awomanshouldveilherfaceinthepresenceofstrangers;《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosOnlyveiledwomenareallowedtoenterthemosque.MenshakinghandswithwomenisconsideredataboobytheMoslemcountries.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos犹太教（Judaism）第一个法规和动物有关。唯一可以食用的哺乳动物是反刍并有分蹄的动物，可以吃牛肉，而不允许吃猪肉和马肉，这点与穆斯林在Halal的饮食禁忌法规类似。大多数饲养禽类(如鸡、鸭、鹅等)是被允许的，但一些新品种如鸵鸟和鸸鹋不允许，圣经中特意提及禁食鸵鸟。鱼类必须有鳃和鳞，禁食软体动物和甲壳类动物。第二个法规和动物的血液有关。犹太人认为血是"生命的液体"而严禁食用。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos喇嘛教（Lamaism）亦称藏传佛教，也是“只要不杀生，也不禁荤腥”，但仅吃牛、羊、鹿、猪等偶蹄（even-hoof）动物，不吃被视作“恶物”的奇蹄动物（马、驴、狗、兔）、五爪禽（鸡、鸭、鹅）以及“龙王的子孙――鱼虾蚌贝”，也不愿借灶具给人煮这些东西吃，因为喇嘛教信奉龙，认为鱼是龙的子孙，故要禁食（如今一些地区已不禁）；也不准在附近的水域捕鱼、钓鱼。喇嘛教信徒忌讳捕杀野生动物，忌讳外人在天葬场旁观或在远处偷看。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWhenmeetingalama,itisnotappropriatetohughimorshakehandswithhim,butanamaste(合十礼）.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWalkclockwisearoundamonastery,pagodas,orotherreligiousstructures.Prayerwheels（祈祷轮；转经轮，地藏车）

shouldalsobeturnedclockwise.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInTibet,whistlinginthehouseisthoughttobeinauspicious.Peoplewhistleonlywhentheyareexorcisingevilspirits(驱邪）.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInTibet,smoking,consumingalcoholormakingunnecessarynoiseinamonastery.

Touching,walkingoverorsittingonanyreligioustexts,objectsorprayerflags(幡经）inamonastery.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosCausinganythingtobekilledinamonastery.Intrusivephotographyofamonasteryespeciallywhenpeopleareperformingreligiousceremonies.Alwaysaskforpermission.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Harmingvultures（秃鹫）,oryaks（牦牛）andsheepwearingred,yelloworgreencloth.

Steppingonthethreshold（门槛）whenenteringaTibetanhouse.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosDonotwatchaskyburialwithoutpermission.Ifitisallowed,donottakephotos.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosPeopleshouldkeepquietonthetopofmountains.Itisbelievedthatloudnoisewillresultinheavysnow,stormsorhail.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosClappinghands（鼓掌）behindothersisalsoconsideredimpolite.DonotusepaperprintedwithTibetanlanguagetoscrubanything《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSpittingbeforesomebody.

Placingtrashinthefire.

Publicdisplaysofaffection.

Wearingshorts.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWomenshouldnotshaketheirskirtsinfrontofothers.Itwillbringbadlucktootherpeople.

Nevertouchtheheadofanotherperson.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

ColorsandTaboosDifferentcolorhasdifferentsymbolicmeaning:theredcolorstandsforvitalityandfiercelove,pinksymbolizesfaithfullove,orangeissignofvigor,purplemeansrespectandgoodwishes,butyellowsignifiescontempt.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosForChinese,theredcolorsymbolizeshappinessandjoy.Soitisnotthecolorforfunerals.Modernpeople(communists)endowedredwithrevolutionaryelements.Nowadays,redcolorsymbolizesenthusiasm,stimulation(bull-fighting),excitement,courage/bravery,andmakepeopleassociateitwithfire,blood,king’spowerandviolentrevolution.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIntheWest,redhassomenegativemeanings:imperious(专横),irritable(暴躁),andarrogance.ButAmericansdislikeredcolor,viewingitasadisgustingcolorforitimplies“stop”.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Neverbuyagreenhatforanymalemarriedfriend,aswearingagreenhatimpliesthathiswifecommitsadultery.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosWhitesymbolizespurity,virtuesandmaritalhappinessforWesterners,sotheywearwhiteweddinggowns,butforChineses,whiteisassociatedwith“mourning”(funeral/death).《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInChineseculture,darksignifiesmystery,seriousnessandsolemnity.Ontheonehand,itsymbolizessolemnityandjustice,butontheothrhand,italsohastheconnotationofcattinessorinsidiouness(阴险）wickednessandterror.WhileintheWesterncultures,blackisthebasictaboocolor,symbolizingdeath,illomenanddisaster.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboospurplewillcausesadnessinBrazil.darkbrownisregardedasthoseofunfortunate,yellowasthedesperate,aswellasmeanstoprovokedeepresentment.Americanslovebrightcolors,whileagainstthepurpleandhateyellowasitisassociatedwiththeyellowgownJudasworeatthelastsupperwithJesus.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos4.Islamshatesyellowinparticular,becauseitsymbolizesthedeath,buttheylovegreen,whichwhattheysaywillgetridofevilspiritordeseases.5.Bulgarians（保加利亚人）hatebrightgreen(becauseitrepresentsthenon-governmentprimaryidentificationPeasantParty)《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIslamistcountriesadoregreencolorwhichrepresentsthegreenareaindeserts(greenmightaswellrepresenthopesindesertstopeoplewhoarehungerforwater).GreenisthecolorthatreprsentstheoutwardexpansionofIslambyMuhammad.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

InJapan，blackandwhitecannotbeusedtogether,greenanddeepgreyarealsoabandant,Japanesedonotuselilyforlogodesignbecauselilyisusedforfuneral.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosSingaporeiswherepurple,blackareconsideredasominous.Black,white,yellowcolorareincludedintaboo.Malaysianshateyellowcolorbecauseitsymbolizesdeath,thegeneralMalaysiansdonottowearyellowclothes.Blackwillraisenegativefeelings.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosUnitedArabEmirates,Kuwait,Bahrain,Iran,Qatar,YemenandOmanusebrown,blackandgreen,blueandredandwhitecolorswhichcarryapositivemeaning.whilepink,purpleandyellowcolorarenegative.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Egyptianslikethegreen,white,whileblackandbluearebanned.Egyptiansalsolovegreen,red,orange,ratherthanpurple,blue.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInRomania,whiteisconsideredpureandsimple,ontheotherhand,redisregardedaslove,greenashope,yellowasacaution,andblackisincludedinanegativeconnotation.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosItalianpeoplelikegreenandgray,thenationalflagconsistsofgreen,whiteandredcolor.Accordingtosomerecords,in1796Napoleon'sexpeditionintheItalianArmyusegreen,whiteandredcolorasitsflag.TheflagwasdesignedbyNapoleonhimself.Italianhatepurple.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFrenchpeopleareimaginativeincolors.theyalsogiveresearchoncolortofindouttherightwaytousecolor.Likered,yellowandbluecolorsareamongthepopularcatalogasbrightcolorsareelegant,fashionandgorgeous,noble.Intheeasternregion,fashionboyswearblue,whilegirlswearpink.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInancientChina,yellowsymbolizedhonorandrespect(尊贵),solemnity,monarchicalpower(君权),supremacy(至高无上)，sacrednessandinviolability（神圣不可侵犯）.Anythingimperialisyellow.Theyellowcolorwasexclusivelyenjoyedbyemperors(专用色).Anyministerorsubject(臣民)woreyellowclotheswouldbebeheaded.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInothercountries,yellowhassomepositivemeanings.InancientRome,yellowwastheindispensablereligiouscolor.InIndia,theBuddhistmonkwearyellowkasaya(袈裟)InAmerica,yellowsignifiesexpectation,missingofrelativesandmemory.Ofcourse,yellowhassomenegativeimplications:betrayal,jealousy,distrust,pornographyandchildishness.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosFlowersandtaboos由于各国风土人情的差异，不同国家的人们对花语的理解也有差别，对花的颜色、花束的枝数也有讲究，因此，了解各地送花的避忌，对我们的交际应酬是很有必要的。

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos1．在中国的一些传统年节或喜庆日子里，到亲友家作客或拜访时，送的花篮或花束，色彩要鲜艳、热烈，以符合节日的喜庆气氛。可选用红色、黄色、粉色、橙色等暖色调的花，切忌送整束白色系列的花束。2．在广东、香港等地，由于方言的关系，送花时尽量避免用以下的花：剑兰(见难)、茉莉(没利)。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

3．按我国风俗习惯，好事成双。因此，除非送女友远行，在她襟前别上一朵鲜花以表示惜别之意，一般不宜送孤零零的一朵花。

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos4．日本人忌“4”，“6”，“9”几个数字，因为它们的发音分别近似“死”、“无赖”和“劳苦”，都是不吉利的。给病人送花不能有带根的，因为“根”的发音近于困”，使人联想为一睡不起。日本人忌讳荷花。在探望病人时，忌用山茶花、仙客来及淡黄色、白颜色的。他们对菊花也存有戒心，因为它是皇室家族的标志，一般人不敢也不能接受这种礼物。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos5.俄罗斯人送女主人的花束一定要送单数，将使她感到非常高兴。送给男子的花必须是高茎、颜色鲜艳的大花。俄罗斯人也忌讳“13”，认为这个数字是凶险和死亡的象征，而“7”在他们看来却意味着幸运和成功。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

6．在法国，当你应邀到朋友家中共进晚餐，切忌带菊花，菊花代表哀悼，因为只有在葬礼上才会用到，法国人对蓝色偏爱，忌讳黄色；他们很忌讳“13”这个数字。意大利人和西班牙人同样不喜欢菊花，认为它是不祥之花，但德国人和荷兰人对菊花却十分偏爱。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos7．英国人一般不爱观赏或栽植红色或白色的花。英国人忌讳百合花，并把百合花看作是死亡的象征。亦忌赠黄玫瑰，英国传统习俗认为，黄玫瑰象征亲友分离。他们对墨绿色很讨厌，认为墨绿色会给人带来他们懊丧。很忌讳“13”和“星期五”这些数字与日期。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos8．在德国他们最爱蓝色的矢车菊（cornflower），并视之为国花。一般不能将白色玫瑰花送朋友的太太，因为它是赠送情人的礼品，也避免用郁金香。在送鲜花时，切不要用纸包装。他们不喜欢客人随便赠送玫瑰花，因玫瑰花在德国有浪漫的含义《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos9.瑞士的国花是金合欢花（acaciaflower），瑞士人认为红玫瑰带有浪漫色彩。因此，送花给瑞士朋友时不要随便用红玫瑰，以免误会。(如送红玫瑰可以送1枝，也可送20枝，但不要送3枝，因为3枝意味着你们是情人。)《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos10．欧美一带在悲痛时，不以香花为赠物。11．巴西人忌讳黄色和紫色的花，认为紫色防的色调，视黄色为凶丧的色。千万不要送巴西人绛紫色的花。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

12.如果到芬兰、瑞典等北欧国家，要是应邀到主人家里作客，一定要给女主人带几束单数的鲜花，最好是5枝或7枝。13.墨西哥人忌讳以黄色和红色为礼相送，因为黄色意味着死亡，红花会给人带来晦气《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos14.如果应邀到加拿大人家作客，可向女主人赠送一束鲜花，但不要送白色的百合花，在加拿大，白色的百合花只有在开追悼会时才用。也不要送菊花，送花时要送单数。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos15.到西班牙人家作客，千万不要送大丽花和菊花，这种花和死亡有关。16.花的数目不能是“4”。南朝鲜、日本人忌讳认为“4”是表示死亡的数字。日本人还特别忌讳赠送数量为“9”的花，因为你送花的数量为“9”给他，就等于视他为强盗。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos17.一般情况下，只有男士送女士鲜花，而女士不要回送男士鲜花。

18.探望病人的花束或花篮不要香气过浓或色彩过于素淡，对病人恢复健康不利。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

19.接受送花，应表示高兴，面带微笑，可以欣赏一下，并闻一闻花香，让送花人感受到你对花的喜欢。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos日本人（Japanese）忌讳绿色（green），认为绿色是不吉祥的。英国人(British)也厌恶绿色，因为他们以橄榄绿(Olivegreen)作为裹尸布的颜色。在法国（France）和比利时（Belgium），人们都厌恶墨绿色（blackishgreen）。因为在第二次世界大战期间，两国曾饱受德国纳粹占领之苦，而纳粹的军服色就是墨绿色。比利时人还忌讳蓝色(Blue)，以蓝色作为不吉利的标志.伊拉克(Iraq)也讨厌蓝色，视蓝色为魔鬼，在日常生活中忌讳使用蓝色。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos巴西人(Brazil)以棕色(brown)为凶色,他们认为,死人好比黄叶飘落,所以忌讳棕黄色。埃及人(Egyptian)忌讳黄色(yellow),以黄色为不幸,丧葬之色.叙利亚(Syria)也忌用黄色(yellow),他们认为它表示死亡。埃塞俄比亚人(Ethiopian)出门做客不穿浅黄色衣服,因为他们穿淡黄色服装是表示对死者的哀悼。土耳其人(Turk)在布置房间、客厅时，绝对禁用茄花色，民间一向认为茄花色代表凶兆。印度(India)视白色(white)为不受欢迎的颜色。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos摩洛哥人(Moroccan)一般不穿白衣，忌白色，以白色为贫困象征。乌拉圭人(Uruguay)忌青色，认为青色意味着黑暗的前夕。泰国(Thailand)忌红色(red)，认为红色是不吉利的颜色，因为在泰国人死后,用红笔把死者姓名写于棺材上.蒙古人（Mongolian）对黑色(black)异常厌恶，把黑色视为不祥之兆，认为它意味着不幸,贫穷,威胁,背叛,嫉妒,暴虐等。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos欧美人视黑色为哀丧之色.俄罗斯人（Russian）也忌讳黑色，有些人连黑猫（blackcat）也讨厌。传说黑猫会给人带来厄运，谁如果在路上遇见黑猫谁就可能大祸临头。秘鲁（Peru）平时禁用紫色（purple），只有在十月份举行宗教仪式时才开禁。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos

Numeralsandtaboo

Thenumeral3isrespectedbybothWesternersandEasterners.AncientEgyptiansvieweditasthesymbolsoffather,motherandson.InChristianity,theHolyTrinityincludesthe“Father”the“Son”andthe“HolySpirit”.InGreekmyth,theuniversewasthoughttobegovernedby3divinities(Gods):Jupiter,NeptuneandPluto.

《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosChinesealsovalue3.Theythinktherearethepreviouslife,presentlifeandnextlife.Thereare3relations:relationbetweenhusbandandwife.Thesearecalledthethreecardinalguidesandthefiveconstantvirtuesasspecifiedinthefeudalethicalcode君为臣纲—rulerguidessubject父为子纲—fatherguidesson,夫为妻纲—husbandguideswife.五常：仁:benevolence;义:righteousness;礼:propriety;智:wisdom信:fidelity.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosThenumeral4,inKorea,JapanandotherAsiancountriesisnotregardedasaluckyone,foritandChinesecharacter死arehomophonic.SoinJapan,youcan’tfindthe4thfloorsinhospital,restaurants,officebuilding.It’ssaidifafamilyhasa4thchild,he/shecouldbeviewedasanillomenandgetmaltreatment.Thearmywillnotbenumeral(编号)with4.Thecarlicense/numberplate(车牌)ortelephonenumberwiththenumeral4won’tbewelcome/accepted.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosTherearefewtaboosaboutthenumeral5.InancientChina,womentriedtoavoidgivingbirthtochildonMay5ofthelunarcalendar(农历五月初五)，forthisdateindicatesanillomen(主凶)andthechildbornonthisdaywon’tbeworthyandonlyliveashortlife(不肖不寿)，evenbringsharmanddisastertohis/herfamily.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboos8isCantonese’sfavoritenumeral,because8and发（fa）arehomophones.BeforetheSpringFestival,mostCantonesefamilieswillbuyakumquat(汉语，金桔的音译→transliteration)tree.Thosepriced￥2.8（双发），￥8.8（发发）,￥18(实发)，willbewelcome.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosInChinese,9and久arehomophones,so9signifiesalongtime,andthisnumberisapprizedtotheimperialbuildings.But9alsoisnegative,intheBeijingarea,therehasbeenafolklore“Reachingtheageofovert9orcovert9,oneislikelytodieorbecomeill（明九暗九，非死即病.）”overt9referstotheagewith9,19,29.39…,covert9→18,27,36,45.《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1CultureandTaboosIntheWest,13isregardedasafrighteningnumeral.传说耶稣受害前和弟子们共进了一次晚餐。参加晚餐的第13个人是耶稣的弟子犹大。就是这个犹大为了30块银元，把耶稣出卖给犹太教当局，致使耶稣受尽折磨。参加最后晚餐的是13个人，晚餐的日期恰逢13日，“13”给耶稣带来苦难和不幸。从此，“13”被认为是不幸的象征。“13”是背叛和出卖的同义词。1970年4月13日,从39号(13的三倍)发射台升空的阿波罗13号宇宙飞船因氧气瓶爆炸事故而宣告失败,更使对“13”的恐惧心理上升为“数字13恐惧症phobia”。《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1Peopletrytogetridof13indailylife.Theywon’tinvite13personstodinner,thehouse,buildingandroomwillnotbenumberedwith13,stud