(8.4.2)-Ch-02-Computer计算机组成原理

计算机组成原理

双语教学课件WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganizationandArchitecture

6thEditionChapter2

ComputerEvolutionandPerformance发展性能Inthischapter,weshallintroducesomepeoplesandeventswhoorwhichhaveputforwardforcomputer’sdevelopment.ENIAC-backgroundElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputerEckertandMauchlyUniversityofPennsylvaniaTrajectorytablesforweaponsStarted1943Finished1946ToolateforwareffortUseduntil1955ENIAC-detailsDecimal(notbinary)20accumulatorsof10digitsProgrammedmanuallybyswitches18,000vacuumtubes30tons15,000squarefeet140kWpowerconsumption5,000additionspersecondvonNeumann/TuringStoredProgramconceptMainmemorystoringprogramsanddataALUoperatingonbinarydataControlunitinterpretinginstructionsfrommemoryandexecutingInputandoutputequipmentoperatedbycontrolunitPrincetonInstituteforAdvancedStudiesIASCompleted1952StructureofvonNeumannmachineIAS-details1000x40bitwordsBinarynumber2x20bitinstructionsSetofregisters(storageinCPU)MemoryBufferRegisterMemoryAddressRegisterInstructionRegisterInstructionBufferRegisterProgramCounterAccumulatorMultiplierQuotient存储器缓冲寄存器存储器地址寄存器指令寄存器指令缓冲寄存器程序计数器累加器乘商寄存器StructureofIAS–

detail(Page20)CommercialComputers1947-Eckert-MauchlyComputerCorporationUNIVACI(UniversalAutomaticComputer)USBureauofCensus1950calculationsBecamepartofSperry-RandCorporationLate1950s-UNIVACIIFasterMorememory商业化人口普查IBMPunched-cardprocessingequipment1953-the701IBM’sfirststoredprogramcomputerScientificcalculations1955-the702BusinessapplicationsLeadto700/7000series系列化TransistorsReplacedvacuumtubesSmallerCheaperLessheatdissipationSolidStatedeviceMadefromSilicon(Sand)Invented1947atBellLabsWilliamShockleyetal.TransistorBasedComputersSecondgenerationmachinesNCR&RCAproducedsmalltransistormachinesIBM7000DEC-1957ProducedPDP-1MicroelectronicsLiterally-“smallelectronics”Acomputerismadeupofgates,memorycellsandinterconnectionsThesecanbemanufacturedonasemiconductore.g.siliconwafer“门”存储元GenerationsofComputerVacuumtube-1946-1957Transistor-1958-1964Smallscaleintegration-1965onUpto100devicesonachipMediumscaleintegration-to1971100-3,000devicesonachipLargescaleintegration-1971-19773,000-100,000devicesonachipVerylargescaleintegration-1978todate100,000-100,000,000devicesonachipUltralargescaleintegrationOver100,000,000devicesonachipMoore’sLawIncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipGordonMoore-cofounderofIntelNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’sdevelopmenthasslowedalittleNumberoftransistorsdoublesevery18monthsCostofachiphasremainedalmostunchangedHigherpackingdensitymeansshorterelectricalpaths,givinghigherperformanceSmallersizegivesincreasedflexibilityReducedpowerandcoolingrequirementsFewerinterconnectionsincreasesreliabilityGrowthinCPUTransistorCount(page30)GrowthinCPUTransistorCountIBM360series1964Replaced(¬compatiblewith)7000seriesFirstplanned“family”ofcomputersSimilaroridenticalinstructionsetsSimilaroridenticalO/SIncreasingspeedIncreasingnumberofI/Oports(i.e.moreterminals)IncreasedmemorysizeIncreasedcostMultiplexedswitchstructure系列DECPDP-81964Firstminicomputer(afterminiskirt!)DidnotneedairconditionedroomSmallenoughtositonalabbench$16,000$100k+forIBM360Embeddedapplications&OEMBUSSTRUCTURE总线结构DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMainMemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleSemiconductorMemory1970FairchildSizeofasinglecorei.e.1bitofmagneticcorestorageHolds256bitsNon-destructivereadMuchfasterthancoreCapacityapproximatelydoubleseachyearIntel1971-4004

FirstmicroprocessorAllCPUcomponentsonasinglechip4bitFollowedin1972by80088bitBothdesignedforspecificapplications1974-8080Intel’sfirstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor通用微处理器SpeedingitupPipeliningOnboardcacheOnboardL1&L2cacheBranchpredictionDataflowanalysisSpeculativeexecution流水线板上CACHE板上一级、二级CACHE(指令)转移预测数据流分析推测执行使之更快2.2PerformanceMismatch(page39)ProcessorspeedincreasedMemorycapacityincreasedMemoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeed性能不匹配存储器速度滞后于处理器速速度DRAMandProcessorCharacteristics(page39)TrendsinDRAMuse(page40)SolutionsIncreasenumberofbitsretrievedatonetimeMakeDRAM“wider”ratherthan“deeper”ChangeDRAMinterfaceCacheReducefrequencyofmemoryaccessMorecomplexcacheandcacheonchipIncreaseinterconnectionbandwidthHighspeedbusesHierarchyofbuses解决方案(Find&bring)PentiumEvolution(1)8080firstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor8bitdatapathUsedinfirstpersonalcomputer–Altair8086muchmorepowerful16bitinstructioncache,prefetchfewinstructions8088(8bitexternalbus)usedinfirstIBMPC8028616Mbytememoryaddressableupfrom1Mb8038632bitSupportformultitaskingPentiumEvolution(2)80486sophisticatedpowerfulcacheandinstructionpipeliningbuiltinmathsco-processorPentiumSuperscalarMultipleinstructionsexecutedinparallelPentiumProIncreasedsuperscalarorganizationAggressiveregisterrenamingbranchpredictiondataflowanalysisspeculativeexecution精密强大的CACHE和指令流水线+内建数学协处理器超标量+多指令并行