外川外翻译英语

科目代码四川外国语大2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试科目名称科目代码四川外国语大2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试科目名称：翻译硕士英答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。全卷100分，3WordDerivationDirections:Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriatewordsderivedfromthewordsgiveninparenthesesattheendofthesentences.The amongtheallieswasnosecrettotheenemy.Thesituationtherewas .Somethingmustbedonepromptly.Thisismadeof material.(resistShewasavery socialscientist.Sheprovedthatapartfromself-love,therewereotherbasichumaninstincts.(observe)Youcanlivelongestandbestandmost byattainingandpreservingthehappinessoflearning.(reward)YouthinkI’mjoking?No!I’mindead .Manytimeshedemonstratedhis toothercops.Inmodernsociety,workersareindangerofbeing .Theybecomeextensionofthemachine.(human) ,mostofthesestudentsstudyingoverseaswillcomebackeventuallyinsteadofsettlingdowntherepermanently.(presume)Nobodyknowsforsurehowmuchthesefreeofficialbanquetshavecostthepeople,butmusthavereachedon figure.II.MultipleChoiceDirections:ForeachsentencebelowtherearefourchoicesA,B,CandD.ChoosetheanswerthatBESTcompletesthesentence.ThenwritethecorrectletterontheAnswerSheet.11.Theemotionalstrainofattendinghisdyingmother allhis(A)(B)(C)(D)12.Thesocialworkerclaimedthatitwasimpossiblefortheoldmantoliveonhis (A)(B)(C)(D)13.Themysticfoundithard,ifnotimpossible,to hisphilosophic(A)(B)(C)(D)14.Literarymagazinesgive$200 forcriticalarticlesfrompeoplewhowanttomake116nameforthemselvesinthis(A)(B)(C)(D)15.Hedisplayed ignoranceinhandlingwhatwasanonlyroutinepersonnel(A)(B)(C)(D)16.Europeans theindigenousIndianpopulationtheymet(A)(B)(C)(D)17.Disappointmentfollowedhishopesnameforthemselvesinthis(A)(B)(C)(D)15.Hedisplayed ignoranceinhandlingwhatwasanonlyroutinepersonnel(A)(B)(C)(D)16.Europeans theindigenousIndianpopulationtheymet(A)(B)(C)(D)17.Disappointmentfollowedhishopesof afterthecostly(A)(B)(C)appealingto(D)ignorantand18.Heattemptsto thetruthby(A)(B)(C)(D)19.Thetypical professorwasraptinsolvinganequationwhilecrossingagainsta(A)(B)(D)20.Anewlyindependentcolonywasplungedinto bywarringfactionsandalackofcentral(A)(B)(C)(D)21. parentsarerelyingevenmorechildrenheavilyontutorsandcramschoolstohelp(A)(C)(D)22.G.BShawwonderedhowparentscouldwaituntiltheirangercooledinorderto childrenincold(A)(B)(C)(D)23.A smilethatinthenextminuteturnedintoanembarrassed(A)(B)(C)(D)24.Thejudge’srulingthatpoliticalbeliefsoftheaccusedwere tothequestionof(A)(B)(C)(D)25.Acorruptpublicofficialwas bycolleaguesafraidofinquiresintotheirown(A)(B)glossed(C)(D)26.“Theonlywaytogetridofatemptationistoyieldtoit,”wroteOscarWilde,acomposerbrilliant (A)(B)(C)(D)27.Themanager aclerkwhoseclumsinesswasresponsibleforthecompleteofoperationsinhis(A)(B)(C)(D)asjustifyinga28.They themountingevidenceofdiscrepanciesinthereport(A)(B)(C)(D)29.AccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofOrthopedicSurgeons,only25%ofthose216sufferhip everfullyrecover;asmanyas20%sufferhip everfullyrecover;asmanyas20%willdiewithin12months.Evenpatientsdorecover,nearlyhalfwillneedacaneorawalkertoget(A)(B)(C)(D)30.Asteadyflowofthe weaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,therespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastly(A)(B)(C)(D)ReadingPassageQuestions31-35arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],orChrisHrapkoisn'tafraidoftoughconversations.Asthefounderofanonprofitsocial-serviceagency,shebattlesbureaucraciesonbehalfofthehomelessandtheworkingpoor.ButthereisoneconversationHrapkoavoided.Whenher92-year--oldmotherfellandbrokeherhipearlierthisyear,Hrapkoknewitwouldaffectherindependentmother'slivingarrangementsandhealth.ButHrapko,51,wascluelessabouthermom'swishes."Wetalkedaboutalotofthings,"shesays,"butwenevertalkedaboutafutureinwhichmymomfacedaproblemthatcouldleaveherdisabled, bedriddenoronlifesupport.”ArecentsurveybyAARPfoundthatnearly70percentofadultchildrenhavenottalkedtotheirparentsaboutissuesrelatedtoaging.Somechildrenavoidthismostintimateofconversationsbecausetheybelievetheirparentsdon'twanttotalk.Othersthinktheyknowwhattheirparentswant.Andsomesimplydon'twanttofacetheveryrealtruththatifyouareluckyenoughtohaveparentswholivewellintotheirsenioryears,chancesaregoodthatdisease,injury,frailty,evenloneliness,willaffectaparent'swell-being.Whileit'sclearthathavingaconversationwithagingparentsisimportant,thereisnoblueprintonhowtodoitwell.Whatworksforonefamilymaynotworkforyours.Thekeyistobeflexible,saysMaryAnneEhlert,founderofChicago-basedProtectedTomorrows,anadvocacyfirmforfamilieswithspecialneeds.Shehasfoundthatoneofthebestwaystogettheconversationalballrollingistotalkaboutyourparents'andwhattheywoulddoiffacedwithasituationinwhichpeopletheylovedcouldnolongercareforthemselves.“Askyourparentsforadvice;seektheirwisdominhelpingyouhelpthem,”Ehlertsays.It'salsoimportantforadultstobehonestaboutwhattheyarepreparedtodofortheirparents.Asparentsageandbecomefrail,manywillneedhelpwithpersonalhygiene.It’sthesekindsofissuesthatcanmakethemostdevotedchildbalk.“Beforeyouagreetobeacaregiver,makesureyouunderstandwhatyoumaybeinfor,"saysMonikaWhite,president-electoftheNationalAssociationofProfessionalGeriatricCareManagers.“Adultchildrenneedto316acknowledgetheirownlimitationsandthenbepreparedtomakesometypeofarrangementforthethingstheysimplycan'tdo.”Realizethatthereisnosuchthingasoneconversationaboutaging.“Nooneresolvesthefutureinoneafternoonoftalk,”sayspsychologistBrianCarpenterofWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis.“It'saprocess.”Onestrategyistoscheduletimetotalkaboutacknowledgetheirownlimitationsandthenbepreparedtomakesometypeofarrangementforthethingstheysimplycan'tdo.”Realizethatthereisnosuchthingasoneconversationaboutaging.“Nooneresolvesthefutureinoneafternoonoftalk,”sayspsychologistBrianCarpenterofWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis.“It'saprocess.”Onestrategyistoscheduletimetotalkaboutaspecificsubject,suchaswillsorlivingAccordingtothefirstparagraph,ChrisHrapko [A]avoidedtalkingabouttheissueofagingwithhermotherrealizedthathermotherwantedtotalktoheraboutthefuturelife[C]believedthathermotherdidn'twanttotalktoherabouttheagingissue[D]knewthattheinjurywouldcausehermotherlonelierthanbeforeManyadultchildrenhavenottalkedtotheirparentsaboutagingnotbecause [A]somechildrenthinkthattheirparentsdon'twanttotalksomechildrenbelievethattheyknowtheirparentssomechildrenarenotluckyenoughtohaveparentswholivewellintotheirsenioryears[D]somechildrenshuntherealitythattheirparentsneedhelpWecanlearnfromparagraph3that ChrisHrapkoneedstoseekadvicesfromtheexpertandfollowthemstepbyTalkingaboutyourparents'personalvaluesmaymaketheconversationItisunadvisabletotalkaboutyourparents'futurelifewhereyoucannottakecareoftalkingwithyourparentsabouttheiragingbutfindanappropriateTheunderlinedword“balk”(Para.4)mostprobablymean WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheChrisHrapko'smotherrefusedtotalkaboutthefutureproblemwithherMaryAnneEhlertadvisedpeopletocommunicatewiththeirparentsontheirownMonikaWhitethoughtthatifpeoplecannotmeettheirparents'need,theycannotbeagoodcaregiver..BrianCarpentersuggestedthatpeopleshouldspendmoretimeincommunicatingtheirReadingPassageQuestions36-40arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or416Lessthanfiveyearsago.ScottishOperawastrappedinafinancialquagmirefromwhichfewthoughtitcouldrecover.Today,however,thenationalcompanysealsitscomebackbyannouncingitsmostwide-reachingprogramtodate.InaninterviewwithTheTimes,AlexReedjik,generaldirectorofScottishOpera,explainedthataseriesofcollaborationswithothercompanieswouldenableLessthanfiveyearsago.ScottishOperawastrappedinafinancialquagmirefromwhichfewthoughtitcouldrecover.Today,however,thenationalcompanysealsitscomebackbyannouncingitsmostwide-reachingprogramtodate.InaninterviewwithTheTimes,AlexReedjik,generaldirectorofScottishOpera,explainedthataseriesofcollaborationswithothercompanieswouldenableittomaximizeitsoutputwithoutcompromisingitsbudget.Headmittedthatthepartnershipswereborneoffinancialnecessity,butarguedtheywouldallowthecompanytoreachgreateraudiencesthaneverbefore.“Collaborationsarethewayforward,”hesaid.“Wehaveoftendoneco-productionsinthepastbuttheyaremoreimportanttousnowtoenableustoachieveallofourhopes.Theproblemisthatsetsareveryexpensive.Ifyoucansharethosecostswithanotherorganizationandnotimpactonartisticintegrity,thatisapositive,welcomeandnecessarything.”Highlightsofthe2009-10seasonwillincludeanewco-productionwithNewZealandOperaofRossini'sTheItalianGirlinAlgiers,andajointventurewithOperaNorthTheAdventuresofMr.Broucek,byLeosJánacek,featuringa40-strongchoirsingingHussitehymns,alongwithbagpipesandanorgan.AnunashamedlyItalianateseasonthisAutumnbeginswitharevivalofGilesHavergal'spopular1994productionofTheElixirofLove.TherewillalsobearevivaloftheTony-awardwinningdirectorStewartLaing'sproductionofPuccini'sLaBohème.Theturnaroundinthecompany'sfortunesisstriking.In2005.theyearbeforeMr.Reedjikjoinedtheorganization,ScottishOperawasforcedtomakehalfofitsstaff,includingtheentirechorus,redundantandabandonitsmain-scaleproductionsforaseasonafteraccumulatingdebtsofaround￡4.5million.Thecompany'scoregrant,whichatthattimecamefromtheScottishArtsCouncil(itisnowfundeddirectlybythegovernment)hadnotrisenforseveralyears.However,ithadalsohaemorrhagedfundsbystagingthehugelyexpensiveRingCycle,andaccordingtosomecritics,hadbeenoverspendingonprops,withrumorsofcastmembers￡300designerA￡7millionrescuepackageputtogetherbythethenLabor-ledScottishExecutivesavedthecompanyfromgoingdarkonapermanentbasis,buttheeasewithwhichitalmostwentunderforcedarethinkofpriorities.Whilethecompanycontinuestostageseveralmajorproductionseachseason,ithasalsointroducedsmallertouringworks-theacclaimedFive:15series-whichpairsleadingwriterswithcomposerstocreate15-minutechamberpiecesthatcouldbedevelopedintolongerproductions.Theaim,saysMr.Reedjik,istoputonasmuchoperainScotlandaspossiblewithoutbreakingthebank.Sofarthestrategyseemstobeworking,withaudiencesaveragingataround95,000peopleinthepastthreeyears,ariseofalmost50percentcomparedwith2004-05,theseasonbeforethecompanywentdark.“Whatwearetryingtodonowislivewithinourmeansandraiseasmuchaspossiblefromphilanthropicmeans,”saidMr.Reedjik.“Weseemedtohavedroppedoutofthenewsfordumbstuff-nowwe'reinthenewsforourinteresting36.Thistextisprobablyabridgedfrom 516aaanaaananThephrase“compromisingitsbudget”(Line5,Para.l)probablymeans agreeingontheincreasingthefinancialreachingthefinancialpromisingahigherItcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceinParagraph1that thequalityofartisticperformancesmaybeworsenedforlackofnecessarysharingthecostofsetscanhelptheScottishOperaoutoffinancialtheseriesofcollaborationswithothercompanieshavemaximizedtheScottishOpera'sit'simportantforaudiencetoholdapositiveviewonsuchco-Thefactthat“theease...forcedarethinkofpriorities”(Line2-3,Para.4)suggests thecompanymakesgreateffortsinadvocatingitsmajorthecompanyhiresonlytheprestigiouswritersandcomposerstocreatethecompanytriesitshandinproducingshortertouringthecompanyseeksformorefundingfromthelocalpoliticalThebesttitleforthisarticleis CollaborationHelpsReviveScottishARethinkofPrioritiesinTurnaroundintheCompany'sPersistenceofArtisticReadingPassageQuestions41-45arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],orAmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyweshould,Like,Cure,JohnMcwhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seethetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalBlamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismthedeclineineducation.Mr.Mcwhorter'anacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryand616andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultofandheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing,”hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960'seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.Mcwhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas,Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrychunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.Mcwhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationalreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableAccordingtoMcwhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish isinevitableinradicaleducationisbutalltoonaturalinlanguagehascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesintheTheword“talking”(Line6,Para.3)denotes TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyLogicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewayweBlackEnglishcanhemoreexpressivethanstandardNon-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasOfallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexThedescriptionofRussians'loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor's interestintheirappreciationoftheiradmirationfortheir716[D]contemptfor[D]contemptfortheirold-Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as “temporary”isto“radical”isto“functional”isto“humble”istoReadingPassageQuestions46-50arebasedonthefollowingreadingReadthefollowingpassage.Answerthequestionsbelowitbychoosing[A],[B],[C],orThephenomenonofstresshasbeenwidelydiscussedandreferredtoasoneofthecentralproblemsofourage.Globalizationandtheimprovedtechnologyitbringsonlyseemstomakethisproblemworse,creatingmoreoptionswhileatthesametimemakingourlivesmorecomplex.Closelyboundupwithstressistheproblemof“timefamine”.InBritain,forexample,thecombinationofthelongestworkinghoursinEuropeandthehighestproportionofworkingwomeninEuropemeanspeoplehavelessandlesstimetothemselves.Addtothistheriseinthenumberofsingle-personhouseholdsandtheworkethicpromotedbysuccessivegovernmentssincetheearlyeightiesanditbecomeseasytoseewhytimeisnowatapremiumforsomanyofus.OneresponsetothishascomefromtheUSA,sooftentheforerunnerinwhatisfashionable,intheformoflifestylemanagement.Thisinvolveshiringacompanytorepairthehouse,dotheshoppingandahostofothertimeconsumingtasks.Someanalystsinsistthatthemanagementofpeople'stimecouldbebigbusinessinthenext10years.IntheUSAlifestylemanagementcompanieshavebeenaroundforawhilebutnowitseemsthattheBritisharekeentousethemWhatmostpotentialcustomerswantisqualitytime.Thismeanstakingawaythedaytodayhasslesconnectedwithrunningourlives.Whereasinthepasttherealwaysseemedtobetimeforarrangingprivatelivesandkeepingupwitheverydaydemandsofhouse,health,childrenorholidays,nowadaystheworkobsessedpopulation,tiedtotheoffice,donotappeartobeabletocopewithsuchinconveniences.Inotherwords,peoplerequireaseparatePersonalAssistantfortheirlifestyle!Thejuryisout,however,astowhetherthisnewserviceisbeneficialornot.Beingconstantlypressedfortimeisundoubtedlystressfulandwhatcouldbebetterthanrelievingsuchpressuresbyoffloadingsomeofourmoremundanetasksonawillinghelper?Perhapsthiscanalsobeawaytoensurethatyougetqualityservice.ItisoftensaidthatalargepartofBritain'sservicesectoraimspurelyandsimplyatshorttermprofitinreturnforbadqualitygoodsandpoorIfyouputexpertsinchargeoffindingagoodplumberatarateyoucanatleastbeassuredthatyourleakingpipeswillbefixed816Thisraisesanimportantquestion,however.Isitreallygoodforustocreatemoretimetospendatworkwhenwearealreadyexhaustedfromworkinglonghours?Itmaybefarmoreimportanttotakecontrolofourprivatelivesourselvesandinsodoingrelievestressbygivingourselvesaproperescapefromthecaresofthework-place.Afterall,ifyoudonothavetimetolookafteryourownhomeandtoorganizeyourownlife,then,justmaybe,youhavegotyourprioritieswrong.Theremaybeonereasonwhy,intheend,thelifestylemanagementbusinesswillThisraisesanimportantquestion,however.Isitreallygoodforustocreatemoretimetospendatworkwhenwearealreadyexhaustedfromworkinglonghours?Itmaybefarmoreimportanttotakecontrolofourprivatelivesourselvesandinsodoingrelievestressbygivingourselvesaproperescapefromthecaresofthework-place.Afterall,ifyoudonothavetimetolookafteryourownhomeandtoorganizeyourownlife,then,justmaybe,youhavegotyourprioritieswrong.Theremaybeonereasonwhy,intheend,thelifestylemanagementbusinesswillnottakeoffintheUKandthatistheinherentlyconservativenatureoftheBritish.ToreallyembracethisnewconceptwemightallneedtorethinkourThewritersuggeststhatstress isthemostimportantproblemofmodemiscausedbytechnologyandcanbemadeworsebecauseoftoomanycanbelessifwehadmoretimetospendat“timeisatapremium”(line8,paragraph1)probablymeansthat thelongerwework,thelessimportanttimetimehasbecomeharderandhardertopeoplehavemorefreetimeinAmericathaninsavingtimeisafashionablelifestyleAccordingtothetext,mostpotentialcustomers donothaveapersonalassistantintheiraretoolazytoorganizetheirprivatehaveproblemscopingwiththedemandsofdailyenjoythewayofspendingmoretimeatWhatistrueoflifestylemanagementcompaniesaccordingtotheTheywilldefinitelybecomeimportantevenittakestimetoacceptTheyarenotinterestedinlong-termrelationshipswithTheybenefitthecustomersbygivingacheapwayofsavingTheyhaveexpertiseingettingtherightpeopletodojobsfortheirTheauthorprobablybelievesthattheBritish willaccepttheneedforlifestylemanagementhavetogivecarefulthoughttotheirwayofshouldturntoexpertswhendealingwithspecificshouldbewelltrainedwithagoodworkReadingPassageQuestions51-55arebasedonthefollowingreadingInthefollowingpassage,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions51-55,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist[A][G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwo916extrachoicesthatdonotextrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyoftheShoppingusedtobenothingmorethanawayofobtainingfood,clothingandothernecessitiesoflife.Today,however,shoppingsymbolizesthematerialisticcultureofwesternsocietyanditspopularityasaleisureactivityreflectstheriseofconsumerism.51. Havingmoremoneyhasmeantspendingpatternshavechanged.Whiletraditionalmodelsofeconomicbehaviorassumethatconsumersarerationalandweighupthecostsandbenefitsbeforemakingapurchase,anyonewhohaseverwalkedintoashopandleftfiveminuteslaterwithanewjacketand180lessintheirwalletknowsthatthistheorydoesnotalwaysholdtrue.52. .Herresearchonconsumerbehavioridentifiedimpulsivebuyingasanattemptbyshopperstobolstertheirself-image,particularlyforthosewhosufferedfromso-calledcompulsivebuyingorshoppingaddiction,aconditionthataffects2to5percentofadultsintheThethree-yearstudycomparedexcessivebuyerstoasimilargroupofordinaryconsumers.Excessiveshoppersweremorematerialisticandbelievedthatbuyinggoodswasapathwaytosuccess,happinessandidentity.“Excessivebuyingisacopingstrategytofillthegapsbetweenhowshoppersfeelaboutthemselvesandthepersontheywanttobe,”DrDittmarsaid.53. .Herresearchalsorevealsthatcertaintypesofgoodsaremorelikelytobeboughtonimpulsethanothers.Thosemostfrequentlyreported-clothes,jewellery,ornaments-arecloselyrelatedtoself-imageandappearance.Thisfindingiscontrarytousualtheoriesaboutimpulseshopping,whichexplainitasashort-termgratificationwinningoutoverlonger-termconcernssuchasdebt. .Inotherwords,shoppersweremorewillingtowaitfor“lowimpulse”goodssuchaskitchenware,thantheywereforclothesorother“highimpulse”items.However,itwasfoundthatsomeofthe60consumersaskedtomaintainashoppingdiaryforthestudyoftenregrettedtheirimpulsivepurchases.DrDittmarsaid,“Whenpeoplehadexplicitlyboughtforself-imagereasons,regretwasmorelikelytooccur.”Butthisfindingwasambiguousbecauseshoppingaddictsweremoremotivatedbyself-imagethanordinaryshoppersandweremorelikelytoregrettheiractions.“It'snotquiteclearwhichwayroundthisrelationshipgoes,butthereisalinkbetweenbeingveryconcernedwithself-imagegoodsandregrettingimpulsebuying.”TheconclusionsdrawnbyDrDittmaraboutthetreatmentofcompulsiveshoppersarethatprescribinganti-depressantdrugsmightsolvetheproblembutonlyaslongassuffererscontinuetotakethem.Instead,theyneededtherapeutichelptoaddresstheunderlyingcausessuchaspoorself-image. .“Innosensedothesepeopledirectlyforceanyonetobuyanything.Buttheyareverysophisticated,makingadvertisementsandshoppingenvironmentsveryseductiveandplayingontheideathatifyoubuyproductXyouwillbemuchmore[A]Dr.Dittmarsaidthattheideathatconsumers'impulsivenessdiffered,dependingontypeofgoods,wasalsosupportedbythefindingthatshopperswerelesswillingto1016gratificationforgratificationforitemsboughtonButtherearepitfalls,suchasdebtandaddictiontobuying.Addictsshopforshopping'ssakeratherthantobuywhattheyneed.HelgaDittmar,seniorlecturerinpsychologyatSussexUniversity,hasfoundthatconsumergoodsarethematerialsymbolsofwhoapersonisandwhotheywouldliketobe.Herresearchalsoraisesquestionsoverthemethodsusedtoattractshoppersandencouragethemtobuy.Althoughadvertisersandretailersincreasinglyappealtoconsumers'self-image,DrDittmarsaiditwasverydifficulttoarguethatthesefactorswereresponsibleforcompulsiveshopping.Althoughtherewereotherwaysofdealingwithpoorself-image,suchasover-exercisingoralcoholism,shesaidthatshoppinghadbecomeoneofthemostimportantstrategies.Thiswasespeciallytrueforwomen,whowerethreetimesmorelikelytobecompulsiveshoppersthanmen,asshoppingwasasociallyapprovedactivity,andallowedthosewhodonotgoouttoworktogetoutofthehouse,Dr.Dittmarsaid.Womenmakethemajorityofbuyingdecisions-estimatesanywherefrom60-80%andgrowing.Despitethesefacts,someindustrieshavecreatedfrustratingwallsandbarriersfailingtocatertothebuyingcharacteristicswomenarelookingfor.Thishasbeenmadepossiblebythe75percentincreaseindisposableincomeinthepast20years.Thenumberofcreditcardsinusehasmorethanquadrupled,andtheamountofoutstandingconsumerdebthasalmosttripledinthesameReadingPassageQuestions56-60arebasedonthefollowingreadingInthefollowingpassage,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions56-60,choosemostsuitableonefromthelist[A][G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Inthegripofabubblementality,we—asinvestors,consumersandbusinesses—blithelyassumedriskandconvincedourselvesitwasperfectlysafetodoso.Weboughthouseswithnomoneydown,tookonhugeamountsofdebtandlettheboomingstockandhousingmarketsperformtheheavyliftingofsaving.Afterall,newtechnologies,securitizationandderivativespermittedfinancialwizardstoslice,dice,sell-and,ultimately,banish-anytypeofrisk.ButtheintellectualscaffoldingsurroundingthatcultureofdebtandriskhasfallenalongwiththestocksofCitigroupandAIG.Andnowthezeitgeisthasspun180degrees.Squeezeyournickels,slashdebt,stopgambling.56. .Thosearethe$4trillionquestions.Earlierthisdecade,wetransitionedeffortlesslyfromthedotcombubbletoahousingandcreditbubble,whichsuggestsapowerfulresiliency.Butfinancialtraumacanleavedeepscartissue,asitdidaftertheGreatDepression.It'stemptinginthisperiodofcontractiontomimicThoreau,tolivesimply1116deliberately.Butifwedeliberately.Butifweloseourpenchantforgainandrisk,we'lllosesomeoftheessenceofwhatmakesusAmerican.Economistswarnthatifwedon'tmanagetojolttheeconomybacktolifesoon,weruntheriskofrepeatingJapan's“lostdecade”ofthe1990s.Wouldthatbesobad?57. .ButAmericaisdifferent.Thankstoourcontinuallyrisingpopulation,weneedsignificantgrowthjusttomaintainourstandardsofliving-andthehealthofourdemocracy.Savingcashandbuildingupreservesisanecessaryfirststeptorecovery.Buteventuallythemountainofcashhastobeputtowork.Lastweek'ssharpmarketrallywascertainlyasign-howeverfleetingitmayturnouttobe-thatinvestorsareputtingmoneytoworkagain. Between1996and2007,accordingtotheKauffmanFoundation,about0.3percentoftheadultpopulationstartedanewbusinesseachmonth,orabout495,000permonth.59. Inrecentyears,manynewbusinesseshavebeenfinancedthro