Contrastive Analysis语言学中的对比分析

ContrastiveAnalysisGroupMember：...编辑课件OutlineWhatisContrastive

Analysis/

Study/

Linguistics?WhatisthepsychologicalbasisofCA?WhatproceduresshouldweadoptwhileconductingCA?Whatdowecontrast/compare?编辑课件DefinitionAninductiveinvestigativeapproachbasedonthedistinctiveelementsinalanguage.Itinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoormorelanguagesorsubsystemsoflanguageinordertodetermineboththedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Itcouldalsobedonewithinonelanguage.CAcanbeboththeoreticalandappliedaccordingtovariedpurpose.编辑课件kindsIntralingualCross-linguistic/InterlingualPhonologicalinterferenceSyntacticinterferenceContrastivepragmatics编辑课件KindsIntralingual---Analysisofcontrastivephonemes.---Featureanalysisofmorphsyntacticcategories.---Analysisofmorphemeshavinggrammaticalmeaning---Analysisofwordorder编辑课件KindsCross-linguistic/Interlingual---Comparativeanalysisofmorphsyntacticsystems.---Comparativeanalysisoflexicalsemantics---Analysisoftranslationalequivalence---Studyofinterferenceinforeignlanguagelearning编辑课件kindsPhonologicalinterference----Thosewhocannotdistinguish/n/and/l/soundinChinesecannotdistinguishthetwosoundsinEnglish,either编辑课件KindsContrastivepragmatics----Analysisneedstoconsidernotonlylinguisticcontrastsbutalsopragmaticcontrastssuchasthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthestylisticuses,cultures,andothercommunicativenetworks.编辑课件TheoreticalbasesHeavilyinfluencedbyStructuralismandBehaviorism.ThefocusonCAisonthesurfacestructure,includingthephonology,morphology,syntaxanddiscourse.Followingbehaviorism,CAemphasizesontransferinlanguagelearning编辑课件BasisassumptionsL2learninginvolvesovercomingdifficultiesinthelinguisticsystemsofthetargetlanguage.ThemaindifficultiesinlearningaL2arecausedbyinterferencefromtheL1.CAcanpredict,oratleastaccountfor,difficultiesinL2learning.Teachingmaterialsbasedoncontrastiveanalysiscanreducetheeffectsofinterferenceanddifficulties,andfacilitateL2learning.编辑课件TwotypesoftransferPositivetransfer:similarstructurefacilitatelearning.L1habitscansuccessfullybeusedintheL2.Negativetransfer:“interference〞fromtheL1.L1habitswillcauseerrorsintheL2.编辑课件ProceduresofconductingCATheproceduresfollowedinvolve:

1)description

(i.e.aformaldescriptionofthetwolanguageswasmadesuchasdistinctivefeaturesofeach)

2)selection

(i.e.certainareasoritemsofthetwolanguageswerechosenfordetailedcomparisonsuchasphonology,syntaxandlexicon)Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsand

laughters.Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandburstsoflaughter.

3)comparison(i.e.theidentificationofareasofdifferenceandsimilarity)编辑课件DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish:

Asforthesamething,ChineseandEnglishgiveadifferentnamebecauseoftheirdifferentfocus.Generally,blackisequivalentto“黑〞，andredisto“红〞.“青睐〞inChinesemeans“like〞and“favor〞whilegreeneyedinEnglishmeans“jealous〞.“眼红〞inChineseisequivalenttogreen-eyedinEnglish.Then,whatdoes“red-eyedflight〞mean?编辑课件SimilaritiesinChineseandEnglish:Therearesomesimilaritiesinsyntax,lookatthefollowingexamples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳。Oncebitten,twiceshy.眼不见，心不烦。Outofsight,outofmind.4)prediction

(i.e.determiningwhichareaswerelikelytocauseerrors)whichisalwaysconsideredasafailureofdoing.编辑课件Whatwearegoingtodonextisdatacollection.Therearetwotypesofdata:

1)corpus-baseddata

2)introspectivedataCorpus-baseddata:acollectionofmaterialsthathasbeenmadeforaparticularpurpose,suchasasetoftextbookswhicharebeinganalyzedandcomparedorasampleofsentencesorutteranceswhicharebeing

analyzedfortheirlinguisticfeatures.Introspectivedata:akindofdatainvolvingthesubjectreflectingthekindsofdecisionstheymakeandthekindsofstrategiestheyusewhilecarryingoutatask,andreportingthemastheyoccur.编辑课件Corpus-baseddata/IntrospectivedataIntrospectivedataisbasedonintuitiontomakejudgment,thejudgmentofsentimentality.Personaljudgmentmaynotalwaysbereliable,butthis

procedurecannotbeabandonedbecauseitisvery

convenient.Sothatiswhyeverybodyusesit.

Youcannotmixthetwodata.Youcanonlyuseone,eithercorpus-dataorintrospective.编辑课件Whatdowecontrastorcompare?Canweimproveourlinguisticcompetencewithoutsystematicallycomparingourmothertongueandthetargetlanguage?First,wemustunderstandthemeaningofawordwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Second,wemustlearnitsgrammarwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Third,weshouldalsobefamiliarwithotheraspectsoflanguage,suchassemanticsandpragmatics.Finally,weshouldknowthetargetculturewhilelearningaforeignlanguage.

编辑课件ContrastiveanalysisonlexicallevelAsSwedishlinguistFerdinanddeSaussuresays,“Languageisasystemofmutuallydependentlexicalitem,whosevaluecanonlybeacquiredfromotherlexicalitems.Forexample,thevalueoftheword“bachelor〞canonlybegeneratedfromspinster,woman,andhusband.〞Therearesomecollocationsthataretakenforgranted.Nowtake“salary〞asanexample:abig/highsalary/fatsalaryacomfortablesalary/ahandsomesalarylowsalaries/asmallsalaryamodestsalary编辑课件ContrastiveAnalysisonSyntacticLevelHumboldt,aGermanlinguist,saysthatanysentenceinanylanguagehastwolevels:oneislogicandtheotherisgrammar.Chineselanguagehasmuchmorecoincidenceinlogicandgrammaranditismorebasedonlogic.TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinsyntax.Theyareasfollows:hypotactic(主从的)vs.paratactic〔并列的〕,grammaticalprinciplevs.semanticprinciplesubordinationvs.coordinationgrammaticalwordordervs.pragmaticwordordernon-pro-dropvs.pro-drop〔主语脱落〕编辑课件Takepro-dropandnon-pro-dropasanexample,Question:[]开门了吗？

Answer:[]开了[]。发现了错误，一定要改正。

Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.看树看果实，看人看作为。

Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisaction.编辑课件SinceEnglishisasortofanalyticalandgrammaticallanguage,itismorestrict,stringentanddefiniteeveninagentlesspassivesentences.However,ChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Itisvague,anddependsheavilyoncontextandsemanticsratherthanongrammar.SinceChinesehasnomorphology,itisnecessaryforEnglishlearnersofL2ChinesetohavetheknowledgeofpragmaticswhenunderstandingChinesegrammar.Otherwise,itwillcauseambiguityormisunderstandinginmeaning.编辑课件ContrastiveAnalysisonMacroscopicLevelThedifferencebetweenmicroscopicCAandmacroscopicCAisthatmicroscopicCAfocusesonphonology,lexis,grammar,etc.whilemacroscopicCAfocusesontext,anddiscourse.Whatistext?Textisnotlimitedbyitsform;itcanbespokenorwrittenorevenaproseorpoem.Inaword,textisasemanticunitofexpressingideas.编辑课件Example:Insummary,therearetwodifferencesinthecomponentofconnectioninEnglishdiscourseandChinesediscourse：oneisvisibleandinvisibleconnection,andtheotheristhewayofmakingpausesinsentences〔断句〕.Therewerefewearthlythingsmorebeautifulthanauniversity,saidMasefield.Hedidnotrefertospiresand