研一下专业英语科技写作

1英语写作篇科技论文写作2科技论文的结构:主体部分引言(Introduction)

材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)3Introduction：重要性顾名思义，引言的作用是引导读者进入本文主题，主要任务是说明本文写作的理由，与前人工作的关系，以及帮助读者了解本文的背景、事实、条件等。不同于正文，也不同于摘要。正文着眼于对提出问题的描述、分析和论证；摘要重点介绍本文的贡献，而没有更多的篇幅介绍本文的背景、与前人的关系等。引言一定要考虑是独立于正文和引言的章节。常看到有些引言把摘要重复一遍，再加一些文献综述，不可取。4Introduction：重要性ThepurposeoftheIntroductionshouldbetosupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandandevaluatetheresultsofthepresentstudywithoutneedingtorefertopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.TheIntroductionshouldalsoprovidetherationaleforthepresentstudy.Aboveall,youshouldstatebrieflyandclearlyyourpurposeinwritingthepaper.Choosereferencescarefullytoprovidethemostimportantbackgroundinformation.5Introduction：写作内容包括的内容没有严格规定，内容可以较大伸缩共性：问题提出、研究范围与目的、主要研究方法，有些将结论和篇章结构写上一般取决于刊物的习惯6Introduction：写作内容综述研究背景：概述本项工作的研究或观察的理论基础，给出简明的理论或研究背景，一定要列举重要的相关文献；指出存在问题：说明为什么要做这项工作；阐述研究目的：说明有别于他人的“主意”(Writeforarangeofinterestedscientists)

“引言”要与“讨论”形成“呼应”关系(UseyourDiscussionasaguideline)7Introduction：写作内容SuggestedrulesforagoodIntroductionareasfollows:(1)TheIntroductionshouldpresentfirst,withallpossibleclarity,thenatureandscopeoftheprobleminvestigated.(2)Itshouldreviewthepertinentliteraturetoorientthereader.(3)Itshouldstatethemethodoftheinvestigation.Ifdeemednecessary,thereasonsforthechoiceofaparticularmethodshouldbestated.(4)Itshouldstatetheprincipalresultsoftheinvestigation.(5)Itshouldstatetheprincipalconclusion(s)suggestedbytheresults.Donotkeepthereaderinsuspense;letthereaderfollowthedevelopmentoftheevidence.Ansurpriseendingmightmakegoodliterature,butithardlyfitsthemoldofthescientificmethod.

8Introduction：注意事项繁简适度：考虑一下因素(1)读者水平（2）内容复杂度（3）出版篇幅限制应引用“最相关”的文献以指引读者.力戒刻意回避引用最重要的相关文献；避免不恰当地大量引用作者本人的文献；解释或定义专门术语或缩写词,以帮助编辑、审稿人和读者阅读与理解；一篇不太长的论文，缩略词尽可能在引言中注释。叙述前人工作的欠缺以强调自己研究的创新时,应慎重且留有余地（避免“首次提出”、“重大发现”，等）

——Totheauthor’sknowledge…/Thereislittleinformationavailableinliteratureabout…；等等

9Introduction：注意事项Manyauthors,especiallybeginningauthors,makethemistake(anditisamistake)ofholdingbacktheirmostimportantfindingsuntillateinthepaper.Inextremecases,authorshavesometimesomittedimportantfindingsfromtheAbstract,presumablyinthehopeofbuildingsuspensewhileproceedingtoawell-concealed,dramaticclimax.However,thisisasillygambitthat,amongknowledgeablescientists,goesoverlikeadoublenegativeatagrammarians'picnic.Basically,theproblemwiththesurpriseendingisthatthereaderseboredandstopreadinglongbeforetheygettothepunchline."Readingascientificarticleisn'tthesameasreadingadetectivestory.Wewanttoknowfromthestartthatthebutlerdidit"(Ratnoff,1981).10Introduction：注意事项Ifyouhavepreviouslypublishedapreliminarynoteorabstractofthework,youshouldmentionthis(withthecitation)intheIntroduction.Ifcloselyrelatedpapershavebeenorareabouttobepublishedelsewhere,youshouldsaysointheIntroduction,customarilyatortowardtheend.Suchreferenceshelptokeeptheliteratureneatandtidyforthosewhomustsearchit.Keepinmindthatyourpapermaywellbereadbypeopleoutsideyournarrowspecialty.Therefore,theIntroductionistheproperplacetodefineanyspecializedtermsorabbreviationsthatyouintendtouse.11Introduction：注意事项(new)要回答重要读者的问题12Introduction：注意事项(new)要回答重要读者的问题13Introduction：注意事项(new)要回答重要读者的问题14Introduction：注意事项设置可信度基础范围：不是所有的假设都影响范围，具体假设在适当地方提出，有利于证明你观点的正确性。Usingthesameassumptionasin[7],weassumethat…Withoutlossofgenerality,itisalsoassumedthat…Becauseweassumethattheeventisslowvarying,itisreasonabletoupdatetheinformationoneventallocationafterallotherstep.Ourditheringalgorithmdosenotmakeanyassumptionontheresolutionofpictures,nordoesitmakeanyassumptiononthecolourdepthofthepixels.Ourmethoddoesnotneedtoconsiderakernelfunction,nordoseitneedtomapfromalowerdimensionspacetoahigherdimensionspace.15Introduction：注意事项设置可信度基础范围：如果的确是前任未做过工作，也应该非常慎重，留有余地，如。Totheauthor’sknowledge…Thereislittleinformationavailableinliteratureabout…Untilnowwepossessscarceinformationconcerning…Untilrecentlythereissomelackofknowledgeabout…16Introduction：注意事项设置可信度基础定义:通过定义确定框架。Aneffectiveschemeshouldhavethefollowingdesirablefeatures:(1)security:theabilitytopreventattackedimagesfrompassingverification;(2)robustness:theabilitytotolerateincidentaldistortionsintroducedfromthepredefinedacceptablemanipulationssuchaslossycompression;(3)integrity:theabilitytointegrateauthenticationdatawithhostimageratherthanasseparatedata;and(4)transparency:theembeddedauthenticationdataareinvisibleundernormalviewingconditions.17Introduction：注意事项是主动和主观的引言的撰写方式与内容同等重要是以讲故事的形式表达你的发现，要尽量活剥、投入、个性化。被动语态在论文的其他部分易被接受，而在引言中会有负面影响.WewerecurioustoseewherewecouldresolvethediscrepancybetweenthesegeneprofilingstudiesbyusingourcurrentunderstandingofthegenedifferencesbetweenGCBandABCDLACL.18Introduction：注意事项是积极的鼓励的引言应鼓励读者阅读论文，读着读完引言应该“充满激情”。Kumar的观点：Idon’tusuallyreadintroductions.Mostofwhat’sinthereisrepeatedverbatimelsewhereinthepaperanyway.Theyareawasteoftime.Theyalwayssaythesamething:theproblemisimportant,everybodyelsebuttheauthorisdoingitwrong,andtheyusuallyendupwithaboringtableofcontents.SoIskipthem.19Introduction：注意事项空洞虚伪的开始。20Introduction：注意事项没有价值的结尾。21Introduction：注意事项讲述如下：在这个领域，这个特定的研究人员做了这件事；那个实验室做了那件事；在芬兰，某研究人员正在做别的什么事；而我们正在…简单罗列别人工作22Introduction：注意事项把所有部分整合成一个整体是必须的23Introduction：注意事项例举一长串互不关联的优点和缺点，使读者认为你保持了所有优点摒弃了所有缺点，但这是不可能的。24Introduction：注意事项例举一长串互不关联的优点和缺点，使读者认为你保持了所有优点摒弃了所有缺点，但这是不可能的。25Introduction：注意事项抄袭不精确:不完整阅读或不阅读造成后果，不能证实所采用的方法。Manypeoplehavebeenworkinginthisdomain[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],andothershaverecentlyimprovedwhattheirpredecessorsdid[11,12,13,1,41,5,16,17].后果：错误渗入你的论文审稿人发现你专业知识太浅，低估你的贡献你的研究不能被明确定位缺乏细节和趣味怀疑你的可信性缺乏可信性的单词26Introduction：注意事项27Introduction：注意事项形容词不当：poor,good,fast,faster,notreliable,primitive,native,limited避免不当的方法：指出你的工作支持他人的工作，或与他人有一致性定量而不是定性比较定界你的独特性和差异性引用他人支持你观点的论文28Introduction：注意事项学术论文与学位论文引言的差异基本要求相同还要考察基础和专业理论水平，因此篇幅长一些，参考文献多一些，详细些。举例：有关太阳能系统设计29Introduction：注意事项30Introduction：注意事项31Introduction：注意事项32Introduction：注意事项33Introduction：注意事项34Introduction：注意事项35Introduction：注意事项36Introduction：注意事项37Introduction：注意事项38Introduction：实例1

Asimpletrainenergybasedfiniteelementmeshrefinementsheme39Introduction：实例140Introduction：实例141Introduction：实例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration42Introduction：实例243Introduction：实例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration44Introduction：实例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration例3：analysing_bittorrent_seeding_strategies.pdf45科技论文的结构:主体部分引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)

结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)46Materialsandmethods:写作目的Now,inMaterialsandMethods,youmustgivethefulldetails.ThemainpurposeoftheMaterialsandMethodssectionistodescribe(andifnecessarydefend)theexperimentaldesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments.Many(probablymost)readersofyourpaperwillskipthissection,becausetheyalreadyknow(fromtheIntroduction)thegeneralmethodsyouusedandtheyprobablyhavenointerestintheexperimentaldetail.47Materialsandmethods:写作目的However,carefulwritingofthissectioniscriticallyimportantbecausethecornerstoneofthescientificmethodrequiresthatyourresults,tobeofscientificmerit,mustbereproducible;and,fortheresultstobeadjudgedreproducible,youmustprovidethebasisforrepetitionoftheexperimentsbyothers.Thatexperimentsareunlikelytobereproducedisbesidethepoint;thepotentialforreproducingthesameorsimilarresultsmustexist,oryourpaperdoesnotrepresentgoodscience.

48Materialsandmethods:写作内容明确描述实验对象和方法的选择,医学论文中还应说明实验过程是否符合伦理学要求；详细描述实验方法和实验步骤;列举建立方法的参考文献，并做简要描述(但不需全部重复描述);如果对已有方法进行了新的或实质性的改进，就要清楚地说明改进的理由49Materialsandmethods:写作要求MeasurementsandAnalysis：Beprecise.Methodsaresimilartocookbookrecipes.Ifareactionmixturewasheated,givethetemperature.Questionssuchas"how"and"howmuch"shouldbepreciselyansweredbytheauthorandnotleftforthereviewerorthereadertopuzzleover.50Materialsandmethods:写作要求Statisticalanalysesareoftennecessary,butyoushouldfeatureanddiscussthedata,notthestatistics.Generally,alengthydescriptionofstatisticalmethodsindicatesthatthewriterhasrecentlyacquiredthisinformationandbelievesthatthereadersneedsimilarenlightenment.Ordinarystatisticalmethodsshouldbeusedwithoutcomment;advancedorunusualmethodsmayrequirealiteraturecitation.

51Materialsandmethods:写作要求Indescribingthemethodsoftheinvestigations,youshouldgivesufficientdetailssothatacompetentworkercouldrepeattheexperiments.Ifyourmethodisnew(unpublished),youmustprovidealloftheneededdetail.However,ifamethodhasbeenpreviouslypublishedinastandardjournal,onlytheliteraturereferenceshouldbegiven.ButImendmorecompletedescriptionofthemethodiftheonlypreviouspublicationwasin…52Materialsandmethods:写作要求DonotmakethecommonerrorofmixingsomeoftheResultsinthissection.ThereisonlyoneruleforaproperlywrittenMaterialsandMethodssection:Enoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentscouldbereproducedbyacompetentcolleague.

53Materialsandmethods:英文表达不可遗漏动作的执行者：

——Todetermineitsrespiratoryquotient,theorganismwas…(theorganismdetermine…?) ——Havingcompletedthestudy,thebacteriawereofnofurtherinterest.(thebacteriacompletedthestudy?)文献引用尽量准确、具体：

——cellswerebrokenbyaspreviouslydescribed[9]

应改为：cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviouslydescribed[9].54科技论文的结构:主体部分引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)

讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)55Results：内容对实验或观察结果的表达要高度概括和提炼(按逻辑顺序描述或总结重要的观察结果)；数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式(避免使用文字、图、表重复同一数据)；尽可能列出“结果”的原始数据，而不能只报道统计处理后的数据56Results：总体要求Thereareusuallytwoingredients(材料）oftheResultssection.First,youshouldgivesomekindofoveralldescriptionoftheexperiments,providingthe"bigpicture,"without,however,repeatingtheexperimentaldetailspreviouslyprovidedinMaterialsandMethods.Second,youshouldpresentthedata.

57Results：总体要求Mostimportantly,inthemanuscriptyoushouldpresentrepresentativedataratherthanendlesslyrepetitivedata.Thefactthatyoucouldperformthesameexperiment100timeswithoutsignificantdivergenceinresultsmightbeofconsiderableinteresttoyourmajorprofessor,buteditors,nottomentionreaders,preferalittlebitofpredigestion（简化）.58Results：总体要求Aaronson(1977)saiditanotherway:“Thecompulsion（强制）toincludeeverything,leavingnothingout,doesnotprovethatonehasunlimitedinformation;itprovesthatonelacksdiscrimination（辨别力）."Exactlythesameconcept,anditisanimportantone,wasstatedalmostacenturyearlierbyJohnWesleyPowell,ageologistwhoservedasPresidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencein1888.InPowell'swords:"Thefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthem."

59Results：总体要求Ifoneoronlyafewdeterminationsaretobepresented,theyshouldbetreateddescriptivelyinthetext.Repetitivedeterminationsshouldbegivenintablesorgraphs.

60Results：总体要求Anydeterminations,repetitiveorotherwise,shouldbemeaningful.Supposethat,inaparticulargroupofexperiments,anumberofvariablesweretested(oneatatime,ofcourse).Thosevariablesthataffectthereactionedeterminationsordataand,ifextensive,aretabulatedorgraphed.Thosevariablesthatdonotseemtoaffectthereactionneednotbetabulatedorpresented;however,itisoftenimportanttodefineeventhenegativeaspectsofyourexperiments.Itisoftengoodinsurancetostatewhatyoudidnotfindundertheconditionsofyourexperiments.Someoneelseverylikelymayfinddifferentresultsunderdifferentconditions.61Results：总体要求Ifstatistics

（统计）areusedtodescribetheresults,theyshouldbemeaningfulstatistics.ErwinNeter,thelateEditor-in-ChiefofInfectionandImmunity,usedtotellaclassicstorytoemphasizethispoint.Hereferredtoapaperthatreputedlyread:“331/3%ofthemiceusedinthisexperimentwerecuredbythetestdrug;331/3%ofthetestpopulationwereunaffectedbythedrugandremainedinamoribund（垂死的）condition;thethirdmousegotaway."

62Results：总体要求StriveforClarity:Theresultsshouldbeshortandsweet,withoutverbiage（废话）.Mitchell(1968)quotedEinsteinashavingsaid,"Ifyouareouttodescribethetruth,leaveelegancetothetailor."AlthoughtheResultssectionofapaperisthemostimportantpart,itisoftentheshortest,particularlyifitisprecededbyawell-writtenMaterialsandMethodssectionandfollowedbyawell-writtenDiscussion.63Results：总体要求TheResultsneedtobeclearlyandsimplystatedbecauseitistheResultsthatconstitutethenewknowledgethatyouarecontributingtotheworld.Theearlierpartsofthepaper(Introduction,MaterialsandMethods)aredesignedtotellwhyandhowyougottheResults;thelaterpartofthepaper(Discussion)isdesignedtotellwhattheymean.Obviously,therefore,thewholepapermuststandorfallonthebasisoftheResults.Thus,theResultsmustbepresentedwithcrystal（清澈的）clarity.

64Results：总体要求AvoidRedundancy:Themostcommonfaultistherepetitioninwordsofwhatisalreadyapparenttothereaderfromexaminationofthefiguresandtables.Evenworseistheactualpresentation,inthetext,ofallormanyofthedatashowninthetablesorfigures.Donotbeverboseincitingfiguresandtables.Donotsay"ItisclearlyshowninTable1thatnocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae."Say"NocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae(Table1)."65Results：总体要求Somewritersgotoofarinavoidingverbiage,however.Suchwritersoftenviolatetheruleofantecedents,themostcommonviolationbeingtheuseoftheubiquitous“it.”Hereisanitemfromamedicalmanuscript:“Theleftlegbecamenumb（麻木）attimesandshewalkeditoff....Onhersecondday,thekneewasbetter,andonthethirddayithadcompletelydisappeared."Theantecedentforboth"its"ispresumably"thenumbness,"butIratherthinkthatthewordinginbothinstanceswasaresultofdumbness.

66ThechoicebetweenaFigureoraTable表格：很方便地列举大量精确数据或资料；图形：直观、有效地表达复杂数据，尤其是不同组数据间的比较、关联、趋势等；表格和图形应具有“自明性”

；图表题名：准确而清楚地表达出数据或资料的含义,切忌简单地描述数据—图表是论文中的空白处(blankarea)67TableAtabularpresentationofdataisoftentheheartor,better,thebrain,ofascientificpaper.Asarule,donotconstructatableunlessrepetitivedatamustbepresented.Therearetworeasonsforthisgeneralrule.First,itissimplynotgoodsciencetoregurgitatereamsofdatajustbecauseyouhavetheminyourlaboratorynotebooks;onlysamplesandbreakpointsneedbegiven.Second,thecostofpublishingtablesisveryhighcomparedwiththatoftext,andallofusinvolvedwiththegenerationandpublicationofscientificliteratureshouldworryaboutthecost.

68FigureGraphs(whicharecalledlinedrawingsinprintingterminology)areverysimilartotablesasameansofpresentingdatainanorganizedway.Infact,theresultsofmanyexperimentscanbepresentedeitherastablesorasgraphs.Howdowedecidewhichispreferable?Thisisoftenadifficultdecision.Agoodrulemightbethis:Ifthedatashowpronounced（显著的）trends,makinganinterestingpicture,useagraph.Ifthenumbersjustsitthere,withnoexcitingtrendinevidence,atableshouldbesatisfactory(andcertainlyeasierandcheaperforyoutoprepare).Tablesarealsopreferredforpresentingexactnumbers.

69FigureSizeandArrangementofGraphs:First,theletteringmustbeofsufficientsizetowithstandreductiontocolumnorpagewidth.Second,becausewidthistheimportantelementfromtheprinter‘spointofview,itisoftenadvisabletocombinefigures“overandunder”（交叉）ratherthan“sidebyside.”IfthethreepartsofFig.4hadbeenpreparedinthe“overandunder”arrangement,thephotographicreductionwouldhavebeennowherenearasdrastic（极端）,andthelabelswouldhavebeenmuchmorereadable.

70做好视图的原则不要提出过多的问题只支持本文的贡献复杂性与读者的理解力一致基础是成果而不是制作的容易性各组成安排一目了然内容不多不少，否则会降低说明能力除了图题，无正文也可被理解71做好视图的原则不要提出过多的问题72做好视图的原则只支持本文的贡献73做好视图的原则复杂性与读者的理解力一致应放在正文首次提及的地方复杂视图放在最后多次提及的视图可以分解74做好视图的原则基础是成果而不是制作的容易性75做好视图的原则各组成安排一目了然76做好视图的原则各组成安排一目了然77做好视图的原则各组成安排一目了然78做好视图的原则内容不多不少，否则会降低说明能力79做好视图的原则内容不多不少，否则会降低说明能力80做好视图的原则除了图题，无正文也可被理解81做好视图的原则除了图题，无正文也可被理解82图题与表题的撰写同论文题目一样，表题和图题一般为名词性短语，力求准确、简洁、清楚避免使用不常见的缩写83图题与表题的撰写84图题与表题的撰写85图题与表题的撰写86图题与表题的撰写87图表的编排尽量符合期刊的习惯，力求使表题、标注、栏头、单位、数据等要素条理清楚、层次分明。栏头：行和列，单位标于此，可以缩写数据公用的单位：应在标题或栏头中指出数据：不能太多或太少，行列排齐，小数点格式：一般是三线表88表格的修改TypeofattackClassicalPopJazzEchoaddition0.0%0.1%0.27%NoiseAddition1.2%1.42%1.6%Bandequalization2.31%2.5%2.73%TypeofattackClassical(%)Pop(%)Jazz(%)Echoaddition 0 0.100.27Noiseaddition1.20 1.421.60Bandequalization2.31 2.502.73三线表/共用单位/有效数字89图表的编排90图表的编排91图表的编排92插图的制作不要因追求美术效果而将图形做得过于花哨(如增加不必要的阴影或立体效果等)；坐标图的标值应尽量取0.1–1000之间的数值；坐标轴的说明应清楚,量和单位缺一不可照片图必须具备高清晰度，显微照片的放大倍数应使用图示法(标尺刻度)表示，照片中的符号、字母、数字等，必须在图注中详细说明93无需使用色彩94

显微照片：

清晰

明亮

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字体、字号一致95科技论文的结构:主体部分引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)

96Discussion-讨论“讨论”的重点在于对研究结果的解释和推断,并说明作者的结果是否支持或反对某种观点、是否提出了新的问题或观点等；撰写讨论时要避免含蓄,尽量做到直接、明确,以便审稿人和读者了解论文为什么值得引起重视（Placeyourresultsinawidercontext）

“Selling”mydata!97Discussion：基本内容对结果提出说明、解释或猜测;根据这些结果,能得出何种结论或推论？指出研究的局限性以及这些局限对研究结果的影响;并建议进一步的研究题目或方向;指出结果的理论意义(支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现有理论的修正)和实际应用98Discussion：基本内容Ibelievethemaincomponentswillbeprovidedifthefollowinginjunctions（警告）areheeded（注意到）:1.Trytopresenttheprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsshownbytheResults.Andbearinmind（记住）,inagoodDiscussion,youdiscuss—youdonotrecapitulate—theResults.2.Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpoints.Nevertakethehigh-riskalternativeoftryingtocoverup（掩盖）orfudge（捏造）datathatdonotquitefit.3.Showhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.4.Don'tbeshy;discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications.5.Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible.6.Summarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusion.Or,asthewiseoldscientistwilltellyou,“Neverassumeanythingexcepta4%mortgage（抵押）."99Discussion：注意事项对结果的解释要重点突出,简洁、清楚：着重讨论本研究的重要发现，以及由此得出的结论，不要过细地重复引言或结果中的数据或资料；推论要符合逻辑,避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论；对结果的科学意义和实际应用的表达要实事求是,适当留有余地；讨论的最后最好是论文的最重要的结论(take-home-message)100Discussion：注意事项TheDiscussionshouldendwithashortsummaryorconclusionregardingthesignificanceofthework.IlikethewayAndersonandThistle(1947)saidit:“Finally,goodwriting,likegoodmusic,hasafittingclimax（高潮）.Manyapaperlosesmuchofitseffectbecausetheclearstreamofthediscussionendsinaswampy（松软的）delta（三角洲）."Or,inthewordsofT.S.Eliot,manyscientificpapersend"Notwithabangbutawhimper."

101Discussion：注意事项DefiningScientificTruth:Inshowingtherelationshipsamongobservedfacts,youdonotneedtoreachcosmic（宇宙的）conclusions.Seldomwillyoubeabletoilluminatethewholetruth;moreoften,thebestyoucandoisshineaspotlightononeareaofthetruth.Youroneareaoftruthcanbeilluminatedbyyourdata;ifyouextrapolatetoabiggerpicturethanthatshownbyyourdata,youmayappearfoolishtothepointthatevenyourdata-supportedconclusionsarecastintodoubt.102Discussion：时态回顾研究目的：过去时Thisresearchinvestigatedtheeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethods.Inthisstudy,theeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethodswereinvestigated.Weoriginallyassumedthatworkerwhoenjoyedagreaterdegreeofprivacywouldbemoresatisfiedwiththeirjobs.103Discussion：时态

概述重要结果：现在时：具有普遍的意义推论或结论：

——Theexperimentalandtheoreticalvaluesfortheyieldsagree

well. ——Ourdatasuggestthatthereactionratemaybedeterminedbytheamountofoxygenavailable. ——OurfindingsareinsubstantialagreementwiththoseofSmith(1986). ——Theseresultscontradict(areconsistentwith)theoriginalhypothesis.过去时：所概述推论的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究：

——Inthefirstseriesoftrials,theexperimentalvalueswere

alllowerthanthetheoreticalpredictions.104Discussion：时态105Discussion：时态106Discussion：时态107Discussion：时态108Conclusion

-结论有时也可将“结论”单独列为一节

(通常可包括在“讨论”或“结果与讨论”中)；“结论”中的基本内容:

作者本人研究的主要认识或论点;

总结性地阐述本研究结果可能的应用前景、研究的局限性及需要进一步深入的研究方向;

结论中不应涉及新的事实,也不能简单地重复摘要、引言、结果或讨论等章节中的句子109科技论文的结构论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)致谢参考文献

WheredoIstart?110科技论文的结构:篇尾部分致谢(Acknowledgements)

参考文献(References)111Acknowledgements对于不够署名条件,但对研究成果确有贡献者,可以“致谢”的形式列出,作为致谢的对象通常包括:—协助研究的实验人员;—为研究提供方便(仪器、测试等)的机构或人员;—提出过指导性意见的人员;—资金资助项目或类别(但不宜列出得到经费的数量)112AcknowledgementsAstotheAcknowledgments,twopossibleingredientsrequireconsideration.First,youshouldacknowledgeanysignificanttechnicalhelpthatyoureceivedfromanyindividual,whetherinyourlaboratoryorelsewhere.Youshouldalsoacknowledgethesourceofspecialequipment,cultures,orothermaterials.Youmight,forexample,saysomethinglike"ThanksareduetoJ.

JonesforassistancewiththeexperimentsandtoR.Smithforvaluablediscussion."(Ofcourse,mostofuswhohavebeenaroundforawhilerecognizethatthisissimplyathinlyveiledwayofadmittingthatJonesdidtheworkandSmithexplainedwhatitmeant.)Second,itisusuallytheAcknowledgmentswhereinyoushouldacknowledgeanyoutsidefinancialassistance,suchasgrants,contracts,orfellowships.(Inthesedays,youmightsnidelymentiontheabsenceofsuchgrants,contracts,orfellowships.)113AcknowledgementsTheimportantelementinAcknowledgmentsissimplecourtesy.Thereisn‘tanythingreallyscientificaboutthissectionofascientificpaper.Thesamerulesthatwouldapplyinanyotherareaofcivilizedlifeshouldapplyhere.Ifyouborrowedaneighbor’slawnmower（割草机）,youwould(Ihope)remembertosaythanksforit.Ifyourneighborgaveyouareallygoodideaforlandscapingyourpropertyandyouthenputthatideaintoeffect,youwould(Ihope)remembertosaythankyou.Itisthesameinscience;ifyourneighbor(yourcolleague)providedimportantideas,importantsupplies,orimportantequipment,youshouldthankhimorher.Andyoumustsaythanksinprint,becausethatisthewaythatscientificlandscapingispresentedtoitspublic.

114致谢：尽量具体、如实应尽量指出致谢对象的具体帮助与贡献；致谢某人可能暗含着某人赞同论文的观点或结论:

如果被感谢的人并不同意论文的全部观点或结论,那么论文公开后被感谢的人和作者都会很尴尬；表示应有的礼貌和尊重:

投稿前应请所有被感谢的对象阅读论文的定稿(尤其要包括“致谢”部分),以获得允许或默认115致谢：用词要恰当致谢的开始就用“Wethank”,不要使用“Wewishtothank”,“Wewouldliketothank”,等；

如果说“IwishtothankJonesfor…”则是在浪费单词,并且也可能蕴含着我希望感谢JohnJones的帮助,但这种帮助并不那么大);

用“IthankJones”更显得简明和真诚Iwishthattheword''wish"woulddisappearfromAcknowledgments.Wishisaperfectlygoodwordwhenyoumeanwish,asin"Iwishyousuccess."However,ifyousay"IwishtothankJohnJones,"youarewastingwords.Youmayalsobeintroducingtheimplicationthat"IwishthatIcouldthankJohnJonesforhishelpbutitwasn'tallthatgreat.""IthankJohnJones"issufficient.

116基金资助项目的致谢国内大部分期刊将基金资助项目作为首页脚注，国外则多将其作为致谢的一部分。以脚注形式举例：117基金资助项目的致谢基金的表示：118基金资助项目的致谢基金的表示：119致谢举例120致谢举例121科技论文的结构:篇尾部分致谢(Acknowledgements)参考文献(References)

122References：基本原则所选用文献的主题必须与论文密切相关;必须是亲自阅读过;优先引用论文:最新发表/特定期刊/特定作者;避免过多的作者自引;遵循拟投稿期刊的体例要求；确保文献各著录项(作者姓名,论文题目,期刊或专著名,等)正确无误123References：基本原则TherearetworulestofollowintheReferencessection,justasintheAcknowledgmentssection.First,youshouldlistonlysignificant,publishedreferences.Referencestounpublisheddata,abstracts,theses,andothersecondarymaterialsshouldnotclutteruptheReferencesorLiteratureCitedsection.Ifsuchareferenceseemsabsolutelyessential,youmayadditparentheticallyorasafootnoteinthetext.ApaperthathasbeenacceptedforpublicationcanbelistedinLiteratureCited,citingthenameofthejournalfollowedby“Inpress.”Second,checkallpartsofeveryreferenceagainsttheoriginalpublicationbeforethemanuscriptissubmittedandperhapsagainattheproofstage.Takeitfromanerstwhile（以前的）librarian:TherearefarmoremistakesintheReferencessectionofapaperthananywhereelse.Anddon'tforget,asafinalcheck,makesurethatallreferencescitedinthetextareindeedlistedintheLiteratureCitedandthatallreferenceslistedunderLiteratureCitedareindeedcitedsomewhereinthetext.124ReferencesBaiCH…1995…CernyL,andLenton…1995……WuGH,HuCH,RoedderH…1995…ZouAQ,HanAH,ChenAF…2004…Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis(Solodov,2002),classification(CernyandLenton,1995),textureandstructure(Zouetal.,2004),rareelementgeochemistry(Li,1982a,1982b,1991),mineralogy(Roedder,1984),andexperimentalpetrology(Bai,1995;ZengandJin,19