企业会计准则外文翻译文献

企业会计准则外文翻译文献PAGEPAGE2企业会计准则外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：OnFebruary15,2006,theMinistryofFinanceissued1itemofbasicaccountingstandardsand38specificguidelines,thenewsetofaccountingstandardssystem.Standardsissued,thecommunitygavewideattention,thesecuritiesindustry,businesscircles,academiccirclesgaveheighttheopinion,thinkthisisthesecondin1993accountingreformafteranotherisofgreatsignificancetotheaccountingreform,markingChina'sconvergencewithinternationalfinancialreportingstandardsofenterpriseaccountingstandardssystemformallyestablished,toimprovetheChina'ssocialistmarketeconomicsystem,improvethelevelofopeningupandaccelerateChina'sintegrationintotheglobaleconomyhasimportantsignificance.

Alsoexpressedtheirconcernsandworries,mainlyreflectedinthefollowingaspects:afairvalueisdifficultto"fair",andisverylikelytobecometheprofitmanipulationtools;twoistheenterprisemaytoadjustearningsmanipulationdebtrestructuring,debtrestructuringwillonceagainbecomethedarlingofthesecuritiesmarket;threeisthenewstandardpublishedmayinduce"fair"phenomenon,whichmayleadtotheendof2006enterpriseswillimpairmentassaultback,atthesametimeaccountsreceivableimpairmentwillstillgivelistingCorporationprofitadjustmentleaveslotsofspace.Theseconcernswhetheritcanbecomeareality?Thenewstandardswillbecomethecorporateprofitsmanipulationofthetool?Herewehavetothisafewworryaboutonetolaunchtheanalysis:

Amoderate,fairvalueapplication

ThehistoryofourcountryisalistingCorporationwiththefairvalueofprofitmanipulation.Fairvalueappearedin1998in"debtrecombines","nonmonetarytransactions"specificaccountingstandards,aftertheactualoperationinmanycompaniestheabuseoffairvalueandprofitmanipulationin2001revisedguidelinesbytherestrictionoftheuseof.Thenewcriterionsysteminfinancialtool,realestateinvestment,notthecombinationundercommoncontrol,debtrestructuringandnon-monetarytransactionsetc.arecarefullyadoptedthefairvalueaccountingstandards,thusbecomingtheonelargewindow.Pastepisodesof"story"willrepeatitself?Tothisoneproblemweanalyzedfromthefollowingaspects:

Firstofall,thefairvalueoftheassetscanbeachievedbyusingfairvaluevaluationistheinternationalaccountingstandards,theUnitedStatesandmostmarketeconomiccountriesaccountingstandardsingeneralpractice.Internationalalreadycrossedthe"want"presentvalueandfairvaluedebatestage,andmainlyin"howtouse"stage;Internationaldidnotbecauseof"Enronevent"appearanddelaythestudyandadoptpresentvalueandthefairvalueoftheprocess.Fromthebeginningof1975,30years,FASBonthefairvaluemeasurementsystemresearchhasnotstopped,thefairvalueintheaccountingstandardsintheUnitedStatesareusedmoreandmorewidely.Asof2004,attheendof12,FASBhasreleasedatotalof153financialaccountingstandards,fairvalueaccountingstandardsandrelated60(forever,2005).Fairvaluehasaprofoundtheoreticalbasisfortheten,itaccordswiththeeconomicincomeconcept,thecomprehensiveincomeconcept,cashflowandmarketpriceofaccountingassumption,accountinggoal,modernrelevanceandreliabilityofqualitycharacteristicsofaccountingelements,essentialcharacteristics,futurebasicaccounting,valueandvalueconcept,measurementvaluesandnetsurplustheoryandfinancialstatementsoftheprimitivelogic(XieSifone,2005).Theuseoffairvaluecaneffectivelyenhancetherelevanceofaccountinginformationforinvestors,creditors,andotherstakeholderstoprovidemorehelptotheinformationfordecisionmaking.Taketheinvestmentrealestate,book20000000yuan,ifthecitypricerisesto$200000000accountingshouldreflect200000000yuan,suchinformationisreallytrueanduseful.Ifstillpersistinthestatementsthatthe20000000yuan,accountingtreatmentissimple,butthisinformationdoesnothelpthedecision-makingofinvestors,evenmisleading.Anyreformwillnotgiveupeatingforfearofchoking,accountingreformisnoexception.Inlinewithinternationalstandardsisthedirection,istorepresentthegeneraltrend,thispointisintheaffirmative.

Secondly,suitablefortheapplicationofthefairvalueofthe"soil"preliminaryalreadyform.Fairvalueistheproductofthemarketeconomy.In2003theCentralCommitteemadeonperfectingthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemanumberofissues,symbolizesthatourcountrymarketeconomyalreadyfromstart-uptoimprove,themarketeconomystatusofChinahasbeenestablished.Thesecuritiesmarketofourcountryaftertenyearsofdevelopmentandperfection,tostrengthencorporategovernance,improveoperationaltransparency,clearviolations,establishinglistingCorporationintegratedsupervisionsystemhasmadegreatprogress.ChinaSecuritiesRegulatoryCommissionpromotingtheshare-tradingreformpilot,listingandfinancingprogram,hasissuedanumberofregulations,strengthenthelistingCorporationinformationdisclosureandfraudandstrength;theMinistryoffinancetoincreasethequalityofaccountinginformationandtheCPAauditqualityinspection;listingCorporationgovernancelevelrisesfurther,CPA,assetsassessmentdivision,independentdirectorssuchasrationaleconomicchoiceforlistingCorporationirregularitiesbuiltseveral"firewall";themajorityofinvestorsintheanalysisofaccountinginformationtojudge,effectivescreeningcapacityisenhanced,theeffectivenessofthesecuritiesmarketgraduallyimprove.Inaddition,afterjoiningtheWTO,largeamountofforeigncapitalintoChina,financialderivativestradingactivity,produceanumber,differentfeaturesofderivativefinancialinstruments,suchasfutures(Futures),option(Options),forwardcontract(ForwardsContract),swap(Swaps)etc..Asthederivativefinancialinstrumentsnoinitialnetinvestmentisrequired,orveryfewrequirementsofnetinvestment,thehistoricalcostofitsincapableofaction,onlythefairvaluetocarryontheaccuraterecognitionandmeasurement..FASl33stated:fairvaluemeasurementoffinancialinstrumentsisthebestmeasurementattribute,thederivativefinancialinstruments,fairvaluemeasurementattributeistheonly.Potentialoftimeshift,whichcontributestotheapplicationofthefairvalueoftheenvironmentispreliminaryalreadyimplementation.Wemustadoptthedevelopmentstrategyview",not"oncebitten,twiceshyoftenyears".

Inthird,thefairvalueofthecriteriainthenewapplicationismorecautious,doesnotleadtoabuse.Comparedwithinternationalfinancialreportingstandards:Chinaaccountingstandardssystemindeterminingthescopeoftheapplicationoffairvalue,themorefullyconsiderChina'snationalconditions,theimprovementwasprudent.Theuseoffairvaluemustsatisfycertainconditions,inthebasicguidelinesinsectionforty-thirdclearlypointedoutthatthereplacementcost,netrealizablevalueof,presentvalue,fairvalue,shouldbetoensurethattheidentifiedelementsofaccountingamountscanbeobtainedandthereliablemeasurement.Inrelationtospecificstandards,theuseoffairvaluemeasurement,hasclearlydefinedconstraints.Forexample,inrealestateinvestmentcriteriaspecifiedbythefairvaluemeasurementmodel,thefollowingconditionsshallbemetsimultaneously:oneistheinvestmentpropertyrealestatelocatedinactivetradingmarketofrealestate;twoistheenterprisecanfromtherealestatetradingmarketonthesameorsimilarrealestatemarketpricesandotherinformation,thustheinvestmentrealestatetomakeareasonableestimateoffairvalue.

Visibleintheinvestingrealestatestandards,bancontainsmorehypotheticalvaluationtechniquesused,onlyinacertainreliabilityonthebasisthattheuseoffairvalue,andnotalloftheinvestmentrealestatecanbeappliedthefairvalue.Soaslongasthestrictlyinaccordancewiththestandards,fairvaluewillreallybefair.

Forinstanceinnonmonetarytransactionsfortheuseoffairvalue,thenewstandardsinexchangeofnon-monetaryassets,fairvalueandchangethecarryingvalueoftheassetsincludedinthecurrentprofitsandlossesofthedifferencebetweenthetwoconditions,namelytheexchangemustbecommercialinnature,andachangeofassetsorthefairvalueoftheassetssurrenderedcanbemeasuredreliably.Commercialessencerefersto,mustbechangedinthefuturecashflowoftheassetsatrisk,timeandamountofassetssurrenderedandweresignificantlydifferent,orsubstitutionofassetsandtheassetssurrenderedthepresentvalueofestimatedfuturecashflowsaredifferent,andthedifferencebetweentheassetsandthechangeofthefairvalueoftheassetsismoresignificantthanthe.Thenewguidelinesarealsoprovidedtodeterminewhetheriscommercialinnature,anenterpriseshallpayattentiontowhetherornotthetransactingpartiesarerelatedpartyrelationship.Relatedpartyrelationshipmayleadtotheoccurrenceofnonmonetaryassetsexchangeisnotcommercialinnature.Thesepreconditions,willeffectivelyrestrictedtononmonetaryassetsexchangewayofearningsmanipulationbehavior.Fromtheserules,wecanseethat,theapplicationoffairvalueisstrictlyrestrictedconditions,thefairvalueisnotallowedtoabuse.

Thenewstandardsrequirethatthefairvalueto"reliable"andnot"just,fairvalueestimate"isnolongertheeraserruler.Theauthorthinks,fairvaluetobeprofitmanipulationtoolsneedtoalsohavethreeelements:thelistingCorporationmanagementdeliberatefraud,accountingauditstaffloseoccupationmoralandsecuritiesmarketregulatoryfailure.Infactwiththethreeelements,anysystemcaneffectivelyplayaprotectiverole,therefore,establishingandperfectingaccountingstandardssupportingmanagementsystemisurgent.

Two,thedebtrestructuringreformfromthebottom

Thenewdebtrestructuringguidelinesstipulatedindebtrestructuringgainscanbeincludedinthecurrentprofitsandlosses.Asadebtor'slistingCorporation,thenewdebtrestructuringguidelinesmeansthat,oncethecreditorconcessions,listingCorporationacquiredinterestswillbedirectlyincludedinthecurrentincome,intoaprofitreport.Debtrestructuringislikelytoincreaseprofits,improveearningspershare.Butthisapproachachievedwiththeinternationalconvergenceoffinancialreportingstandards,reflectstheessenceoftransactiondebtrestructuring,debtrestructuringgainsisafterallthecreditorsratherthanownersconcessions,thepastwillnotpasstheprofitandlossstatementdirectlyincludedinthecapitalreserve,itisunderthespecialbackgroundofamatterofexpediency,nowbeincludedintheprofitandloss,isnot"white"the"black",butthereformfromthebottom.Thenewguidelinesonthedefinitionofdebtrestructuring,madeclearonlyin"thedebtor'sfinancialdifficulties."thepremisecondition,cangetdebtconcessionconfirmedasdebtrestructuringgains.Thisconditionwillberestrictedtoacertainextent,thenewguidelinesonabuse,preventinappropriateacknowledgementofdebtreorganizationgains.

Somepeoplethinkthatsomeaffiliatescanalsothrougharemitadebt,ahighperformancetopricemanipulation,insidertrading,isstillsmallshareholderssufferedlosses.Infact,thisfearisabitmuch.Thisisbecause,first,for*STandSTcompany,fantasyondebtrestructuringbenefit,reachingforthestarsisfutile.Becausethe2004amendmentoftheShanghaiandShenzhenStockExchangerules,oneisfreed,afterdeductingnon-recurringprofitsandlosses,netprofitispositive.DebtrestructuringtolistingCorporationprofits,inactualaccountantoperation,willbeincludedinoperatingincome,whichbelongstothenon-recurringprofitandloss,thuscaninSt,thestarsaredeductedfrom;second,hasexperiencedmorethan10yearsofstockmarketinvestors'groundlesstalk,analysisandjudgmentabilityandselfprotectionconsciousnesshadverybigrise,debtrestructuringguidelinesrequiringcompaniestodisclosethefairvalueofthemethodsandbasisfortheascertainment,investorscaneasilyrecognizethedebtrestructuringpackagingprofits,inordertomakearationalchoice.InvestorsblindlyfollowZhuang,slaughteragehasgoneforever.

Inthree,theimpairmentofChinesecharacteristics

Newguidelinesforassetimpairmentprovisions,assetimpairmentlossisconfirmed,inthelaterperiodmaynotbeback.Itisbasedontherealsituationofourcountry,lastditchofmajorchange,itiswithinternationalaccountingstandards,withsubstantialdifferencesinthe.Newguidelinesforassetimpairmentwilleffectivelycurbtheuseimpairmentasa"secretreserve"adjustingprofitsituation.Guidelinesfortheimplementation,useimpairmentadjustingprofitspacewillbecomemoreandmoresmall,theprovisionofmanualadjustmentofprofitswillbemoreandmoredifficult.

Somepeoplewritecivilpointoutnewguidelinesforassetimpairmentinducedbyreleasingwill"go"phenomenon,causesome"hiddenprofits"oftheindustryandRelatedCompanies,possibleimpairmentin2006willbereadytostrikeback,"crowchangePhoenix"mayreproduce.Weanalyze,firstofall,ifthelistingCorporationsnatchesinthenewguidelinesbeforetheimplementationofthe2006yearrushsimpairment,wemustfirstexaminewhethersuchactionsarethereasonablebasis,namelytheoriginalhasprovisionfortheimpairmentofanassetvaluenowisreallypicksup,andifso,toadjusttheassetvaluewillmaketheaccountinginformationmorereal,related;secondly,in2006largeredbackimpairmentmustmakeappropriateevidenceoftheoriginalprovisionfortheimpairmentofappropriateness,otherwisethepreviousprovisionistheabuseofaccountingestimationresults,shouldbeinaccordancewiththeaccountingerrorhandling,areversalofimpairmentcannotbeusedasthe2006annualprofit.Moreover,thefinancialsectorhasbeenawareofthisproblem,andtakespositiveandeffectivemeasures,preventtheassaulttoadjustprofitlistingCorporation.Inaddition,sometimeagothemarketthatnewguidelineswillmakeAshareslistingCorporationin2006toincreasenetprofit20000000000Yuanhearsay,thesurveyisauthor'ssubjective,concernedmediaspeciallyclarification.

Othersreceivablesandotherfourimpairmentexpressedworry,thinkaccountsreceivable(especiallythe"shareholdersofaccount")willbecomethe"eightproject"ofthemainmeansofprofitmanipulation.Infact,inthenewguidelines,receivablesisasfinancialassets,andthedepreciationdetailedprovisions,requiresthattheremustbe"objectiveevidence"ofimpairmenttoprovisionforimpairment,suchevidenceincludesthedebtorseriousfinancialdifficulties,islikelytofailorotherfinancialrestructuring.Canbesaidthatthecriterionismoreandmoreperfect,thenthe"thisyearthatcannottakebackfullprovision,nextyear'efforts'andback",this"topracticedeception"approach,whichitselfhasviolatedrules,topasstheCPAauditandhidfrominvestorseye,I'mafraidsomedifficulty.

Throughtheaboveanalysis,wecanseesomepeopleonthenewcriterionafewconcerns,manyinrealitydoesnotexist,orisintheprocessofthereformofthepricetobepaidfor,andfarfromtheirimaginationsoserious.Buttheseconcernsalsoremindstandardsdepartmentsintheformulationofstandardstothefullattentionofguidelinesforthetechnicalandeconomicconsequences,inthesettingofthenewguidelinesintheprocess,givefullconsiderationtoguidelineimplementationmayariseinthecourseofthevariousproblems,andfurthermakeaspecificinterpretationandexplanation,improvingguidelinesoperation,improveaccountinginformationquality.

Alsoneedtopointoutinparticular,accountingstandardsisaproductionofaccountinginformationofthespecification,itistosolvetheproblemof"howtodo".Ontheaccountingstandardsofthemaliciousmisuseofguidelinesfortheimplementationofthe"people",fromtheperspectiveofthelistingCorporationistheecologicalproblems,tostrengthensupervision,occupationmoralconstruction,improvetheabilityofinvestorsscreeningaccountinginformationsystemengineeringtosolve,cannotbeattributedtotheguidelinesthemselves.Andthenewaccountingandauditingstandardssystemcomeonstage;itistopromotetheimprovementoflistingCorporationgovernanceecologyeffectivemeasure.Sayfromthismeaning,wearenotgoingtoworryaboutme,but"criteriaforthebeatandbreatheout".

Note:①accordingtothe"ShanghaiStockExchangeListingRules(2004Revision)"provisions,*STindicatedthepresenceofterminatingthelistingofspecialprocessingandSTriskforotherspecialtreatment.

Mainreferences

Ministryoffinance.In2006accountingstandardsforbusinessenterprises.EconomicSciencePress

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XieStiffen,wearingZili.2005presentvalueandfairvalueaccounting:financialreformistheimportantpremiseoftwenty-firstCentury.TheoryandpracticeofFinanceandeconomics,9中文：2006年2月15日，财政部发布了包括1项基本准则和38项具体准则在内的新的一整套企业会计准则体系。准则发布后，社会各界给予了广泛关注，证券界、企业界、学术界人士给予了高度评价，认为这是继1993年会计改革后又一次具有重大意义的会计改革，标志着中国与国际财务报告准则趋同的企业会计准则体系正式建立，对于完善我国社会主义市场经济体制、提高对外开放水平和加速中国融入全球经济都具有重要意义。也有人道出自己的担心与忧虑，主要体现在以下几个方面：一是公允价值难达“公允”，并极有可能成为利润操纵的工具；二是企业可能操纵债务重组来调节收益，债务重组会再度成为证券市场的宠儿；三是新准则的出台会诱发“赶集”现象，即可能会导致2006年年底前企业将减值准备突击冲回，同时应收账款等减值准备仍然会给上市公司调节利润留下很大空间。这些担忧是否真的会变成现实？新准则会否成为企业进行利润操纵的工具？下面我们就对这几点担忧一一展开分析：一、公允价值适度运用我国历史上确实出现过上市公司借助公允价值操纵利润的情况。公允价值在1998年出现于“债务重组”、“非货币性交易”等具体会计准则中，后因实际运行中出现很多公司滥用公允价值操纵利润的情况而在2001年修订后的准则中被限制使用。新准则体系在金融工具、投资性房地产、非共同控制下的企业合并、债务重组和非货币性交易等方面均谨慎地采用了公允价值，从而成为本次会计准则的一大亮点。过去发生的“故事”会重演吗？对这一问题我们从以下几方面分析：首先，对可以取得公允价值的资产采用公允价值计价是国际会计准则、美国及多数市场经济国家会计准则的普遍做法。国际上早已越过“要不要用”现值和公允价值的争论阶段，而主要进入“如何用”的阶段；国际上也丝毫没有因“安然事件”的出现而延缓研究与采用现值和公允价值的进程。从1975年开始的30年来，FASB对公允价值计量体系的研究始终没有间断过，公允价值在美国会计准则中的运用也越来越广泛。截止2004年12月底，FASB共发布了153个财务会计准则，与公允价值有关的会计准则有60个（于永生，2005）。公允价值有深厚的十大理论基础，它符合经济收益概念、全面收益概念、现金流量制和市场价格会计假设、现代会计目标、相关性和可靠性质量特征、会计要素的本质特征、未来会计确认的基础、现值和价值理念、计量观和净盈余理论以及财务报表的本原逻辑（谢诗芬，2005）。公允价值的运用能有效地增强会计信息的相关性，为投资者、债权人等众多利益相关者提供更加有助于其决策的信息。就拿投资性房地产来说，账面2000万元，如果市价涨到2亿元会计上就应该反映2亿元，这样的信息才真正真实有用。如果仍然坚持在报表上显示2000万元，会计处理倒是简单了，但这种信息不仅不能帮助投资者进行决策分析，甚至还会误导。任何改革都不能因噎废食，会计准则的改革也不例外。与国际接轨是方向，是大势所趋，这一点是应该肯定的。其次，适宜于公允价值应用的“土壤”已初步形成。公允价值是市场经济的产物。2003年中央做出关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定，标志着我国的市场经济已经由初创转向完善，中国的市场经济地位已经确立。我国的证券市场经过十几年的发展和完善，在强化公司治理，提高运作透明度，清理违规行为，构建上市公司综合监管体系方面有了很大的进步。中国证监会推进股权分置试点，改革了上市和再融资的程序，颁布了大量监管规章，加强了上市公司信息披露和舞弊查处的力度；财政部加大了对会计信息质量和注册会计师审计质量的监督检查；上市公司内外治理水平进一步提高，注册会计师、资产评估师、独立董事等的理性经济选择为上市公司的违规行为构筑了多道“防火墙”；广大投资者对会计信息进行分析判断、有效甄别的能力也有所加强，证券市场的有效性逐步提高。此外，加入WTO以后，大量外国资本涌入我国，金融衍生产品交易活跃，产生了数量众多、特征各异的衍生金融工具，如期货（Futures）、期权（Options）、远期合约（ForwardsContract）、互换（Swaps）等。由于衍生金融工具不要求初始净投资，或要求很少的净投资，历史成本对其无能为力，只有公允价值才能对其进行准确的确认和计量。。FASl33明确表示：公允价值是计量金融工具最佳的计量属性，对衍生金融工具而言，公允价值是唯一的计量属性。势异时移，这些有助于公允价值应用的环境已初步实现。我们必须采用发展的战略的眼光看待问题，不能“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”。第三，公允价值在新准则中的应用较为谨慎，不会导致滥用。与国际财务报告准则相比：我国企业会计准则体系在确定公允价值的应用范围时，更充分地考虑了我国的国情，作了审慎的改进。公允价值的运用必须满足一定的条件，在基本准则第四十三条中就明确指出采用重置成本、可变现净值、现值、公允价值计量的，应当保证所确定的会计要素金额能够取得并可靠计量。在有关具体准则中，对采用公允价值计量的，都有明确规定的限制条件。比如在投资性房地产准则中就明确规定采用公允价值模式计量的，应当同时满足下列条件：一是投资陛房地产所在地有活跃的房地产交易市场；二是企业能够从房地产交易市场上取得同类或类似房地产的市场价格及其他相关信息，从而对投资性房地产的公允价值做出合理的估计。可见在投资性房地产准则中，禁止含有较多假设的估值技术的应用，只有在具有一定的可靠性的基础上才能够使用公允价值，并不是所有投资性房地产都可以采用公允价值。因此只要严格地按照准则实施，公允价值就会真的做到公允。再比如在非货币交易中对于公允价值的运用，新准则规定了在非货币性资产交换时，公允价值与换出资产账面价值的差额计入当期损益的两个前提条件，即该项交换必须具有商业实质，并且换人资产或换出资产的公允价值能够可靠计量。商业实质是指，必须是换入资产的未来现金流量在风险、时间和金额方面与换出资产显著不同，或者是换人资产与换出资产的预计未来现金流量现值不同，且其差额与换入资产和换出资产的公允价值相比是重大的。新准则还规定在确定是否具有商业实质时，企业应当关注交易各方之间是否存在关联方关系。关联方关系的存在可能导致发生的非货币性资产交换不具有商业实质。这些前提条件，将有效制约以非货币性资产交