2023考研英语一真题和参考答案解析

2023年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及参考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformation

whenmakingindividuaIdecisions.AtfirstglancethismightseemIikeastrength

that_1_theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby_2_factors.But

DrSimonsohnspecuIatedthataninabiIitytoconsiderthebig_3_wasleading

decision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysampIesofinformationtheywere

workingwith._4_,hetheorisedthatajudge_5_ofappearingtoosoft_6_crime

mightbemoreIikeIytosendsomeonetoprison_7_hehadaIreadysentencedfive

orsixotherdefendantsonIytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.

To_8_thisidea,theyturnedtheirattentiontotheuniversity-admissions

process.Intheory,the9___ofanappIicantshouldnotdependonthefew

others___10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohn

suspectedthetruthwas11.

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAiinterviews_12_by31admissionsofficers.

Theinterviewershad_13_appIicantsonaseaIeofonetofive.Thisscale_14_

numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere_15_usedinconjunction

withanappIicant*sscoreontheGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis_16_out

of800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.

DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseries

ofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone_17_that,

thenthescoreforthenextappIicantwouId_18_byanaverageof0.075points.

Thismightsoundsmall,butto_19_theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidate

wouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen_20_.

1.AgrantsBsubmitsCtransmitsDdiIivers

2.AminorBexternaICcruciaIDobjective

3.AissueBvisionCpictureDmoment

4.AAboveaIIBOnaverageCInprincipleDForexample

5.AfondBfearfuICcapabIeDthoughtIess

6.AinBforCtoDon

7.AifBuntiICthoughDunIess

8.A.testB.emphasizeC.shareD.promote

9.A.decisionB.quaIityC.statusD.success

10.A.foundB.studiedC.chosenD.identified

11.A.otherwiseB.defensibleC.replaceableD.exceptional

12.A.inspiredB.expressedC.conductedD.secured

13.A.assignedB.ratedC.matchedD.arranged

14.A.putB.gotC.tookD.gave

15.A.insteadB.thenC.everD.rather

16.A.seIectedB.passedC.markedD.introduced

17.AbelowBafterCaboveDbefore

18.AjumpBfIoatCfIuctuateDdrop

19.AachieveBundoCmaintainDdisregard

20.AnecessaryBpossibleCpromisingDheIpfuI

Section11ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40

points)

Text1

Inthe2023filmversionofTheDeviIWearsPrada,MirandaPriestIy,

pIayedbyMeryIStreep,scoIdsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthat

highfashiondoesn,taffecther,PriestlyexpIainshowthedeepbIuecolorof

theassistant'ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowsto

departmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtIessfound

hergarment.

Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouIdn,tbemoreoutof

dateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressed,Eliazabeth

Cline'sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.IntheIastdecadeor

so,advancesintechnologyhaveaIlowedmass-marketIabeIssuchasZara,H&M,

andUniqIotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.

Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmore

profit.TheselabelsencouragestyIe-consciousconsumerstoseecIothesas

disposable-meanttolastonIyawashortwo,althoughtheydon,tadvertisethat

-andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsat

dirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioneyeIes,

shakinganindustryIongaccustomedtoaseasonsIpace.

ThevictimsofthisrevoIution,ofcourse,arenotIimitedtodesigners.

ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinaIIits2,300-piusstoresaroundthe

worId,itmustrelyonIow-wageoverseasIabor,orderinvolumesthatstrain

naturaIresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfuIchemicaIs.

Overdressedisthefashionworld'sanswertoconsumer-activist

bestseilersIikeMichaelPolIansTheOmnivoresDilemma.4Mass-produced

clothing,Iikefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durabIeand

wasteful,,,Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20biIIiongarments

ayear-about64itemsperperson-andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,

thisexcessIeadstowaste.

TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwoman

namedSarahKateBeaumont,whosinee2023hasmadeaIIofherowncIothes-

andbeautifuIIy.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecades

toperfecthercraft;herexampIecan'tbeknockedoff.

ThoughseveraIfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpact

onIaborandtheenvironment-includingH&M,withitsgreenConscious

CollectionIine-ClinebeIieveslastingchangecanonIybeeffectedbythe

customer.SheexhibitstheideaIismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabiIity,

beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewiIIonIystartshopping

moresustainablywhentheycan,taffordnotto.

Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher

rAT

LJpoorbargainingskill,

rBT

LJinsensitivitytofashion.

rcT

LJobsessionwithhighfashion.

rDT

LJIackofimagination.

o2

z•AccordingtoCline,mass-maketIabeIsurgeconsumersto

-AT

-J

-combatunnecessarywaste.

BT

-JshutoutthefeverishfashionworId.

-cu

-resisttheinfIuenceofadvertisements.

-T

DJ

-shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequentIy.

3

•Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

rAu

Laccusation.

rBT

LJenthusiasm.

-cT

_Jindifference.

-T

DJ

_tolerance.

4

•WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheIaseparagraph?

rAT

LJVanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinideaIists.

rBT

LJThefast-fashionindustryignoressustainabiIity.

rcT

LJIPeopIearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.

rDu

LPricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendIypurchasing.

25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?

[A]SatireonanextravagantIifestyIe.

[B]ChaIIengetoahigh-fashionmyth.

[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.

[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.

Text2

AnoldsayinghasitthathaIfofaIIadvertisingbudgetsarewasted-the

troubIeis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atIeastintheory,this

fractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonand

sayonIine,companiescanaim“behavioural“adsatthosemostIikeIytobuy.

InthepastcoupIeofweeksaquarreIhasiIIustratedthevaIuetoadvertisers

ofsuchfine-grainedinformation:ShouIdadvertisersassumethatpeopleare

happytobetrackedandsentbehaviouraIads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicit

permission?

InDecember2023America1sFederaITradeCornmission(FTC)proposedadding

a"donottrackn(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldteII

adwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExpIorer

andApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.

InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdwertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthatthe

industrywouIdgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,the

versionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

ItisnotyetcIearhowadvertiserswiIIrespond.GetingaDNTsignaIdoes

notobiigeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedto

doso.UnabIetotelIwhethersomeonereaIIyobjectstobehaviouraIadsorwhether

theyarestickingwithMicrosoftsdefau11,somemayignoreaDNTsignaland

pressonanyway.

AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitaIone.Atterall,ithasanad

businesstoo,whichitsayswiIIcompIywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstill

workingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhoIly

ondefau11wiIIbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviousIyhugeselling

pointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproducts

favourabIywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,M

Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,bIoggde:"webeIieveconsumersshouId

havemorecontrol.11CoulditreaIlybethatsimple?

26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adsheIpadvertisers

to：

rAu

LeasecompetitionamongtnemseIves

rBT

LJIowertheiroperationaIcosts

rcT

LJavoidcompIaintsfromconsumers

rDu

Lprovidebetteronlineservices

27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto:

rAT

LJonlineadvertisers

rBT

LJe-commerceconductors

rcT

LJdigitalinformationanalysis

rDT

LJinternetbrowserdeveIopers

28.BobLiodicehoIdsthatsettingDNTasadefau11

rAu

Lmanycutthenumberofjunkads

rBT

LJfailstoaffecttheadindustry

rcT

LJwiIInotbenefitconsumers

rDT

LJgoesagainsthumannature

29.whichofthefollowingistureaccordingtoParagraph.6?

rAT

LJDNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose

rBT

LJAdvertisersarewillingtoimpIementDNT

rcT

LJDNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

rDT

LJAdvertisersareobIigedtoofferbehaviouralads

飨Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogis

one

of

rAT

LJinduIgence

rBT

LJunderstanding

rcT

LJappreciaction

rDu

Lskepticism

Text3

UpuntiIafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely-

thoughbynomeansuniformly一glowinglypositive.ScienceandtechnoIogywouId

cureaIItheillsofhumanity,IeadingtoIivesoffuIfiIImentandopportunity

forall.

NowutopiahasgrownunfashionabIe,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciation

oftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfIuandto

cIimatechange.YoumightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhasIittIe

futuretoIookforwardto.

ButsuchgIoominessismisplaced.ThefossiIrecordshowsthatmanyspecies

haveenduredformiIIionsofyears-sowhyshouldn'twe?Takeabroaderlook

atourspecies1pIaceintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehavean

exceIIentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.

LookupHomosapiensinthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationaI

UnionfortheConversationofNature(IUCN),andyouwillread:"ListedasLeast

Concernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptabIe,currentIy

increasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresu11inginanoveraIIpopuIation

decIine."

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersand

organisationsarenowthinkingseriousIyaboutthatquestion.ForexampIe,the

LongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamedicaIcIockthatisdesigned

tostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.

Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchIengthytimescales

thanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.ThepotentialevoIutionoftoday's

technology,anditssociaIconsequences,isdazzlinglycompIicated,andit's

perhapsbestIefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethe

manypossibiIitieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehaveIaunchedArc,

anewpubIicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.

ButtakeaIongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywith

considerableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:we

havenowidentifiedenoughoftheIong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryofthe

pIanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituations

inwhichourdescendantswiIIfindthemselves.

ThisIongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmore

IikeIytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotaIIrosy.Butweare

nowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedthe

existenceofearIierhumans,andtoimprovetheIotofthosetocome.

Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby

rAT

LJourdesireforIivesoffulfiIIment

-BT

-Jourfaithinscienceandtechnology

-cu

-ourawarenessofpotentiaIrisks

-T

DJ

-ourbeliefinequaIopportunity

02

0.TheIUCN,s“RedList"suggestthathumanbeingare

rAT

LJasustainedspecies

-BI-

-Jathreatentotheenvironment

rcT

LJtheworld'sdominantpower

rDT

LJamisplacedrace

33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?

rAu

LArcheIpsIimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.

rBT

LJTechnologyofferssolutionstosociaIprobIem.

rcT

LJTheinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.

rDu

LOurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.

34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscruciaIto

rAT

LJexploreourplanet'sabundantresources

rBT

LJadoptanoptimisticviewoftheworId

rcT

LJdrawonourexperiencefromthepast

rDT

LJcurbourambitiontoreshapehistory

05

0•Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

rAT

LJUncertaintyaboutOurFuture

rBT

LJEvolutionoftheHumanSpecies

rcT

LJTheEver-brightProspectsofMankind

rDT

LJScience,TechnoIogyandHumanity

Text4

Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona's

immigrationIawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAministration.But

onthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeat

forthefederaIgovernmentandthestates.

Anarizona.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontested

provisionsofArizona'scontroversiaIpIantohavestateandIocaIpoliceenfour

federaIimmigrationsIaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalone

hasthepowerto"estabIishauniformRuleofAnturaIization"andthatfederaI

IawsprecedestateIawsarenoncontroversiaI.Arizonahadattemptedtofashion

statepolicethatrantotheexistingfederaIones.

JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt's

IiberaIs,ruIedthatthestatefIewtoocIosetothefederaIsun.Ontheoverturned

provisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeIiberateIy"occupiedthefield

"andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederaI'sprivilegedpowers

However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouIdbeaIIowedtoverify

theIegaIstatusofpeopIewhocomeincontactwithIawenforcement.That,s

becauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigration

enforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationand

cooperatewithfederaIcolleagues.

TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamueIAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreed

withthisConstitutionaIlogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonaruIes

confIictedwiththefederaIstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJustice

AntoninSeaIia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstatepriviIegesgoing

backtothealienandSeditionActs.

The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturesonwhatJusticeSamueIAlito

describesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionassertionoffederaI

executivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthaArizona'sIawsconfIictedwith

itsenforcementpriorities,evenifstateIawscompIiedwithfederaIstatutes

totheIetter.Ineffect,theWhiteHousecIaimedthatitcouldinvaIidateany

otherwiselegitimatestateIawthatitdisagreeswith.

SomepowersdobeIongexclusivelytothefederaIgovernment,andcontroIof

citizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtoprevent

statesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcouId.It

could.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecause

itdidn'twanttocarryoutCongress'simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbe

aIIowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightIyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.

o6

oThreeprovisionsofArizona'splanwereoverturnedbecausethey

-AT

_JdeprivedthefederaIpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.

-BT

_JdisturbedthepowerbaIancebetweendifferentstates,

-cT

_JoversteppedtheauthorityoffederaIimmigrationIaw.

-T

DJ

_contradictedboththefederaIandstatepolicies.

Onwhichofthefol1owingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?

rAT

LJFederaIofficers,dutytowithholdimmigrantsJinformation.

rBT

LJStates'independencefromfederaIimmigrationIaw.

rcT

LJStates'legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.

rDT

LJCongress'sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.

08

0•ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs

rAT

LJviolatedtheConstitution.

rBT

LJunderminedthestates'interests.

rcT

LJsupportedthefederaIstatute,

-T

DJ

-stoodinfavorofthestates.

09

0•TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement

-AT

-Joutweighsthatheldbythestates.

rBu

Lisdependentonthestates'support.

-c-I

-JisestabIishedbyfederaIstatutes,

-DT

-JrareIygoesagainststateIaws.

40.WhatcanbeIearnedfromtheIastparagraph?

[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuaIIydecidedbyCongress.

[B]JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministrstion.

[C]JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.

[D]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions

41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromtheIistA-Gtofitintoeachofthe

numberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

blanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

ThesociaIsciencesareflourishing.Asof2023,therewerealmosthaIf

amiIIionprofessionaIsociaIscientistsfromaIIfieldsintheworId,working

bothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorIdSociaIScienceReport

2023,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworIdwidehasswollenbyabout11%

everyyearsinee2000.

Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday'sglobaI

chaIIengesincludingcIimatechange,security,sustainabIedeveIopmentand

health.(41)Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolsto

eradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertiIizers.

Here,too,theprobIemsaresociaI:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,

wealthandprosperity.

(42)Thisisashame—thecommunityshouIdbegraspingtheopportunity

toraiseitsinfluenceinthereaIworId.ToparaphrasethegreatsociaIscientist

JosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.

Today,thesocialsciencesareIargeIyfocusedondisciplinaryprobIemsand

internaIschoIarIydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternaIimpact.

AnaIysesreveaIthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords

“environmentalchanged”orucIimatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysinee

2023,(43)

WhensociaIscientistsdotackIepracticaIissues,theirscopeisoften

IocaI:BeIgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumfor

example.Andwhetherthecommunity*sworkcontributesmuchtoanoveraII

accumuIationofknowledgeisdoubtfuI.

TheproblemisnotnecessariIytheamountofavaiIablefunding(44)this

isanadequateamountsoIongasitisaimedintherightdirection.SociaI

scientistswhocomplainaboutaIackoffundingshouIdnotexpectmoreintoday'

seconomiccIimate.

Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFramework

fundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocial

scientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2023,anew

programtobeenactedin2023,wouldnothavesuchacategory,Thishasresulted

inprotestsfromsociaIscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocial

science;rather,thecompIeteopposite.(45)___Thatshouldcreatemore

collaborativeendeavorsandheIptodeveIopprojectsaimeddirectIyatsolving

globalproblems.

[A]ItcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsociaI

scientists:onethatisdiscipIine-orientedandpubIishinginhighly

specializedjournaIs,andonethatisprobIem-orientedandpubIishing

eIsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.

[B]However,thenumbersarestillsmaII:in2023,about1,600ofthe

100,000sociaI-sciencespaperspubIishedgIobaIIyincIudedoneofthese

Keywords.

[C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,

includinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecurity,marineresearchandthe

bio-economy,clear,efficientenergy;andincIusive,innovativeandsecure

societies.

[D]thesoIutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,and

whatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoaI.GIobaIchailengesandsociaIinnovation

oughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiaIIytheyoungones.

[E]TheseissuesaIIhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.aIIrequire

behavioraIchangeandsociaIinno