高中英语语法之名词性从句

PAGEPAGE4高中英语语法之名词性从句第一节基本知识与基本概念【什么是名词性从句？】上一章，我们了解的是定语从句，加上我们以前了解的宾语从句和状语从句，好像“名词性从句”这个概念本身就和我们所熟知的概念不是一路货色。没错。请看下表：根据从句在句子中的功能分根据从句的性质分定语从句形容词性从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句状语从句副词性从句只是，在平时老师讲课时，形容词性从句和副词性从句并没有形成气候罢了。相比之下，名词性从句由于“家丁兴旺”而大行其道。但是，作为学生，我们有必要了解这些基本概念的来龙去脉。【主语从句】顾名思义，主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如:WhatIsawwasbeyondanyverbaldescription.Thathishairwasturninggreyworriedhimabit.Whythecompanydeniedthecontractisstillunknown.Whenandwherethegovernmentwillbuildacitysquareisunderdiscussion.Itisprettyannoyingthatasmallpartofthemachineismissing.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthenewnovelwillbewellreceived.【宾语从句】在句子中作宾语的从句就是宾语从句。由于这是同学们接触比较早的一种从句，应该问题不大。所以在近年的高考题中，以宾语从句的知识作为考点的题目较少。但是，宾语从句也有自己的特殊情况，如介词的宾语，形容词的宾语，宾语从句提前和并列的宾语从句等现象。如：Weassumedthattherewouldbemorethan100guests.Hetoldthepoliceindetailwhathesawandheard.Nobodyissurewhathumanswilllooklikeinamillionyears.Thatwilldependonwhethertheycangetthechance.WhetherIwillhavethetimeIamnotsureatthemoment.Theconductorcomplainedthatwewerenotgiftedinsingingandthathewouldnevercomeagain.【表语从句】表语从句的最重要脸谱就是它们应该出现在系动词的后面。如：Theonlyquestionleftishowoftentheworkersarepaid.Hisideaforthecomingweekendisthatwegoskating.【同位语从句】从脸谱上看，同位语从句最为麻烦。因为它们也是出现在一个名词的后面，起着解释说明的作用。有点像定语从句。这个点是许多学生容易混淆的地方。但是，只有我们能把握住关键，即：定语从句的先行词在从句中必须作一个成分，并且这个成分应该是个空白，也就是说，定语从句必须缺少成分。这一点恰恰是同位语从句所不能做到的。同位语从句前面的名词在从句中是没有位置的。况且，也不是所有的名词后面都会跟同位语从句，只有那些“有内容的名词”才需要解释。如fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt等。如：Thatfactthatthepolicemandidn’tfireatthemanatallwasignored.Doyouhaveanyideawhatisgoingonintheclassroom.Thepossibilitythatwecanworkathomemakeseverybodyexcited.尽管同学们在这个方面有诸多问题，但好消息还是有的，在新出台的《山东省高考考试说明》中，同位语从句不在必考的名单之中。大家可以放心了。【连接代词、连接副词和连接词】通过以上介绍，我们可以看出，四种名词性从句都需要有一个连接性词在从句的开头。这个词是什么性质，要看它在从句中作作的成分，如果作的是主语、宾语、表语的话，这个词就是连接代词；如果作的是各种状语，就叫连接副词；如果不作任何成分，就叫连接词。如下表： 连接词that,if,whether引导名词性从句的连接词连接代词who,whom,what,whose,which,whichever,whatever,whoever 连接副词when,where,how,why第二节考点分类解析【考点一：语序问题】名词性从句的语序问题一直断断续续地在各地高考题目中出现，由此可见其重要性。其实说来非常简单易记：永远陈述语气。即名词性从句中不会出现助动词提前的现象。如：Whoheisdoesn’tmattermuch.Whenandwhereweshallhavethesportsmeetisaquestion.Idon’tknowwhathisnameis.Idon’tknowwhatiswrongwithhim.=Idon’tknowwhatisthematterwithhim.Youcan’timaginehowexcitedIwasatthattime.Canyoutellmewhatsizeshoesyouwear?Noonecanbesure______inamillionyears.（MET1991）A.whatwillmanlooklike B.whatmanwilllooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhat D.whatlookwillmanlike答案：B。这个题就是典型的考查宾语从句的语序问题。根据以上所述，应该是陈述语序。所以A、C两个选项就不可能了。而D选项明显不符合我们的语言习惯。【考点二：that和what的区别问题】关系决定，二者同时出现而必选其一时，答案肯定是wh-ever。如：Whoeverbreakstheruleswillbepunished.(主语从句)Whoever/Nomatterwhobreakstherules,he/shewillbepunished.(状语从句)Don’tbelievewhateverhetellsyou.(宾语从句)Don’tbelievehim,whatever/nomatterwhathetellsyou.(状语从句)【考点七：名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题】先看宾语从句的虚拟语气。一般说来，如果从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或要求等语气的动词的宾语时，从句中要求用should＋动词原形的虚拟语气（should经常可以省略）。这些动词常见的有：desire,demand,require,request,order,propose,command,advise,suggest等。如：例：Heinsistedthatshe（should）spendmoretimestudying.Hedemandedthatwe（should）beontime.Thebossrequiredthatallwaiters(should)keepstandingalldaylong.ThepublishinghousesuggestedthatI(should)typemybookout.有两个特例是高中老师不愿意错过的。那就是suggest和insist。它们俩后面的宾语从句是否用虚拟语气还要看具体语境来定。如：ThedoctorsuggestedthatIhadacold。(这个suggest的意思是“解释，说明”。后面不用虚拟语气)Thebigsmilesonherfacesuggestedthatshehadpassedthetest.(这个suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虚拟语气)ThedoctorsuggestedthatI(should)stayinbedforafewday.(这个suggest的意思是“建议”。后面用虚拟语气)Theyoungmaninsistedthathewaswellenoughtoserveinthearmy.(这个insist坚持的是一个事实不是一种观点。后面不用虚拟语气)Thatyoungmaninsistedthatheshouldbesenttothefront.(这个insist坚持的是一种观点，即“他应该被派往前线”。后面用虚拟语气)以上是宾语从句中的虚拟语气现象。如果是其他三种名词性从句，只要和上述动词有关，也享受同样的待遇。如：Theheadquarters’suggestionisthatwe(should)waitforanotherfewdays.(表语从句)Hisorderthatallthesoldiers(should)swimacrosstheriverwasrefused.(同位语从句)Itisstronglyrecommendedthatyou(should)takeataxi.(主语从句)另外，在下面这几个特殊的句型中，后面的主语从句也用虚拟语气。a.Itisimportant/necessary/natural/awonder/essential（必要的）/suggestedthat…shoulddo…如：Itisimportantthatyou（should）beontime.Itisnecessarythatyou(should)exerciseregularly.b.Iwishthat…did….如：IwishIwereabird.IwishonedayIcouldliveonthemoon.c.I’dratherthat…did…如：I’dratheryoudidityourself.I’dratherIhadn’tlentyouthatbicycleyesterday.【考点八：宾语从句的反意疑问句的问题】众所周知，反意疑问句是由句子的谓语和主语的代词形式共同构成。如：Heisignorant,isn’the?Heisn’tstrong,ishe?但是，如果前面的句子中含有宾语从句，怎么办？答案是一定针对主句的主语、谓语。如：Youknowheisignorant,don’tyou?Itoldyouheisn’tstrong,didn’tI?有一种例外，当主句的主语是I,且谓语动词是表示观点的动词如think,believe,suppose,expect,amafraid等时，就只能针对从句反问了。因为没有人会对自己的观点吗上进行反诘。如：Ithinkheisignorant,isn’the?Ibelieveheisn’tstrong,ishe?【考点九：it在名词性从句中的作用问题】代词it的用法有很多。但近几年的高考关注的却比较集中，即it作为普通回指代词的用法和在名词性从句中作形式宾语和形式主语的用法。如：作形式主语：Itworriedmeabitthathedidn’tphone.Itoccurredtomethatshemighthaveforgottenthedate.Itdoesn’tmatterwhenyouarrivejustcomewhenyoucan.Itwasn’tcleartoanyonewhyhedidn’tcome.Itwassurprisinghowmanyunhappymarriagesthereare.作形式宾语：ImadeitclearthatIwasdeterminedtocarryouttheplan.IfinditnecessarythatweshouldspendmoretimepractisingspokenEnglish.Ithinkitimportantthatweshouldkeepcalm.Don’ttakeitforgrantedthatyourparentsshoulddoeverythingforyou.Hedoesn’twantittobeknownthathe’sgoingaway.Youmaydependuponitthatallthegoodswillbedeliveredintime.【考点十：主语从句和强调句型的混淆问题】从表面上看，it作形式主语的主语从句有时候和强调句型有些相似。如：Itisimpossiblethatwecanpersuadehimtojoinus.(主语从句)ItiswithTom’shelpthatwewereabletopersuadehimtojoinus.(强调句型)其实，强调句型其实很简单，即在Itis/was与that之间放上我们想要强调的某个句子成分。大部分考题都是考查that的选择问题。即考查考生判断某句是否是强调句型的问题。这个看似容易的问题在出题人的多种变化之下有时也会变得很令人头疼。下面是几种常见的出题形式：1．基本式：Itwasonthetopofthemountainthatwemettheforeigntourist.2.一般疑问句式：Wasitonthetopofthemountainthatyoumettheforeigntourist?3.特殊疑问句式：Wherewasitthatyoumettheforeigntourist?4．复合句式：Canyoutellmewhereitwasthatyoumettheforeigntourist?5．套定语从句式：Itwasinthehousewhichwasbuiltbyhisfatherthathewasborn.6.套定语从句加省略式：Wheredidyoumeettheforeigntourist?Itwasinthehotelwherewelived(thatwemettheforeigntourist).判断一个句子是否是强调句型是个关键。这里重要思路是当去掉强调句型、各个成分各归其位以后，该句子是否还成立。下面几个例子就不是强调句型：Itwasnotyetseveno’clockwhenhecamebacklastnight.因为，*Hecamebacklastnightnotyetseveno’clock.就不是个正确的句子。IheardthatTomwasoncealmostdrowned.Whenwasthat?Itwasin2000whenhewasswimminginapool.同理，*Hewasswimminginapoolin2000.从逻辑上看也不成立。因为，我们不可能一整年都在游泳。第三节巩固练习（一）、【夯实基础】1.Americawas________wascalled“India”byColumbus.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.theplace2.I’dliketoinviteyoutoaconcertthisevening.Thankyou,but______I’llbefreeI’mnotsureatthemoment.A.whileB.ifC.whenD.whetherIkeptlookingattheman,wondering______________.A.whetherIhaveseenhimbeforeB.whereIhadseenhimbeforeC.thatIhadseenhimbeforeD.whenIhadseenhimbeforeYouhavenotyetansweredmyquestion________Icanjoininthepartytonight.A.whetherB.ifC.whichD.that5.Informationhasbeenputforward_______moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as6.Acomputercanonlydo_______youhaveinstructedittodo.A.howB.afterC.whatD.when7.Itisacommonbelief_______teenagerstodayknowaboutcomputersandarefamiliar______usingtheminallaspectsoflife.A.that;outB.what;withC.that;withD.what;aboutDon’tleavefortomorrow_______youcandotoday.A.ifB.whatC.thatD.unless9.Wasitbecauseitrainedyesterday______hedidn’tcome?A.whyB.whenC.thenD.that10.______alltheinventionshaveincommonis______theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.What;thatD.That;that11.Whatclothesshouldweweartoattendtheball?Dress_______youlike.A.whatB.howeverC.whateverD.how12.________hasriddenonarailwaytrainknowshow_____anothertrainflashesbywhenitistravelingintheoppositedirection.A.Anyonewho;rapidB.Whoever;rapidlyC.Anything;rapidD.Whatever;rapidly13.Webelieve_______youhavedevotedyourself________suretocometrue.A.that;isB.allthat;tobeC.thatall;areD.what;tois14.Youmaygivethefilmticketto_______youthinkneedsit.A.nomatterwhoB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhom15.Wasitin1998,whenhewasstillatmiddleschool,______thisboybecameexpertatcomputer?A.whichB.whereC.whenD.that16.Itwas______hecametoMacao______heknewwhatkindofplaceitwas.A.that;whenB.until;thatC.notuntil;whenD.notuntil;that17.Allfinished,wesatdowntoenjoy______wethoughtthemostdeliciousdinner.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.it18.Itwasnotuntilheexplaineditasecondtime_______it.A.whenweunderstoodB.thatweunderstoodC.didweunderstandD.thatdidweunderstand19.TheBeachesheld_____theycalled“familyday”onceeachyear.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when20.Howdidhefailtheexamination?Itwasbecausehewastoocareless_______hemadesomanymistakes.A.thereforeB.thatC.sothatD.so 21.Insomecountries,______iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsfroallpeople.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.how22.______helpsotherswillbehelped.SoI’llbethankfultoandtrytohelp_______hashelpedus.A.Whoever;whomeverB.Whoever;whoeverC.Who;whoeverD.Who;whomever23.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjust_______worriesthepublic.A.whyB.whichC.thatD.what24.Itwasnotuntildark_______hefound________hethoughtwasthecorrectwaytosolvetheproblem.A.that;whatB.that;thatC.when;whatD.when;that25.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_______wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whether26._______shewasinvitedtotheballmadeherveryhappy.A.IfB.ThatC.WhenD.Because______wearedoinghasneverbeendonebefore.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.WhetherScientistsbelievenativeAmericansarrivedbycrossingthelandbridgethatconnectedSiberiaand_______morethan10,000yearsago.A.thisisAlaskaB.AlaskaisnowC.isnowAlaskaD.whatisnowAlaskaPleasetellme______youwouldliketohaveyourcoffeeblackorwhite?A.whatB.whereC.whichD.howManyworkerswereorganizedtoclearaway_______remainedoftheWorldTradecenter.A.thoseB.thatC.whatD.where(二)、【真题实战之2007】____mattersmostinlearningEnglishisenoughpractice.（全国II）

A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which2.Choosingtherightdictionarydependson______youwanttouseitfor.（江苏卷）A.what B.why C.how D.whether3.Itisnoneofyourbusinessotherpeoplethinkaboutyou.Believeyourself.（福建卷）A.how B.what C.which D.when4.parentssayanddohasalife-longeffectontheirchildren.（陕西卷）A.That B.Which C.What D.As5.Whynottryyourluckdowntown,Bob?That’s______thebestjobsare.（浙江卷）A.whereB.whatC.whenD.why6.Theseasideheredrawsalotoftouristseverysummer.Warmsunshineandsoftsandsmake________itis.（天津卷）A.what B.which C.how D.where7.CouldIspeakto________isinchargeofInternationalSales,please?（山东卷）A．anyone B．someone C．whoever D．nomatterwho8.______hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.A.That B.What C.Whether D.Where9.Thetraditionalviewis______wesleepbecauseourbrainis“programmed”tomakeusdoso.A.when B.why C.whether D.that(三)、【真题实战之2006】1.Wehaven’tsettledthequestionof______itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.(江苏卷)A.if B.where C.whether D.that2.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas______wedidthismorning.(全国I)A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what3.Pleaseremindme______hesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.(同上)A.whereB.whenC.howD.what4.–Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision?

–Theyalwaysletmedo_______IthinkIshould.(全国III)

A.when B.that C.how D.what5.Withhisworkcompleted,thebusinessmansteppedbacktohisseat,feelingpleased________hewasamanofaction.(湖南卷)A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether6.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentformtheclass________

hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.（重庆卷）

A.whyB.thatC.where

D.because7.Couldyoudomeafavour?Itdependson______itis.（北京卷）A.which B.whichever C.what D.whatever8.Enginesaretomachines____heartsaretoanimals.(山东卷)A.asB.thatC.whatD.which9.____teamwinsonSaturdaywillgothroughtothenationalchampionships.(山东卷)A.NomatterwhatB.NomatterwhichCWhateverD.Whichever10._______isourbeliefthatimprovementsinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger,moreprosperouseconomy.(浙江卷)A.As B.That C.This D.It11.—It'sthirtyyearssincewelestmet. —ButIstillrememberthestory,believeitornot, ____wegotlostonarainynight.(四川卷) A.which B.that C.what D.when12.AwarmthoughtsuddenlycametomeImightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymother’sbirthday．(安徽卷)A．ifB．whenC．thatD．which13.makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(辽宁卷)A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever14.ThereismuchchanceBillwillrecoverfromhisinjuryintimefortherace.A.thatB.whichC.untilD.if(天津卷)15.Theseshoeslookverygood.Iwonder_____.(上海卷)A.howmuchcosttheyare B.howmuchdotheycostC.howmuchtheycost D.howmucharetheycost16.Doris'successliesinthefact___sheisco-operativeandeagertolearnfromothers.(同上)A.which B.that C.when D.why17.AsthebusiestwomaninNorton,shemade_________herdutytolookafteralltheotherpeople’saffairsinthattown.(湖南卷)A.thisB.thatC.oneD.it18.I’dappreciate____ifyouwouldliketoteachmehowtousethecomputer.(山东卷)A.thatB.itC.thisD.you19.IfIcanhelp_______,Idon'tlikeworkinglateintothenight.(全国I)A.soB.thatC.itD.them(四)、【真题实战之2005】1.Marywroteanarticleon______theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.(全国I)A.whyB.whatC.whoD.that2.Assoonashecomesback,Iwilltellhimwhen_____andseehim.(北京卷)A.youwillcomeB.willyoucomeC.youcomeD.doyoucome3._______intheregulationsthatyoushouldnottellotherpeoplethepasswordofyoure-mailaccount.(上海卷)A.WhatisrequiredB.WhatrequiresC.ItisrequiredD.Itrequires4.Theoldlady’shandshookfrequently.Sheexplainedtoherdoctor____thisshakinghadbegunhalfayearbefore,and_____,onlybecauseofthis,shehadbeenforcedtogiveupherjob.(重庆卷)A.when;howB.how;whenC.how;howD.why;why5.Iwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize____sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which(湖南卷)6.Hehasn’tsleptatallforthreedays.______heistiredout.(湖北卷)A.ThereisnopointB.ThereisnoneedC.ItisnowonderD.Itisnoway7.Danbyleftwordwithmysecretary____hewouldcallagainintheafternoon.(浙江卷)A.whoB.thatC.asD.which8.Doyouhaveanyidea______isgoingonintheclassroom?(辽宁卷)A.thatB.whatC.asD.which9.Theshopkeeperdidnotwanttosellfor______hethoughtwasnotenough.(山东卷)A.whereB.howC.whatD.which10.Thewayhediditwasdifferent______wewereusedto.(江西卷)A.inwhichB.inwhatC.fromwhatD.fromwhich

11.Someresearchersbelievethatthereisnodoubt_____acureforAIDSwillbefound.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.whether(广东卷)12.Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythathe_______toMiamibuttoIagree,buttheproblemis______hehasrefusedto.A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldnotbesent;whatD.shouldnotsend;what(五)、【真题实战之2004】1.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.(上海春招)A.asB.whichC.whatD.that2.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise______hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether3.Youaresayingthate