青岛大学外语学院《642基础英语（1）》历年考研真题汇编

目录

2017年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2016年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2015年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2014年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2013年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2011年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2010年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2009年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语

（1）考研真题

2017年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语（1）考研真题

PartOneVocabularyandStructure(20points)

Choosethewordorthesetofwordsthat,wheninsertedinthesentence,best

fitsthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.

1．Houserepairs,holidays,schoolfeesandother_____havereducedhis

bankbalancetoalmostnothing.

A.amount

B.payment

C.expenses

D.figures

2．Theadditionalworkwilltake_____weeks.

A.theother

B.anothertwo

C.othertwo

D.themore

3．Theboysinthedorm_____acointodecidewhowouldcleanthefloor.

A.held

B.tossed

C.put

D.collected

4．Thepatternsofspokenlanguageare_____fromthoseofwriting.

A.distinct

B.distinctive

C.Distinguished

D.distinguishing

5．Theproductcontainsno_____colors,flavors,orpreservatives.

A.fake

B.artificial

C.false

D.wrong

6．Thepolicedepartmentcameunderstrongcriticismforboththedeathof

anunarmedmananditshandlingofthe_____.

A.consequence

B.outcome

C.result

D.aftermath

7．ItissaidthatDaVinciisaversatilemanwhowasgoodatmanythings.

Theunderlinedwordmeans:_____.

A.changeable

B.competent

C.adaptable

D.omnipotent

8．Forecastingmethodsandtechniquesareequally_____toallsectorsof

theeconomy.

A.appreciable

B.applicable

C.attributive

D.Attractable

9．WhenColumbusembarked_____hishistoricalvoyage,henever

imaginedthattheworldhistorywouldenterintoanewera.

A.upon

B.In

C.at

D.to

10．Yearsofcivilwarhavewreckedthecountry’sinfrastructureand

destroyeditssocial_____.

A.tissue

B.organ

C.fabric

D.construction

11．IsraelandHamashadreachedadealonextendingthe_____ceasefire

byanextra24hoursuntilTuesdayatmidnight.

A.contemporary

B.makeshift

C.spontaneous

D.temporary

12．Americanculturenowstigmatizes,andsometimesevenheavily_____

behaviorthatwasoncetakenforgranted:overtracism,cigarettesmoking,the

useofsexualstereotypes.

A.penalizes

B.advocates

C.ignores

D.advertises

13．Psychologistshavedoneextensivestudiesonhowwellpatients_____

withdoctors’orders.

A.comply

B.correspond

C.interfere

D.interact

14．Itisnotsomuchthelanguage_____theculturalbackgroundthatmakes

thebookdifficulttounderstand.

A.but

B.nor

C.as

D.like

15．ByputtingtheentireWoolfarchiveonamicrofilm,theprojectdirectors

hopetomakethecontentsofmanuscriptsmore_____toscholars.

A.objective

B.accessible

C.appealing

D.implicit

16．Advancesinhealthcarehavelengthenedlifespans,loweredinfant

mortalityrates,andthus_____theoverpopulationproblem.

A.eliminated

B.aggravated

C.minimized

D.distorted

17．Thepolicemanagedto_____theangrycrowd.

A.provoke

B.stimulate

C.subdue

D.relax

18．Monicasaysshe’slookingforwardtoexpandingherpublicandprivate

clientbasethroughher_____withNoctor.

A.companion

B.company

C.friend

D.alliance

19．Oneofthelargestcompaniesintheworldwillbe_____anewproduct

inZambiatomorrow.

A.issuing

B.showing

C.demonstrating

D.launching

20．Asaheritagetrail,theparkincludesanetworkofmajorcultural_____,

principalmonuments,historicsitesandopenspaces.

A.landmarks

B.houses

C.cabins

D.places

PartTwoProofReadingAndErrorCorrection(10Points)

ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.Eachlinecontainsamaximum

ofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshould

proofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway.

Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneinthe

blankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“∧”sign

andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheend

oftheline.

Foranunnecessarywordcrossouttheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”and

putthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

PartThreeReadingComprehension(40Points)

Readthepassagesandthenwriteyouranswersonyouranswersheet.

Passage1

Itisevidentthatthereisacloseconnectionbetweenthecapacitytouse

languageandthecapacitiescoveredbytheverb“tothink”.Indeed,some

writershaveidentifiedthinkingwithusingwords:Platocoinedthesaying“In

thinkingthesoulistalkingtoitself”;J.BWatsonreducedthinkingto

inhibitedspeechlocatedintheminutemovementsortensionsofthe

physiologicalmechanisminvolvedinspeaking;andalthoughRyleiscareful

topointoutthattherearemanysensesinwhichapersonissaidtothinkin

whichwordsarenotinevidence,hehasalsosaidthatsayingsomethingina

specificframeofmindisthinkingathought.

Isthinkingreducibleto,ordependentupon,languagehabits?Itwouldseem

thatmanythinkingsituationsarehardlydistinguishablefromtheskillfuluse

oflanguage,althoughtherearesomeothersinwhichlanguageisnot

involved,Thoughtcannotbesimplyidentifiedwithusinglanguage.Itmaybe

thecase,ofcourse,thatthenon-linguisticskillsinvolvedinthoughtcanonly

beacquiredanddevelopedifthelearnerisabletouseandunderstand

language.However,thisquestionisonewhichwecannothopetoanswerin

thisbook.Obviouslybeingabletouselanguagemakesforaconsiderable

developmentinallone’scapacitiesbuthowpreciselythiscomesaboutwe

cannotsay.

Atthecommon-senselevelitappearsthatthereisoftenadistinctionbetween

thoughtandthewordsweemploytocommunicatewithotherpeople.We

oftenhavetostrugglehardtofindwordstocapturewhatourthinkinghas

alreadygrasped,andwhenwedofindwordswesometimesfeelthattheyfail

todotheirjobproperly.Againwhenwereportordescribeourthinkingto

otherpeoplewedonotmerelyreportunspokenwordsandsentences.Such

sentencesdonotalwaysoccurinthinking,andwhentheydotheyaremerged

withvagueimageryandthehintofunconsciousorsubliminal(下意识的)

activitiesgoingonjustoutofrage.Thinking,asithappens,ismorelike

struggling,striving,orsearchingforsomethingthanitisliketalkingor

reading.

Againthestudyofspeechdisordersduetobraininjurydiseasesuggeststhat

patientscanthinkwithouthavingadequatecontrolovertheirlanguage.Some

patients,forexample,failtofindthenamesofobjectpresentedtothemand

areunabletodescribesimpleeventswhichtheywitness;theyevenfindit

difficulttointerpretlongwrittennotices.Buttheysucceedinplayinggames

ofchessordraughts.Theycanusetheconceptsneededforchessplayingor

draughtplayingbutareunabletousemanyoftheconceptsinordinary

language.Howtheymanagetodothiswedonotknow.Presumablyhuman

beingshavevariouscapacitiesforthinkingsituationswhicharelikewise

independentoflanguage.

1．Accordingtothetheoryof“thought”devisedbyJ.BWatson,thinkingis

_____.

A.talkingtothesoul

B.suppressedspeech

C.speakingnon-verbally

D.anon-linguisticbehavior

2．Whatdoestheauthorthinkabouttherelationshipbetweenlanguageand

thinking?

A.Theabilitytouselanguageenhancesone’scapacityofthinking.

B.Wordsandthinkingmatchmoreoftenthannot.

C.Thinkingnevergoeswithoutlanguage.

D.Languageandthinkingaregenerallydistinguishable.

3．Accordingtotheauthor,whenweintendtodescribeourthoughts,we

_____.

A.merelyreportinternalspeech

B.havetosearchforproperwordsinthewayweread

C.areoverwhelmedwithvagueimagery

D.sometimesarenotabletofindappropriatewords

4．Whyarepatientswithspeechdisordersabletothinkwithouthaving

adequatecontroloflanguage?

A.Theyusedifferentconcepts.

B.Theydonotthinklinguistically.

C.Itstillremainsanunsolvedmystery.

D.Thinkingisindependentoflanguage.

5．Thispassageisanexcerptfrom_____.

A.ascholarlybook

B.atextbook

C.abookreport

D.anencyclopedia

Passage2

WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?The

AmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainful

question.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthe

journalismcredibilityproject.

Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsabout

factualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsof

head-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreally

want.

Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseethe

worldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplug

eachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthe

newsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrative

structureforotherwiseconfusingnews.

Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheir

readers,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroom

seemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresentto

reportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelarge

metropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedat

randomandaskedthesamequestions.

RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikely

toliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedes,andtrade

stocks,andtheyarelesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orput

downrootsincommunity.

Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,so

theirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.The

astonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoor

reportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersand

theirreaders.

Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.

Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudes

vastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumanda

credibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedand

fleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingthe

culturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.

Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyon

raceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,

education,andclass.

6．Whatisthepassageabout?

A.Needsofthereadersallovertheworld.

B.Causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.

C.Originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.

D.Aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject.

7．Theresultofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe_____.

A.quitetrustworthy

B.somewhatcontradictory

C.veryilluminating

D.Rathersuperficial

8．Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir

_____.

A.workingattitude

B.conventionallifestyle

C.worldoutlook

D.Educationalbackground

9．Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereaders

owingtoits_____.

A.failuretorealizeitsrealproblem

B.tendencytohireannoyingreporters

C.likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting

D.prejudiceinmattersofraceandgender

10．Accordingtothetext,whichkindofjournalistsworldbemostbeneficial

tothedevelopmentofnewspapersnowadays?

A.Thosefromdifferentracesandgender.

B.Thosewithhighreportorialskills.

C.Thosedeeprootedinthepublic.

D.Thosewithdiverseworld-views.

Passage3

Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthefourquestions.

ThispassageisadaptedfromEthanFrome,anovelpublishedin1911bythe

AmericanPulitzer-prizewinningauthorEdithWharton.MattieSilveris

Ethan’shouseholdemployee.

MattieSilverhadlivedunderEthan’sroofforayear,andfromearlymorning

tilltheymetatsupperhehadfrequentchancesofseeingher;butnomoments

inhercompanywerecomparabletothosewhen,herarminhis,andherlight

stepflyingtokeeptimewithhislongstride,theywalkedbackthroughthe

nighttothefarm.Hehadtakentothegirlfromthefirstday,whenhehad

drivenovertotheFlatstomeether,andshehadsmiledandwavedtohim

fromthetrain,cryingout,“YoumustbeEthan!”asshejumpeddownwith

herbundles,whilehereflected,lookingoverherslightperson:“Shedon’t

lookmuchonhousework,butsheain’tafretter,anyhow.”Butitwasnotonly

thatthecomingtohishouseofabitofhopefulyounglifewaslikethe

lightingofafireonacoldhearth.Thegirlwasmorethanthebright

serviceablecreaturehehadthoughther.Shehadaneyetoseeandanearto

hear:hecouldshowherthingsandtellherthings,andtastetheblissof

feelingthatallheimpartedleftlongreverberationsandechoeshecouldwake

atwill.

Itwasduringtheirnightwalksbacktothefarmthathefeltmostintenselythe

sweetnessofthiscommunion.Hehadalwaysbeenmoresensitivethanthe

peopleabouthimtotheappealofnaturalbeauty.Hisunfinishedstudieshad

givenformtothissensibilityandeveninhisunhappiestmomentsfieldand

skyspoketohimwithadeepandpowerfulpersuasion.Buthithertothe

emotionhadremainedinhimasasilentache,veilingwithsadnessthebeauty

thatevokedit.Hedidnotevenknowwhetheranyoneelseintheworldfeltas

hedid,orwhetherhewasthesolevictimofthismournfulprivilege.Thenhe

learnedthatoneotherspirithadtrembledwiththesametouchofwonder:that

athisside,livingunderhisroofandeatinghisbread,wasacreaturetowhom

hecouldsay:“That’sOriondownyonder;thebigfellowtotherightis

Aldebaran,andthebunchoflittleones--likebeesswarming--they’rethe

Pleiades...”orwhomhecouldholdentrancedbeforealedgeofgranite

thrustingupthroughthefernwhileheunrolledthehugepanoramaoftheice

age,andthelongdimstretchesofsucceedingtime.Thefactthatadmiration

forhislearningmingledwithMattie’swonderatwhathetaughtwasnotthe

leastpartofhispleasure.Andtherewereothersensations,lessdefinablebut

moreexquisite,whichdrewthemtogetherwithashockofsilentjoy:thecold

redofsunsetbehindwinterhills,theflightofcloud-flocksoverslopesof

goldenstubble,ortheintenselyblueshadowsofhemlocksonsunlitsnow.

Whenshesaidtohimonce:“Itlooksjustasifitwaspainted!”itseemedto

Ethanthattheartofdefinitioncouldgonofarther,andthatwordshadatlast

beenfoundtoutterhissecretsoul...

Ashestoodinthedarknessoutsidethechurchthesememoriescameback

withthepoignancyofvanishedthings.WatchingMattiewhirldownthefloor

fromhandtohandhewonderedhowhecouldeverhavethoughtthathisdull

talkinterestedher.Tohim,whowasnevergaybutinherpresence,hergaiety

seemedplainproofofindifference.Thefacesheliftedtoherdancerswasthe

samewhich,whenshesawhim,alwayslookedlikeawindowthathascaught

thesunset.Heevennoticedtwoorthreegestureswhich,inhisfatuity,hehad

thoughtshekeptforhim:awayofthrowingherheadbackwhenshewas

amused,asiftotasteherlaughbeforesheletitout,andatrickofsinkingher

lidsslowlywhenanythingcharmedormovedher.

1．Describehowthemainfocusofthenarrativeshiftsoverthecourseofthe

passage.

2．AnalyzethecharactersofEthanandMattieusingtheevidencefromthe

passage.

3．Whydoestheauthorincludethedescriptionsofthesunset,theclouds,

andthehemlockshadowsinthepassage?

4．Basedonthepassage,howdoyouthinkEthanandMattie’srelationship

willevolveandwhy?

PartFourTranslationFromEnglishIntoChinese(40Points)

Totheuntutoredear,theBeijingdialectcansoundlikesomeonetalkingwith

amouthfulofmarbles,inspiringnumerousparodiesandviralvideos.Its

colorfulvocabularyanddistinctivepronunciationhaveinspiredtraditional

performanceartssuchascross-talk,aformofcomicdialogue,and

“kuaibanr,”storytellingaccompaniedbybambooclappers.

ButtheBeijingdialectisdisappearing,avictimoflanguagestandardization

inschoolsandoffices,urbanredevelopmentandmigration.In2013,officials

andacademicsintheChinesecapitalbeganaprojecttorecordthedialect’s

remainingspeakersbeforeitfadesawaycompletely.Thematerialistobe

releasedtothepublicasanonlinemuseumandinteractivedatabasebyyear’s

end.

TheCommunistgovernment’sintroductionofanofficialRomanization

systeminthe1950sreinforcedstandardizedpronunciationforChinese

characters.ThesemeasuresenhancedcommunicationamongChinesefrom

differentregions,buttheyalsodiminishedtherelevanceofdialects.A2010

studybyBeijingUnionUniversityfoundthat49percentoflocalBeijing

residentsbornafter1980wouldratherspeakMandarinthantheBeijing

dialect,while85percentofmigrantstoBeijingpreferredthattheirchildren

learnMandarin.

Theremakingofthecityhasalsoplayedaroleindilutingthelanguage.Into

themid-20thcentury,muchofBeijing’spopulationlivedclusteredinthe

hutongs,oralleyways,thatcrisscrossedtheneighborhoodssurroundingthe

ForbiddenCity.Today,onlyasmallfractionofanestimated3,700hutongs

remain,theirresidentsoftenscatteredtoapartmentcomplexesonthecity’s

outskirts.Andthecityhasbecomeamagnetformigrantsfromotherpartsof

China.AccordingtoChina’slastnationalcensus,anaverageofabout

450,000peoplemovedtoBeijingeachyearbetween2000and2010,making

aboutone-thirdofBeijing’sresidentsnonlocals.

PartFiveWriting(40Points)

Somepeoplethinkthatmachinetranslationishighlydevelopedintoday’s

society.Thereforeitisnotnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.What’syour

opinion?Discussandgiveyouropinion.

Writeanessayofabout400words,Usespecificreasons/examplestosupport

yourpositiononthestatementabove.Inthefirstpartofyourwritingyou

shouldpresentyourthesisstatement,andinthesecondpartyoushould

supportthethesisstatementwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpartyou

shouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionormakea

summary.

Youshouldsupplyanappropriatetitleforyouressay.

Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammar,dictionand

appropriateness.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinaloss

ofmarks.

2016年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语（1）考研真题

PartOneVocabularyandStructure(20points)

Choosethewordorthesetofwordsthat,wheninsertedinthesentence,best

fitsthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.

1．Environmentalgroupswantmorepassengerandfreighttraffic_____off

theroadandontotrains.

A.moved

B.move

C.moving

D.beingmoving

2．Itwastheconsensusoftheparty_____itscandidatescouldeasilywin

theelection.

A.when

B.that

C.how

D.where

3．Hydrogenisthe_____elementoftheuniverseinthatitprovidesthe

buildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.

A.steadiest

B.expendable

C.lightest

D.fundamental

4．TheparadoxicalaspectofthemythsaboutDemeter,whenweconsider

thepredominantimageofherasatranquilandserenegoddess,isher_____

searchforherdaughter.

A.extended

B.agitated

C.frantic

D.comprehensive

5．Criticismandself-criticismisnecessary_____ithelpsustocorrectour

mistakes.

A.suchthat

B.withthat

C.sothat

D.inthat

6．ThesignificanceoftheMagnaCartaliesnotinits_____provisions,but

initsbroaderimpact:itmadethekingsubjecttothelaw.

A.revolutionary

B.specific

C.implicit

D.controversial

7．DemocraticMassachusettsSenatecandidate,ElizabethWarrens,self-

proclaimedNativeAmerican_____isinquestiontonight.

A.nomination

B.culturalinsight

C.ancestry

D.culturaltradition

8．Undertheguidanceoftheirinstructors,thestudentsarebuildingamodel

boat_____bysteam.

A.towed

B.pressed

C.tossed

D.propelled

9．Researchers_____thatgenesmaydeterminethestrengthoftheimmune

system,whichcouldhelpexplainhowaninfectiousdiseasecouldhavea

hereditarylink.

A.conform

B.evaluate

C.estimate

D.resurrect

10．Despitethefactthatthebookpromisesacompleterethinkingofthe

factorscontributingtotheconflict,thepicturethatthebookpaintsis_____:

thecausesitsuggestsaremoreorthodoxthat_____.

A.unique;innovative

B.commonplace;imitative

C.controversial,radical

D.familiar;revisionist

11．TheconstitutionoftheStaterequiredthatpropertyshouldbe_____for

taxationatitsmarketvalue.

A.estimated

B.appraised

C.evaluated

D.valued

12．Fromthatyearon,therewasa_____racebetweentabloidnewspapers

astowhocouldgettheirhandsontheChristmascardsoftheroyalfamily

first.

A.crazy

B.frenzied

C.desperate

D.terrible

13．Advancesinhealthcarehavelengthenedlifespans,loweredinfant

mortalityrates,andthus_____theoverpopulationproblem.

A.eliminated

B.aggravated

C.minimized

D.distorted

14．Ifthoselargepublishersthatrespondsolelytopopularliterarytrends

continuetodominatethepublishingmarket,theinitialpublicationofnew

writerswilldependonthewriter’swillingnessto_____populartastes.

A.struggleagainst

B.caterto

C.admire

D.flout

15．Psychologistshavedoneextensivestudiesonhowwellpatients_____

withdoctors’orders.

A.comply

B.correspond

C.interfere

D.interact

16．Despitethe_____ofthematerialswithwhichheworked,manyof

Tiffany’sGlassmasterpieceshavesurvivedformorethanseventyyears.

A.beauty

B.abundance

C.majesty

D.fragility

17．Her_____isalwaysasourceofirritation:sheneverusesasingleword

whenshecansubstitutealongclauseorphraseinitsplace.

A.verbosity

B.simplicity

C.cogency

D.rhetoric

18．Aleadingphilosopherofourtime,LudwigWittgenstein,laiddowna

_____towhichgoodhistorians_____:“Ofthatofwhichnothingisknown

nothingcanbesaid.”

A.burden;protest

B.law;amend

C.rule;adhere

D.maxim;succumb

19．Afterreadingnumbersofbiographiesrecountingdysfunctionsand

disasters,failedmarriagesandfailedcareers,JoyceCarolOates_____a

wordto_____thegenre:pathography,thestoryofdiseasedlives.

A.invented;curtail

B.reiterated;criticize

C.hypothesized;indict

D.coined;describe

20．TheUnitedStatesmustassesshow,andtowhatextenttheseTAissues

will_____WTOagreements,worldtrade,marketcompetitiveness.

A.stepinto

B.impingeon

C.crossonto

D.noseinto

PartTwoProofReadingAndErrorCorrection(10Points)

ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.Eachlinecontainsamaximum

ofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshould

proofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway.

Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneinthe

blankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“∧”sign

andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheend

oftheline.

Foranunnecessarywordcrossouttheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”and

putthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

PartThreeReadingComprehension(30Points)

Inthissectiontherearethreereadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteen

multiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenwriteyouranswerson

youranswersheet.

Passage1

Daylightsavingtime(DST)istheconventionofadvancingclockssothat

afternoonshavemoredaylightandmorningshaveless.Typicallyclocksare

adjustedforwardonehournearthestartofspringandareadjustedbackward

inautumn.ModernDSTwasfirstproposedin1907byWilliamWillett.

Manycountrieshaveuseditsincethen;detailsvarybylocationandchange

occasionally.

Generallyagreementabouttheday’slayoutconferssomanyadvantagesthat

astandardDSTscheduleusuallyoutrankseffortstogetupearlier,evenfor

peoplewhopersonallydislikeDSTschedule.Thepracticeismixedblessing,

however.

Forinstance,retailers,sportinggoodsmakers,andotherbusinessesbenefit

fromextraafternoonsunlight,asitinducescustomerstoshopandto

participateinoutdoorafternoonsports.Asthe1984Fortunemagazine

estimatedthataseven-weekextensionofDSTwouldyieldanadditional$30

millionfor7-Elevenstores,andtheNationalGolfFoundationestimatedthe

extensionwouldincreasegolfindustryrevenues$200millionto$300

million.Conversely,DSTcanadverselyaffectframersandotherswhose

hoursaresetbythesun.Forexample,grainharvestingisbestdoneafterdew

evaporates,sowhenfieldhandsarriveandleaveearlierinsummertheirlabor

islessvaluable.DSTalsohurtsprime-timebroadcastratingsanddrive-in

andothertheaters.

Clockshiftscorrelateswithdecreasedeconomicefficiency.In2000the

daylight-savingeffectimpliedanestimatedone-daylossof$31billiononUS

stockexchanges.ClockshiftsandDSTrulechangeshaveadirecteconomic

cost,sincetheyentailextraworktosupportremotemeeting,computer

applicationsandthelike.Forexample,a2007NorthAmericanrulechange

costanestimated$500millionto$1billion.

Extraafternoondaylightissaidtoreducetrafficfatalities.In1975theUS

DOTconservativelyidentifieda0.7%reductionintrafficfatalitiesduring

DST,andestimatedtherealreductiontobe1.5%to2%,butthe1976NBS

reviewoftheDOTstudyfoundnodifferencesintrafficfatalities.In1995the

InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafetyestimatedareductionof1.2%,

includinga5%reductionincrashesfataltopedestrians.Othershavefound

similarreductions.Single/DoubleSummerTime(SDST),avariantwhere

clocksareonehouraheadofthesuninwinterandtwoinsummer,hasbeen

projectedtoreducetrafficfatalitiesby3%to4%intheUK,comparedto

ordinaryDST.Acorrelationbetweenclockshiftsandaccidentshasbeen

observedinNorthAmericabutnotinSweden.Ifthiseffectexists,itisfar

smallerthantheoverallreductioninfatalities.

However,theeffectofDSToncrimeislessclear.Inthe1970stheUSLaw

EnforcementAssistanceAdministration(LEAA)foundareductionof10%to

13%inWashington,D.C.’sviolentcrimeandfoundcrimereductionsonlyin

oneandonlyinsomecrimecategories;theDOTdecideditwas“impossible

toconcludewithanyconfidencethatcomparablebenefitswouldbefound

nationwide”.Outdoorlightinghasamarginalandsometimeseven

contradictoryinfluenceoncrimeandfearofcrime.

DSTalsohasmixedeffectsonhealth.Insocietieswithfixedworkschedules

itprovidesmoreafternoonsunlightoroutdoorexercise.Italterssunlight

exposure;whetherthisisbeneficialdependsonone’slocationanddaily

schedule,assunlighttriggersvitaminDsynthesisintheskin,bu