1998年考研英语试题及答案

1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionII ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.TheyEQ\X\BO(大41家)thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingfortheEQ\X\BO(大42家)man.ButtheyinsistedthatitsEQ\X\BO(大43家)resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryfortheEQ\X\BO(大44家)oftheEnglishpopulation.EQ\X\BO(大45家)contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstillaEQ\X\BO(大46家)agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,EQ\X\BO(大47家),isgenerallythoughttobewrong.SpecialistsEQ\X\BO(大48家)historyandeconomics,haveEQ\X\BO(大49家)twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750wasEQ\X\BO(大50家)bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41. [A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42. [A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43. [A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44. [A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45. [A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46. [A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47. [A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48. [A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for49. [A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated50. [A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]markedSectionIII ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.51. ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat________.[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight52. InParagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto________.[A]areasshortofelectricity[B]damswithoutpowerstations[C]poorcountriesaroundIndia[D]commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamarea53. Whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?[A]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.[B]Theyhelpdefendthecountry.[C]Theystrengtheninternationalties.[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.54. Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas________.[A]“It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk”[B]“Morehaste,lessspeed”[C]“Lookbeforeyouleap”[D]“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”Text2Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemgroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.“Theterm‘anti-science’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”59. Theword“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation[D]contempt60. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento________.[A]discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience’spower[B]showtheauthor’ssympathywithscientists[C]explainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops[D]exemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanities61. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.[C]The“moreenlightened”tendtotagothersasanti-science.[D]Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science”isjustifiable.62. Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-science”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased[D]puzzlingText4Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,droppingoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—■Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.■Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.63. Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s________.[A]enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory[B]witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation[C]underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth[D]broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII64. Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat________.[A]itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistribution[B]ithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrants[C]itrevealstheAmericans’newpursuitofspaciousliving[D]itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday’s“babyboom”65. Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat________.[A]CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUS[B]thetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWest[C]citieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration[D]Arizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulation66. Theword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans________.[A]peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy[B]advocatesofmigrationbetweenstates[C]scientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation[D]conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflifeText5Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).67. Theauthorbelievesthat________.[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth’sinterior[B]thegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetrue[C]thehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart68. ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat________.[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe69. Thehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining________.[A]thestructureoftheAfricanplates[B]therevivalofdeadvolcanoes[C]themobilityofthecontinents[D]theformationofnewoceans70. Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivities[B]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies[D]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesSectionIV English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasa