乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献

乡村旅游论文外文翻译乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:AssessmentofRuralTourisminTurkeyUsingSWOTAnalysisMaterialSource:JournalofApplieSciencesAuthor:HasanAkcaINTRODUCTIONTurkeyisacountrysituatedatcrossroadsofthreecontinents:Asia,EuropeandAfrica.Itoccupiessome780thousandkm^2oflandandissurroundedby8000kmofcoastline.Accordingtotheresultsof2000populationcensus,thepopulationofthecountryis67803927.Nearly35%ofthecountrypopulationlivesinruralareas.Thenumberofvillagesisnearly37thousandandabouttwo-thirdsofthemhavepopulationsbelow500.Besides,one-thirdsofruraldwellersliveinthevillageslocatedwithinandadjacenttotheforests.Theneedtoredressregionalimbalancesandtoimproveincomedistributionamongvarioussectionsofsocietyisengagingtheattentionofpolicymakers.Thecreationofemployment,theimprovementofrurallivingstandardsandthereversalofthetrendtowardsmigrationofruralpopulationstourbanareasaresomeofthemainobjectivesofTurkishgovernment'sruraldevelopmentpolicies(MuthooandOnul,1996)Atthebeginningof1990s,Turkeyhasdecidedtodiversifytourisminordertocompetewithwesterncountries.ThebasicphilosophyofnewtourismconceptofTurkeycanbesummarizedastourismactivityinfourseasons,throughoutthecountryandevaluatingcultural,historical,environmentalpotentialofthecountry.Inthiscontext,Turkeyisworkingontwotypesofalternativetourism.Thefirsttypeincludesbotanical,airballoon,water-related,thermalandhealth,physicalrecreation,religiousandculturaltourism.Thesecondtype,closelyrelatedtothefirst,includescampingandcaravan,birdwatching(ornithology),wintersports,hunting(sportivefishingandwildanimals)andgolftourism(Pirnar,1996;TavmergenandOral,1999).NorthernandCentralAnatolianactorsarebusypromotingruralandhighlandholidays,softtourismactivitieslikerafting,trekkingandcavingwhilelocalpartnersalongtheSoutherncoastarebusydevelopingmasstourismactivities(Goymen,2000).RuraltourismisattheintroductionstageoftourismproductlifecyclesinceitisanewactivityinTurkey.Therefore,thenumberofresearchdealingwithruraltourismislimited.Andalsothereisadifficultyingatheringanddisseminatingdata.InordertolookthefutureclearlyandmakeaccuratepoliciesdrawingthewholepictureofruraltourisminTurkeyisveryimportant.Inthiscontext,theaimofthestudyistoevaluatecurrentconstraintsforandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourismsectorpointofviewofconservationofnatural,historicalandculturalvalues,sustainableruraldevelopmentandintegratingtourism,agriculturalandruraldevelopmentpoliciesofTurkeywiththoseoftheEU.THECONCEPTOFRURAT,TOURISMRuraltourismisamulti-facetedactivity:Itisnotjustfarm-basedtourism.Itincludesfarm-basedholidaysbutalsocomprisesspecialinterestnatureholidaysandeco-tourism,walking,climbingandridingholidays,adventure,sportandhealthtourism,huntingandangling,educationaltravel,artsandheritagetourismand,insomeareasethnictourism(BramwellandLane,1994)Lackofstudiesonruraltourismiscompoundedfurtherbytheabsenceofacommonlyaccepteddefinitionastowhatconstitutesruraltourism.Sometimesruraltourismisequatedwithfarmtourism(Oppermann,1996).SomeauthorsincludeoutdoorrecreationandtourisminNationalParksandwildernessareasintoruraltourism(Ladki,1993;Owens,1984);ButDernoi(1991)excludesthem.Ontheotherhand,Pearce(1990)discussessecondhomesinthecontextofruraltourism.RURALTOURISMACTIVITIESINTURKEYInrecentyearslocalgovernorsandNGOsthroughoutthecountryhavebeentryingtobenefitfromruraltourismviasupplyingallhistorical,natural,culturelandreligiousvaluesinbothdomesticandforeigntourismmarkets.Someoftheactivitiesaresummarizedasfollows:UrgedmunicipalityhasdecidedtoapplyaprojectaimingatintroductionofrurallifeintheCappadociaregion.Totalbudgetoftheprojectis50milliondollarsanditwillbeorganizedbyMagicLifeInternational.Inthecontextofproject,bothdomesticandforeignvisitorswillattendvillageweddingceremonies,cooktraditionalruralmeals,milkingcowsandsheep.IntheValleyofKizilcukur,locatedinthedistrictofOrtahisar,Nevsehirprovincelocalgovernorisorganizedatourfortouristtoseethesun.Becausethisareaisagoodplacewherethesunrisesandsetsbestintheworld.Everyyearnearly30,000touristsvisittheplacepayingnearly$1.5perday.CamelwrestlingisorganizedinmanyvillagesandcountiesofMediterranean,MarmaraandEgeanregionsduringwinterseason.Inthelasttwoyears,soapoperaweremadeinruralareasofTurkey.Inaddition,TurkishfilmsnamedSunShinesfromtheEast,TasteattheSummitsandHeadsorTailsweremadeinCappadocia.Therefore,manypeoplegotovillagesmentionedabovetoseeactorsandactress.Visithistoricalplacesandlivenostalgia.InrecentyearssometourismagencieshaveorganizedtourscoveringtherouteofSilkRoad.SomeruralpeoplewhoweretrainedbyprofessionalsjointparalyzingactivityinruralareasofArizonianandMuglaprovinces.TherearesomeprivateorganizationssupplyingruraltourismserviceinSouthwestpartofTurkey.OneofthemisHUZURVADISI.Itisaholidayretreat,whichoffersyoga,holisticandwalkingholidaysandalternativetherapiesatabeautifultraditionalrestoredfarmsteadinasecludedmountainvalleyonFisheyecoast.Touristsareaccommodatedincomfortablenomadicyurts,aspecialhighlightoftheholiday.AnotherprofessionalruraltourismactivityisorganizedbyTOHUMpresentsanopportunitytovisitandliveintraditionalvillages,organicfarming,folkdancingandotheractivities.BlackSeaRegionofTurkeyissuitableforecotourismandplateautourism.Inthecontextofruraltourismprojects,somelocalgovernorsareestablishingorrestoringwoodencottagesinthehighlandstoaccommodatetourists.Duringtheholidayvisitorshaveanopportunitybreathingfreshair,eatingtraditionalmealsandsightseeingtheexoticfloraandfauna.MATERIALSANDMETHODSSWOTanalysistechniquewasusedinordertoexplaincurrentconstraintsandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourisminTurkey.SWOTstandsforstrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreats.ASWOTanalysisisessentiallyabrainstormingsessiononthekeyvariablesthataffectafirm's/sector'sperformance(Hendricks,1999;Huberetal.1999).Inthestudyfollowingmethodswereusedinordertocollectdata:i)thoroughouttheyear2004,allTVprogramsshowedin20TVchannelsrelatedtotourism,rurallife,culturalactivity,mountain,etcwerewatched,ii)10provincesandtheircountiesandvillageswerevisitedindifferentgeographicalregionsofthecountry,iii)reportedspeechesweremadewithruraldwellersinordertodefinepossiblepotentialsourcesforruraltourism,iv)literaturewasreviewedtohavebackgroundinformationaboutruraltourismandtheirlikelyeffectsonruralpeopleandareas.v)governmentpolicieswereexaminedtolearntheirviewsonruraldevelopmentandruraltourism.RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTheresultsofSWOTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyaregiveninTable1.Table1:SOWTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyStrengthsWeaknessesTourismEncouragementActNo:26342010TourismVisionofTurkishGovern-mentDeclarationoftheyear2002as“InternationalYearofMountains”UnspoiledenvironmentandfloraandfaunaUnlimitedhospitalofTurkishruraldwellersChangesinthepreferencesoftouristsExtraordinarylandscapeNeartomaintouristmarketsgeographicallySupplyingexoticcombinationofwestandwestandeastDifficultiesinmarketingofruraltourismproductatinternationalmarketsLackofscientificmeetingrelatedtoruraltourismatlocalandnationallevelDifficultiesingatheringanddisseminatingdateInadequateacademicstudyonruraltourismLackofco-ordinationamongruralNGOLimitednumberofaccommodationNotspeakingofforeignlanguagesbyruralpeopleOpportunitiesThreatsHavingopportunityfortourismthroughTurkeyinfourseasonsDevelopmentsinawarenessofurbanpe-opletonature,undiscovereddestinationsIncreaseinthenumberofTVprogramsfocusingontoruralareasYounganddynamicpopulationintheruralareastobeadoptedtheconceptoftourismeasilyCandidacyofTurkeyformembershiptotheEUConstructing15000kmofthedouble-roadWarpossibilityinneighborAffects11SeptembereventsintheUSAonworldtourismDeceaseindomestictourists’householdincomePromotionofruraltourismasanewproductisverylowinTurkey,comparedtowesterncountries.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionprogramsfocusedonruralityandalsoruraltourisminTurkey.Everybodyexceptthattheseprogramshaveanimportantroleintheintroductionofruraldwellers'lifestyle,floraandfaunaandhistoricalandculturalvaluesinruralareastourbanpeopledesiringtoseedifferentplaces,toliveadventureandtobeinanaturalenvironment.Someoftheprogramsaresummarizedasfollows:AdrenalineontheBRT,CaravanandAdventureronSTV,VitalPointonNTV,DiscovereronATV,TelecriticsandRainbowonTGRT,.Let'sVisitandSeeandInEddiesorwhirls:AnatoliaonTRT1,SeaMagazine,Zeugma.Yesterday,TodayandTurnoveronTRT2andMr.TourismandHolidayGuideonTV8,NostalgiaonFlashTV,ThingsthatwehavenotseenandheardonStar.CONCLUSIONTurkeyhasanimportantpotentialtourism.However,ruraltourismresourcesforalternativehavenotbeenusedforthedevelopmentoflessfavoredareasofTurkeyatadequatelevelduetoterrorismintheSoutheastpartofTurkeysincesecondhalfofthe1980s.Therefore,theruralareas,onlyintheBlackSearegion,MediterraneanandAegeanregions,areopenedtomassandalsohighlandtourismactivities.Asstartingtheendof20thcentury，theterrorismactivitystopped(erased)byTurkishgovernment.Itisexpectedthatthenumberofforeigntouristsvisitingruralareaswillincreaseinthemediumorlongrunasparalleltoincreaseinthenumberofincentives,initiativesandinvestmentstowardsruralmilieuintheshortterm.AnotherobstacleforthedevelopmentofruraltourisminTurkeyiswarinneighborcountriesbecauseTurkeyislocatedinadifficultgeography,wheremanywarshappenedduringthelasttwodecades.Tosumup,"IwanttofeedandliveintheplacewhereIwasborn"isthesloganofpeoplelivinginruralareas.Toachievethisaim,thereisaneedtodevelopnewemploymentopportunitiesinruralareasinadditiontoagriculture.Manysuccessfulapplicationsthroughouttheworldshowthatruraltourismcancreateadditionalincomeforespeciallyruralyouthandwomen.译文乡村旅游在土耳其的评估使用SWOT分析资料来源:Applie科学杂志作者：哈桑.阿克贾引言土耳其是一个地跨亚洲，欧洲和非洲三大洲的国家，国土面积约780000平方公里，拥有8000公里的海岸线。根据2000年人口普查的结果，全国人口是67803927人，近35％的全国人口居住在农村。村庄人口近37万人，约占全国人口的三分之二，其中有三分之二的村庄人口低于500人。此外，有三分之一的农村居民生活在森林里和邻近森林的村落。纠正区域间的不平衡和改善社会各阶层收入的分布的必要性引起决策者的注意。创造就业机会，提高农村人民生活水平和实现改变农村人口向城市地区移民的趋势是土耳其政府的农村发展政策主要目标（穆素和奥努尔，1996）。在90年代初，土耳其为了和西方国家竞争，决定将旅游多样化。土耳其的新概念旅游的基本原则可以概括为四季旅游活动，评价全国各地的文化，历史，和环境的潜力。从某种意义上说，土耳其正在进行两个交互型旅游。第一种类型包括植物，气球，与水有关，气温和卫生，体育娱乐，宗教和文化旅游。第二种类型，包括野营和商队，观鸟（鸟类），冬季运动，狩猎（嬉戏渔业和野生动物）和高尔夫旅游（珀尔纳尔，1996）。北部和中部安纳托利亚演员都忙于促进农村和高原假期，如漂流旅游活动，徒步旅行和放逐休闲旅游，而南部沿海当地的合作伙伴正在忙于开发大众旅游活动（格伊曼，2000）。由于乡村旅游在旅游产品生命周期正处于引入阶段，所以在土耳其是一种新的旅游方式。因此，研究与处理乡村旅游的人数是有限的，同时也有收集和传播数据的困难。认清其未来发展趋势与准确的制定政策对规划好整个土耳其乡村旅游蓝图在是非常重要的。在这种情况下，该研究的旨在从乡村旅游的保护部门的角度来看土耳其与欧盟在自然，历史和文化价值，农村的可持续发展和整合旅游，农业和农村发展政策以及当前制约因素和土耳其乡村旅游未来的可能性进行评估。乡村旅游的内涵乡村旅游是一个多层面的活动：它不仅是以农业为基础的旅游业。它包括农场的假期，也包括特殊的趣味自然性质的假日和生态游，散步，爬山和骑马假期，探险，体育和保健旅游，狩猎和垂钓，教育游，艺术及文物旅游，和一些地区民族游（布莱姆豪，1994）。对乡村旅游研究的缺乏，一种普遍接受的定义却没有进一步说明什么是乡村旅游。有时，乡村旅游等同于农场是旅游（帕曼，1996）。有些作者把户外娱乐、国家公园游玩和荒野地区旅游归入乡村旅游（兰迪科，1993；欧文斯，1984）；但德尔诺伊（1991）认为乡村旅游并不包括这些。另一方面，皮尔斯（1990）讨论了乡村旅游方面的第二种定义。土耳其的乡村旅游活动近年来，地方州长和全国各地的非政府组织一直在国内外旅游市场试图通过提供乡村所有的历史，自然，文化和宗教价值并从该旅游中受益。这些活动概述如下：于尔居普市政府已决定申请一个项目旨在卡帕多西亚地区的引进乡村生活。本项目总预算为50万美元，将由国际魔术生活来筹集。在项目范围内，国内外游客将参加乡村婚礼，乡村传统的做饭吃饭，挤牛奶和羊奶。科兹库鲁尔谷位于Ortahisar地区的内夫谢希尔省，该省组织游客去观日出。由于这个地区是世界上观看日出日落最好的地方。每年近3万游客到此旅游，每天花费约达1.5美元。在冬季，许多村庄和地中海县，马尔马拉海和鄂梗地区组织骆驼摔跤。在过去两年中，土耳其农村地区的肥皂剧。此外，土耳其影片命名来自东方，在首脑会议和首脑或太阳照在卡帕多西亚的。因此，很多人去看演员提到的村庄，参观那里的历史古迹和乡村生活。近年来，一些旅游机构组团的路线涵盖了丝绸之路。穆拉省和埃尔津詹省的农村地区的有些村民进行了专业人士的培训活动。这有一些供应西南土耳其的乡村旅游服务的私营机构。其中之一是胡祖尔，这是一个度假胜地，这里提供瑜珈，全面和假期徒步旅行，并在一个美丽的费特希耶海岸山谷农庄恢复传统替代疗法。在一个特别的节日，游客会住在