断路器中英文对照外文翻译文献

PAGE1中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献：CircuitBreaksWithinafewyearsoftheintroductionofthefuse，thegrowingelectricalindustrystartedlookingforanalternativemethodofprovidingprotectionforelectriccircuits．Theywantedadevicethatwouldnotbedestroyedbyitsoperation，thatcouldsimplyberesettorestorepower,andthatcouldalsobeusedasameansofswitchingforthecircuit．Outofthisdevelopmentworkcamethecircuitbreaker．whichisanelectromechanicaldevice．Thecircuitbreakerisdefinedasadevicedesignedtoopenandcloseacircuitbynon-automaticmeansandtoopenthecircuitautomaticallyonapredeterminedover-currentwithoutinjuretoitselfwhenproperlyappliedwithinitsrating.Aswithotherequipment，circuitbreakersaredividedintothoseratedfor1000voltsandlessandthoseratedformorethan1000volts．Low-voltagecircuitbreakerswerealsodividedintotwodistinctcategories，molded-caseandpowertypes．However，inthepastfewyearsthedistinctionbetweenthesetwotypeshasbecomelessclea-cutasanewtypeofencasedbreakerareuniversallyoperatedinair,soitisnotnecessarytodesignatethemasaircircuitbreakersasthisunderstood．Mediumandhigh—voltagebreakers，ontheotherhand，usemediumsotherthanairinwhichtoopenthecircuitandthereforemustbedesignatedasbeingair,gas，andsoon．Apartfromhavingdifferentvoltageandcontinuouscurrentratings．breakershavewidelydifferentinterruptingratings，responsecharacteristics，andmethodsofoperation．Theproperapplicationofcircuitbreakersrequiresagoodknowledgeofallthecharacteristicsandoptionsavailableforeachtype．Thesimplestcircuit—openingdeviceisthemanuallyoperatedknifeswitch．Thisswitchhasthebasicpartsrequiredofanycircuit—openingdevice：afixedcontact,amoving，anoperatinghandle，andabase—plateorflame．Howeverasanyonewhohasopenedaknifeswitchunderloadhaswitnessed，thereisaluminousdischargedrawnbetweentheseparatingcontactsoftheswitch．Thisdischargeiscalledanarc，anditconsistsofastreamofpositiveandnegativeions.Thecurrentflowinginacircuitcannotbeinstantaneouslyinterrupted．Asaresult，thearccontinuesuntiltheswitchcontactshaveseparatedfarenoughtofinallyextinguishthearc．Thearccanmaketheopeningoftheswitchveryunsafeandunreliablewheninterruptingacircuitbreakermustprovideasaferandmorereliableinterruptingaction.Thefollowingarethemeansbywitchlow—voltagecircuitbreakerscanbemadetosafelyinterruptlargefaultcurrentswithaminimumofcontactdamage．1．Fastspeedofoperation．Thedurationandseverityofanarcdependsinpartonthespeedwithwitchthecontactscanbeseparated，thereforepowerfulspringareusedtorapidlyforcethecontactsopen．Thesespringsarecompressed(charged)duringtheclosingoperation．Thebreakercontactsarethenmechanicallyheldclosedandarereleasedbyaseparatetripmechanism．Anoperatorcaninitiatetheopeningofthebreakerbuthasnocontroloverthespeedwithwhichthecontactsseparate．2．Useofarcingcontacts．Thearcburncancausepitting，whicheventuallyaffectstheabilityofthecontactstocarrytheloadcurrentwhenclosed．Tooffsetthis,twoparallelsetsofcontactsareusedforeachpoleofthebreaker，amaincurrentcarryingsetandanauxiliaryorarcingset．Whenthebreakeristrippedopen,themaincontactsseparatefirst，transferringthecurrentflowtothearcingcontacts．Thearcingcontactsthenseparateasplitsecondlate，drawingthearcbetweenthemandleavingthemaincontactsfreeofanyarcing．Thisallowsthesurfacesofthemaincurrentcarryingcontactstobemadeofhigh—conductivitymetalsuchassilver，thesurfacesofthearcingcontactsarethenmadeofatougheralloybetterabletowithstandtheeffectsofarcing．3．UseofarcchutesParallelplatesenclosedintheformofachutearemounteddirectlyabovethearcingcontacts．Asthearcingcontactsseparate,theresultingarecreatesastrongmagneticfieldthatforcesthearcupwardintotheplates．Thearcstreamisthenbrokenintoaseriesofsmallarcs，whicharequicklycooled，deionized，andextinguished．Theionizedgasescreatedbythearestreammustbedeionizedbeforetheyareexpelledfromthearcchute；otherwise，secondaryarcingcouldoccurbetweenthelinesideterminalsofthebreaker,whicharestillenergized．中文译文：断路器在引入保险丝的这几年，电气行业开始寻找一种保护电路的替代方法。它们想要一个不会被自身操作毁坏的器件，这种器件可以简单的被重置恢复供电，并且也可以作为一种开关电路的方法。伴随着这种发展，断路器应运而生了。断路器是一种机电设备。按定义为按设计非自动通、断电路，当按其额定值正确应用时，它能够在预设的一个过电流的情况下自动断开电路。像其它设备一样，断路器分为1000伏及以下和超过1000伏的几个电压等级。低压断路器也可分为两种不同的类型，模塑外壳式和框架式。然而，在过去的几年里，伴随着一种新型的断路器的普遍使用，这两种类型之间的区别已经变得不那么明显了，因此没有必要去以现有的定义去指定他们为空气断路器。另一方面，中、高压断路器，使用非空气的媒介打开电路，因此必须被指定为空气、煤气等等。除了有不同的电压和额定连续电流外，断路器具有多种不同的开断电流，响应特性和操作方法。断路器的正确应用程序需要掌握每个类型的所有特性和内容。最简单的电路开启装置是手动操作的刀闸开关，这个开关有任何电路所需的基本组成部分：一个固定机构，一个可动机构，一个操作手柄和一个基板—木制的或瓷质的。不过，当有人在带负荷情况下断开刀闸，就会看到在两个开关触点之间有发光放电现象产生。这被称为电弧放电，它由正离子和负离子流组成。电路中的电流流动不能被瞬间切断。因此，电弧继续直到开关触点已经分开足够距离，最后电弧熄灭。当断开时电弧使触电的断开很不安全和不稳定，一个断路器必须提供一个更加安全可靠的断开动作。下面是一个低压断路器可以被用作以最小的触电损失去安全的断开大的故障电流的方法：1.快速操作。电弧的持续时间和严重程度取决于触电部分分开的速度，因此强有力的弹簧被用在快速断开触点上。在合闸过程中这些弹簧被压缩（储能）。然后断路器触点机械支持关闭并且被一个单程机构释放。操作员可以控制断路器的通断但是无法控制触点分离的速度。2.电弧接触机构的使用。电弧烧伤可引起点蚀，这最终将影响当关闭时触点接触负载电流的能力。为了弥补这一点，两个平行的接触套用于每个断路器的极，一个主要的载流